Tsunami-affected Areas Research Articles

Pseudo Epidemic of Diarrhea Incidence: A Month Post Tsunami in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Introduction:On Friday, September 28, 2018, the 7.4 Richter Scale earthquake hit Central Sulawesi and was followed by a tsunami. Within a month after the unpredictable earthquake and tsunami, a 773 aftershock earthquake was noted. These events took a major toll on the population in the affected areas. 2,086 people died and more than four thousand people were injured. 1.373 people went missing and 206.494 were evacuated. Surveillance data from November 4, 2018, to October 24, 2018, showed that an increased number of illnesses such as diarrhea was the second leading reported cases. Data showed that the number of diarrhea cases was 3.350 with two peaks of epidemic curves on October 10 and 22, 2018.Aim:To verify the diarrhea outbreak after the tsunami in Palu, Donggala, and Sigi District.Methods:Verification of medical records at six selected primary healthcare institutions with the highest number of cases of diarrhea.Results:A pseudo-epidemic of diarrhea occurred. A high number of diarrhea cases occurred due to double reporting and misdiagnosed cases. Investigation reports showed that liquid defecation was considered diarrhea even though it occurred less than three times a day. The follow-up activity was contacting data entry managers to revise data, disseminate findings during the daily meeting of the health-related officers, and broadcasting findings through a WhatsApp group of provincial and district surveillance officers. Post-investigation, the number of diarrhea incidences was lower and the peak was not shown on the epidemic curve. It can be interpreted that a diarrhea outbreak did not occur in the tsunami-affected area in the Palu, Donggala, and Sigi districts.Discussion:During a time of disaster, a chaotic situation led to improper data collection. Data verification should be conducted to assure the validity of reported data.

Analysis of Tsunami-Affected and Reconstructed Areas in Nagapattinam Using Remote Sensing

The recent experiences in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami showed the efficiency of remote sensing techniques in quick damage mapping and recovery efforts. This study develops an object-based image analysis method for mapping the tsunami-affected areas. The proposed method is carried out in four steps. In the first step, data preprocessing operations, data registration, and cloud removal are carried out based on the multi-source data. In the second step, object-based classification operation is performed to separate the images into segments. In the third step, infrastructural damages are identified. In the fourth step, developments after the tsunami are found out. The results showed that the proposed method has given a higher accuracy than the earlier methods. The proposed combination of techniques gives a high accuracy of 99% for the detection of changes in vegetation. The change detection result found 39% change in the building in 2005, 32% of soil area and 8.7% of water region had been increased within 2 years. The building elevation method estimated newly developed one story and two story buildings as 11,112 and 142, respectively.

ISLAM AND DISASTER: A REFINED CONCEPT THROUGH COMMUNITY’S DISASTER PERCEPTION OF POST THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI

Purpose of the study:The purpose of this study is to present the Islamic conception on the disasters that accepted by the communityfrom a case of Aceh of post the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
 Methodology:The data was collected from several interviews with the key persons in tsunami-affected areas. The interviewed key persons wereTengkus or Ulamaswho havea role in constructing the community disaster perception, community members and related stakeholders. The interview results were identified and coded based on the similarity and related to the study purpose.
 Main Findings:The interpretation of disaster based on the religious context of post the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami has been trended negatively to construct the community’s disaster perception. The perceptions are most driven by the key person in society such as Tengkus or Ulamasbut it seems to be far from disaster risk reduction goals. The disaster risk reduction efforts should pay on this matter in order to make community more resilient to face future disasters.
 Applications of this study:This study can be useful as the important noted in strengