Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Research Articles

THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUID-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS ON SEAWALL FAILURE INDUCED BY 2011 GREAT TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI

The Great Tohoku Earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred off the pacific coast of Japan on March 11th, 2011, which was the largest earthquake in the recorded history of Japan. Tohoku region, which is located on the northern part of the main island of Japan, has been devastated by some tsunamis in the past. It is of extreme importance from the perspectives of tsunami disaster prevention and mitigation to comprehend the failure mechanisms of coastal structures and nonlinear interaction between fluid and structure. In this study, a three-dimensional fluid-structure analysis model is proposed to discuss seawall failure mechanism caused by tsunami. The utility of the model is verified by applying it to the failure phenomenon of seawalls broken by the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami.

PROBABILISTIC TSUNAMI HAZARD ASSESSMENT (PTHA) AND PTHA-BASED TSUNAMI SCENARIO AT A PACIFIC COAST OF TOHOKU

When planning tsunami disaster mitigation and designing important infrastructure from the viewpoint of tsunami resistance in coastal areas, the scale and frequency of tsunamis that will arrive at coastal areas in future are important information. On the other hand, there are large uncertainties in predicting future tsunamis, and thus it is difficult to predict a future tsunami correctly. The technology of probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA) has been proposed to evaluate the relationship between the height and frequency of tsunamis that will arrive at coastal areas in future. To consider the uncertainties of the prediction in the PTHA, the logic-tree approach is often adopted. In this approach, both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties are considered systematically. The epistemic uncertainties are caused by lack of knowledge and the aleatory uncertainties are variabilities due to natural randomness. In the logic-tree approach, the epistemic uncertainties are expressed by tree branches and the aleatory uncertainties are expressed by the probabilistic density functions of predicted tsunami heights. By carrying out PTHA, we can obtain a hazard curve, which expresses the relationship between the tsunami height and annual frequency of exceedance. Recently, methodologies by which PTHA-based-tsunami-scenarios are determined have been proposed. By using tsunami scenarios, detailed inundation processes and patterns can be evaluated. In this study, we apply the technologies of PTHA to the pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan. Then, we determine PTHA-based tsunami scenarios, that overflow a seawall constructed at the target coast and can be used for the evaluation of inundation processes.

Strong Motion and Tsunami Related to the AD 365 Crete Earthquake

The West Asian region is a tectonically active area due to crustal deformation; the associated earthquakes occur on a large scale and have been recorded from the historical period to the present. Investigating the most suitable solution for this crustal movement will contribute to this region’s earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation. The most reliable parameters were defined by researchers and applied with a non-uniform distribution in the fault plane based on Papadimitriou et al [1]. The calculated AD 365 earthquake waveform provides an indication of maximum acceleration using the stochastic Green’s function method with the selected parameters. Using this estimation, damage to masonry structures can be calculated. The ancient Crete cities of Aptra and Chania were both hit by the AD 365 earthquake. Aptera, built on out-cropping rock, would have been 80% destroyed. In comparison, Chania, in northwest Crete, would have been completely destroyed because it was built on thick sedimentary layers. The subsurface composition at Chania would have made it a high seismic intensity area. This earthquake was followed by a tsunami that devastated the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean. Based on these results, risk mitigation from seismic and tsunami events should focus on high densely populated areas with thick sedimentary layers in the Mediterranean.

Analysis of tsunami disaster resilience in Bandar Lampung Bay Coastal Zone

The coastal area is an area that has potential diversity of natural resources and high economic value. The coastal area is influenced by changes in land and sea so that the coastal areas are highly vulnerable to tsunami. Bandar Lampung has the potential of coastal areas of considerable potential as it is located in the bay adjacent to the Sunda Strait. Based on the study of Heru Sri Naryanto (2003), Bandar Lampung ranks third from the level of vulnerability to tsunami. Therefore, the purpose of this study to determine the readiness of the region in facing tsunami and the magnitude of the potential risks of tsunami disaster in the Gulf Coast region of Lampung in Bandar Lampung; thus, it needs to make the model or concept of tsunami disaster mitigation appropriate in terms of vulnerability and danger in creating the resilience of the Gulf Coast region of Lampung in Bandar Lampung against tsunami. The methodology used in this study was the methods of primary and secondary data collection, and the data analysis method was quantitative analysis such as spatial analysis and descriptive analysis of the data obtained from the field. The results showed that the level of preparedness in the Gulf coast region of Lampung in Bandar Lampung in facing the tsunami was still low. There are still many developed regions or houses belonging to the community either fishermen or non-fishermen located in a tsunami hazard zone. Other than that, the level of education in the Gulf coast region of Lampung in Bandar Lampung is still low where the majority of inhabitants work as fishermen. Besides, the infrastructure is old and not well-maintained so that it becomes a slum area. Therefore, the development and planning to mitigate the natural disasters tsunami using technology of IOT (Internet of Things) is an embeded system with the use of sensor seismic as a means of pre-Earthquakes vibrations, placed both on the land and in the ocean, to read the vibrations and faults in the earth’s crust under the sea. With the use of seismic sensors under the sea, the vibration of the earth’s crust under the sea will be detected. The sensors then will be connected to a flare marker buoys as a means to inform the disaster mitigation center. The construction of hall disaster at some point will be helpful to give first aid to those who are difficult to pass through the evacuation place since it is far away from the Gulf coast. The hall mitigation can be designed anti-earthquake and anti-tsunami. The model and concept of mitigation used is combining the Spatial Plan of Bandar Lampung and the mitigation of tsunami disaster as an integrated system of pre-disaster, during disaster and post-disaster by making the city of Bandar Lampung has the resilience to tsunamis.

Real-time tsunami inundation forecast system for tsunami disaster prevention and mitigation

The tsunami disasters that occurred in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan have inflicted serious casualties and damaged social infrastructures. Tsunami forecasting systems are thus urgently required worldwide. We have developed a real-time tsunami inundation forecast system that can complete a tsunami inundation and damage forecast for coastal cities at the level of 10-m grid size in less than 20 min. As the tsunami inundation and damage simulation is a vectorizable memory-intensive program, we incorporate NEC’s vector supercomputer SX-ACE. In this paper, we present an overview of our system. In addition, we describe an implementation of the program on SX-ACE and evaluate its performance of SX-ACE in comparison with the cases using an Intel Xeon-based system and the K computer. Then, we clarify that the fulfillment of a real-time tsunami inundation forecast system requires a system with high-performance cores connected to the memory subsystem at a high memory bandwidth such as SX-ACE.

The Value of Local Wisdom Smong in Tsunami Disaster Mitigation in Simeulue Regency, Aceh Province

When tsunami occurred in 26th December 2004, the number of people who died in Aceh Province land were 300.000 people whereas in Simeulue only 7 people who died. It is supposed that there is local wisdom in Simeulue community. The study is aimed to reveal the form of local wisdom smong in Simeulue community. The verification qualitative approach is used to test the ability descriptively. Data collection technique used in-depth interview, participatory observation, documentary study and literature study. Data analysis technique used Delphi method. The result of study showed that the local wisdom smong is tsunami early warning system which is implemented by Simeulue community through manafi-nafi (folkfore), mananga-nanga (cradlesong to lull a baby to sleep), and nandong (humming). Besides, morphology and the land use very support the mitigation toward tsunami. The people who live behind the hill are protected by lush vegetation as tsunami breakwater. The local wisdom smong is socialized through appeal information boards and songs included in UKM products which much consumed by community. All these ways become effective in increasing the community’s knowledge of tsunami disaster mitigation. The government consistency to socialize smong need to be intensified to young generation in order that the local wisdom smong is not disappeared in Simeulue community.

Estimation of Tsunami Inundation and Disaster Mitigation in Bulukumba, Indonesia

The study aims to determine the potential of earthquake that could lead to tsunamis in the Flores Sea. Furthermore, based on the potential of earthquake magnitude, can be known high run-up of tsunami in the southern coastal region of Bulukumba regency. The height run-up of tsunami can show the vulnerability of tsunami impact and eects spatially based on the eect of land function in the southern coastal area of Bulukumba Regency. To plan an eective mitigation scenario in the southern coastal area of Bulukumba Regency can be based on the vulnerability of tsunami impacts and eects. This study uses secondary data consisting of three data. The condition of land function and the density of community infrastructure is obtained basedon RTRW data of Bulukumba District and Satellite Bing Maps image data; historical data of earthquake events inthe Flores Sea from 1927 to 2016 from the USGS site, and BMKG; as well as topographic data. Field check activityon land function condition is done as a form of conformity of secondary data. The results showed that the potential of seismicity in the Flores Sea is high, with magnitude (M 7 SR) potentially causing tsunamis around it, not least Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The area of tsunami inundation in Bulukumba Regency is 13.617 km2. The coastal area of Ujungbulu sub-district is a dense residential area that has the highest risk to the tsunami with an estimated 3,331 km2 inundation. Land cover in Bontotiro sub-district dominated by vegetation with kerapatandengan interval distance of more than 3 m is seen able to reduce the tsunami with a height of 17 m and 25 m. Tsunami disaster mitigation scenario in Bulukumba regency is to make coastal area as conservation area of coastal forest (mangrove plant) that function as green belt of tsunamiwave holder.

A parametric study of tsunami fission generation in a bay geometry based on numerical simulation

ABSTRACTTsunami fission generates short waves at the front face of tsunami and these short waves may expand the inundation area, increase the hydrodynamic forces exerted on structures, and amplify the damage to coastal communities. It is therefore important to understand to what extent the tsunami fission generates such short wave components under variable conditions for development of better tsunami disaster mitigation strategies and plannings. This study carried out numerical experiments to describe under which conditions the tsunami fission occurs in a bay. The experiments indicated that the amplification of the nearshore tsunami height induced by the narrowing bay geometry and the bay-scale resonance enhance the tsunami fission. Based on the computations, a parametric diagram for the occurrence of tsunami fission was proposed in terms of the tsunami properties, the effect of bay geometry and the bay resonance. The developed diagram was applied to Sendai, Ryori, Yoshihama, and Toni Bays, which were affected by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami. The proposed diagram consistently explained the occurrence of tsunami fission in Sendai Bay and in Ryori Bay as observed in the video footage. The diagram also suggested that the tsunami fission would have occurred in Yoshihama Bay. A high-resolution numerical computation was performed to simulate the tsunami deformation in the Yoshihama Bay and Toni Bay based on a nonlinear dispersive wave model. The result supported the validity of the diagram in describing the generation of tsunami fission in Yoshihama Bay.

10th Aceh International Workshop and Expo on Sustainable Tsunami Disaster Recovery (AIWEST-DR 2016)

The 10th Aceh International Workshop and Expo on Sustainable Tsunami Disaster Recovery, AIWEST-DR 2016, was organizsed from 22 to 24 November 2016. The now bi-annual AIWEST-DR is renewed with the theme “Entering the Second Decade of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Are We Better Prepared?”. Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) of Syiah Kuala University was profoundly enjoying the collaboration with the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) of Tohoku University in Japan as the organizing committee.AIWEST-DR conference is meant for academics, professionals, researchers and students to meet bi-annually to advance and share knowledge and progress of research works related to sustainable disaster recovery. This proceeding of AIWEST-DR 2016 contain papers written by academics, professionals, researchers and students from at least five countries including Japan, Indonesia, Philipines, USA, Germany and Thailand. Various research works related to the conference theme were presented during the conference, which categorized into the following specific topics:A. Science and Technology in Disaster ManagementB. Disaster Risk Reduction Efforts in Disaster Affected AreaTopic A (Best Practices in Disaster Management) discusses about various approaches to have better insight on disaster phenomena, particularly tsunami events, such as by using numerical simulations, spatial pattern analysis, behaviour of reinforced concrete structures from giant earthquakes, and also to observe disaster behaviour through geophysical properties as well as application on mobile technology to increase tsunami awareness.Topic B (Disaster Risk Reduction Efforts in Disaster Affected Area) encapsulates education as an approach towards community resilience, either from medical perspective, introduction of disaster management into curricula, as well as assessment in school disaster preparedness at the tsunami-prone cities. Furthermore, this topic also focuses on Disaster Risk Reduction policies and regulations, Inter-Organizational network during disasters, Indigeneous knowledge management to enhance community resilience, the nexus of science-practice for survey and the concept of green city after experiencing tsunami and other disasters. This section also deals with observations of the post-tsunami recovery efforts persistance and effects, housing reconstruction process, post-disaster as windows of opportunities for “building back better”, disaster budgeting and conceptual framework for evaluating tsunami resilience.The organization of AIWEST-DR 2016 would not have been possible without the support of many institutes and individuals. First and foremost, we are very grateful to the financial sponsors of AIWEST-DR 2016: the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia through the provision of TDMRC as the Indonesian Center of Excellence in Tsunami Disaster Mitigation; and IRIDeS of Tohoku University.The conference was organized by people from the Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) of Syiah Kuala University and IRIDeS of Tohoku University. We also thank to our colleagues and extended institutional networks who were kindly supporting and guiding us through a steering commitee. Most importantly, we were humbly thankful for all the people and students in the organizing committee and beyond who had been tirelessly preparing for the success of the conference and to keep working afterwards on preparing this proceeding.Last but not least, we thank all the authors for their excellent contributions to these proceeding and all the participants for their contributions to this successful conference, either in the form of oral presentation, posters, expo material, or in the form of their attention to the presentations and contributions to the discussions.We hope that everyone enjoys reading the proceeding and that the papers inspire you in your research or other professional activities.Ella Meilianda, Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) of Syiah Kuala University, IndonesiaAiko Sakurai, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) of Tohoku University, JapanElizabeth Maly, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) of Tohoku University, JapanRina Suryani Oktari Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) of Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia

Seafloor geodetic constraints on interplate coupling of the Nankai Trough megathrust zone

Interplate megathrust earthquakes have inflicted catastrophic damage on human society. Such an earthquake is predicted to occur in the near future along the Nankai Trough off southwestern Japan--an economically active and densely populated area in which megathrust earthquakes have already occurred. Megathrust earthquakes are the result of a plate-subduction mechanism and occur at slip-deficit regions (also known as 'coupling' regions), where friction prevents plates from slipping against each other and the accumulated energy is eventually released forcefully. Many studies have attempted to capture distributions of slip-deficit rates (SDRs) in order to predict earthquakes. However, these studies could not obtain a complete view of the earthquake source region, because they had no seafloor geodetic data. The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard (JHOD) has been developing a precise and sustainable seafloor geodetic observation network in this subduction zone to obtain information related to offshore SDRs. Here, we present seafloor geodetic observation data and an offshore interplate SDR-distribution model. Our data suggest that most offshore regions in this subduction zone have positive SDRs. Specifically, our observations indicate previously unknown regions of high SDR that will be important for tsunami disaster mitigation, and regions of low SDR that are consistent with distributions of shallow slow earthquakes and subducting seamounts. This is the first direct evidence that coupling conditions might be related to these seismological and geological phenomena. Our findings provide information for inferring megathrust earthquake scenarios and interpreting research on the Nankai Trough subduction zone.

Establishing the Advanced Disaster Reduction Management System by Fusion of Real-Time Disaster Simulation and Big Data Assimilation

A project titled “Establishing the advanced disaster reduction management system by fusion of real-time disaster simulation and big data assimilation,” was launched as Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). Intended to save as many lives as possible in future national crises involving earthquake and tsunami disasters, the project works on a disaster mitigation system of the big data era, based on cooperation of large-scale, high-resolution, real-time numerical simulations and assimilation of real-time observation data. The world’s most advanced specialists in disaster simulation, disaster management, mathematical science, and information science work together to create the world’s first analysis platform for real-time simulation and big data that effectively processes, analyzes, and assimilates data obtained through various observations. Based on quantitative data, the platform designs proactive measures and supports disaster operations immediately after disaster occurrence. The project was launched in 2014 and is working on the following issues at present.Sophistication and fusion of simulations and damage prediction models using observational big data: Development of a real-time simulation core system that predicts the time evolution of disaster effect by assimilating of location information, fire information, and building collapse information which are obtained from mobile terminals, satellite images, aerial images, and other new observation data in addition to sensing data obtained by the undersea high-density seismic observation network.Latent structure analysis and major disaster scenario creation based on a huge amount of simulation results: Development of an analysis and extraction method for the latent structure of a huge amount of disaster scenarios generated by simulation, and creation of severe scenarios with minimum “unexpectedness” by controlling disaster scenario explosion (an explosive increase in the number of predicted scenarios).Establishment of an earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation big data analysis platform: Development of an earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation big data analysis platform that realizes analyses of a huge number of disaster scenarios and increases in speed of data assimilation, and clarifies the requirements for operation of the platform as a disaster mitigation system.The project was launched in 2014 as a 5-year project. It consists of element technology development and system fusion, feasibility study as a next-generation disaster mitigation system (validation with/without introduction of the developed real-time simulation and big data analysis platform) in the affected areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake, and test operations in affected areas of the Tokyo metropolitan earthquake and the Nankai Trough earthquake.

徳島都市圏における津波危険性を考慮した住宅立地傾向の分析

After the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in 2011, Japanese provincial coastal cities have started to discuss about Tsunami disaster mitigation plans, for example, migration to upland areas and land use control considering Tsunami disaster and related issues. Such action is important to maintain sustainability of these cities. Land use change of urban area is mainly that of residential areas, therefore, this information is important when making land use plans considering Tsunami disaster mitigation. The purpose of this paper is to show the residential location trend considering Tsunami risk in Tokushima Urban Area (TUA). TUA includes 9 municipalities and 2 urban planning areas, one is Tokushima East Urban Planning Area (East-UPA) and the Aizumi Urban Planning Area (Aizumi-UPA). Recently, many houses and big commercial facilities are appearing at the Aizumi city because Aizumi-UPA does not have a zone division system. According to the estimated area of Tsunami inundation of Tokushima prefecture in October 2012, central built-up area of major cities of TUA has Tsunami risk. These area include urbanization promotion zones and their population is increasing. Therefore, when a large earthquake strikes, it will cause considerable damage to both property and life. We used building certification data in order to obtain residential location trend. This data includes many components, and we selected the time of certification, address, the area, the use, the floor number and the construction category (new construction or extension) from the building certification data. We analyzed the relationship of residential location and Tsunami risk by these data using GIS. We calculated the ratio of new residential location by 500 meters mesh from 2010 to 2013. These results shows the urbanization in west area of TUA. Change of the gravity of residential location distribution at the same time period was migrating to west area. According to the relationship of Tsunami inundation depth and the number of new houses, it was seen that about 40% of new houses was located in non Tsunami inundation area. But about 25% of new houses was located in the area with 2 to 3 meters Tsunami. According to the relationship of the distance from coastal line and the number of new houses, the number of new houses over 6km from coastal line was increasing, but the number of new houses under 1km and the 1 to 2km from coastal line was unchanged. From the results it was evident that, the larger the depth of Tsunami, new houses was not located. But there are house owners who did not consider tsunami risk. Next, we executed multi-regression analysis to show the factors about new residential location. Objective variable is the area of new houses. We used the following data as explanatory variables. The distance from clinic, elementary school, super market, trunk road, the area of the urbanization promotion zones and the Aizumi-UPA, and the distance from coastal line. These data was arranged by unit of 500 meters grid cell. From the results of the analysis, we showed two points, first, the distance from living facilities and the area division system are the major factors of new residential location. Second, new residential location has moved to inland area since 2011. Lastly, we classified the area using the residential location trend considering Tsunami risk. From the results of the classification, we showed the concept about land use control and promotion in TUA.

Environmentally friendly and cost reducing technique towards tsunami disaster mitigation of coastal structures

Environmentally friendly and cost reducing technique towards tsunami disaster mitigation of coastal structures

Presenting the First JDR Award

Founded in August 2006, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) reached Vol.10 this year. Regular issues are published bimonthly, six times a year. Special editions on the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake are published once a year, with four of the five issues planned having been published. The JDR's features lie in its broad spectrum of subjects and the comprehensiveness of their treatment. These points are extremely important in dealing with disasters, but may lose focus in the selection of article content and have difficulty in evaluating it. From its inception, the JDR has made each issue special, focusing on certain topics and inviting specialists in the area to serve as (guest) editors of each issue. Thanks to the cooperation of such specialists, the JDR has developed being able to reach Vol.10 this year. To mark this anniversary, the JDR has established the JDR Award, an idea originally proposed by one of our editors, Shinji Egashira. We feel that having a broad spectrum of subjects is fitting as the selection criterion for the JDR Award, but this has made it difficult to set up objective selection criteria. A major factor in selection has been the number of downloads. Both of the two-part articles on the special issue on “Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation in Peru” in Vol.8 No.2 and Vol.9 No.6 ranked among the top ten downloads in the almost 60 JDR issues published thus far. Each issue derives its significance from the relevance of the featured topic, so members of the editorial committee have unanimously agreed to present this first JDR Award to the guest editors of the special issue: Fumio Yamazaki, Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Japan Carlos Zavala, Professor, CISMID, Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering (UNI), Peru On behalf of the JDR editorial committee, I wish to thank them for their efforts and to congratulate them as the first winners of the Award. Katsuki Takiguchi Professor Emeritus, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Message from the Winners

We are most honored to have been selected as winners of the First JDR Award – an unexpected surprise because we did not realize that we had contributed so much to the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR). The JDR provided us with a fine opportunity to present our results on a project of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS), making our work known to the world-wide scientific community. SATREPS is sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). From 2010 to 2015, Japanese and Peruvian researchers conducted a SATREPS project, Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru. To announce our research output, we chose the JDR and had our work published in 36 articles in two special issues, in 2013 and 2014. The JDR’s prompt peer reviews and publication processes are really helpful to projects such as SATREPS, which have time limits. Our results would otherwise have been published much later. Congratulations on the JDR’s first-decade anniversary! We believe the JDR is an important journal in the natural hazard and disaster management field as it has been recognized as a Scopus indexed journal. The JDR’s open access and the fact that it enables papers to be downloaded free of charge from the web site is very helpful and convenient to readers and helps authors become known to broader audiences. We hope the JDR will get the Impact Factor of Thomson Reuters, becoming a major source of information in the disaster sciences field. Fumio Yamazaki and Carlos Zavala October 26, 2015

Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami and introduction of two level tsunamis for tsunami disaster mitigation.

Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami have been revealed by collaborative tsunami surveys extensively performed under the coordination of the Joint Tsunami Survey Group. The complex behaviors of the mega-tsunami were characterized by the unprecedented scale and the low occurrence frequency. The limitation and the performance of tsunami countermeasures were described on the basis of tsunami surveys, laboratory experiments and numerical analyses. These findings contributed to the introduction of two-level tsunami hazards to establish a new strategy for tsunami disaster mitigation, combining structure-based flood protection designed by the Level-1 tsunami and non-structure-based damage reduction planned by the Level-2 tsunami.

Summary Report of the SATREPS Project on Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru

One of the SATREPS projects on earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation technology in Peru has been promoted since March 2010 for a five-year period. The project focuses on five research fields, i.e., seismic motion and geotechnical, tsunamis, buildings, damage assessment, and disaster mitigation planning. Collaborative research has been carried out through joint experiments, observations, field surveys, computer simulations, seminars and workshops. With the Lima metropolitan area and the city of Tacna set as case study sites, two mega-thrust earthquakes have been simulated and their effects and countermeasures investigated. The simulation results have been validated by observation data and have been implemented in government policy. Young Peruvian engineers and scientists have also received training and education. This paper summarizes the progress and outcomes of the SATREPS project for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation in Peru.

Special Issue on Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru (II)

With the greatest pleasure, we present the second special issue of the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR), entitled Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru. This follows the first special issue on the same theme. These special issues contain 36 articles, 15 in the first and 21 in the second. They summarize research output from the SATREPS Peru project. SATREPS is an international research program sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). As a SATREPS project on natural disaster mitigation, our 5-year Peru project began in March 2010 with the purpose of enhancing and implementing earthquake and tsunami disaster-mitigation technology in Peru. The joint research project provides good opportunities for Peruvian and Japanese researchers and engineers to work together exchanging opinions on their common goal of reducing loss from earthquakes and tsunamis. Within the project period, CISMID was designated as a government agency in charge of disaster-mitigation activities. Project outcomes have been introduced in national design codes and in guidelines on earthquake and tsunami risk evaluation in Peru. Our project has drawn great attention among members of Peruvian society. It has attracted hundreds of participants and scores of mass media through public seminars and symposia. We expect the project to be sustained through public awareness and dissemination activities by Peruvian organizations. We hope this special issue will provide useful information to seismic-prone Asia-Pacific countries, especially Latin America. In closing, we sincerely thank the contributors and reviewers who have done so much to make the articles in this special issue both interesting and valuable.

Scenarios of Earthquake and Tsunami Damage Probability in Callao Region, Peru Using Tsunami Fragility Functions

The implementation of adequate urban development and measures systems against tsunami impact in coastal communities is improved by understanding damage probability among building structures. Within the framework of the project Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru (JST-JICA SATREPS), the authors analyze the damage probability of building structures due to tsunami impact in the Callao region of Peru. Two different tsunami hazard scenarios are assumed in assessing building damage probability. The first tsunami scenario represents the worse-case scenario of tsunami inundation that calculates the envelop of maximum inundation depth and flow velocity values from 12 probabilistic megathrust earthquake scenarios for central Peru. The second tsunami scenario corresponds to a historical tsunami event in this region. We apply a methodology for evaluating different levels of building damage by combining tsunami numerical results and tsunami fragility functions. Damage probability was analyzed in detail on a single building scale in the La Punta district. For the rest of Callao region, analysis was performed on a block-unit scale. Our results suggest that approximately 30% of submerged building may be washed away by tsunami inundation in the probabilistic hazard scenario and approximately 60% in the historical hazard scenario.

VULNERABILITY LEVEL MAP OF TSUNAMI DISASTER IN PANGANDARAN BEACH, WEST JAVA

Indonesia is located in a seismic active region where tsunami often occur. One of tsunami prone areas in Indonesia is southern coast of Java, such as the coastal areas of Pangandaran, West Java. One of the instruments in the tsunami disaster mitigation is the vulnerability map of coastal region on tsunami. Analyses of tsunami vulnerability assessment was performed by using merger or overlay methods in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The parameters used to analyze tsunami vulnerability level were elevation, topography, landuse, coastal border, and river banks. The vulnerability were divided into five classes i.e., very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Results showed that Pananjung, Babakan, Pangandaran (Pangandaran District); and Sukaresik and Cikembulan (Sidamulih District) sub-districts were identified as areas of very high level of tsunami vulnerability with total area of 737.703 hectares. Areas with low level of vulnerability were Pagergunung, Putrapinggan, and Kersaratu sub-districts with total area of 4,816.204 hectares.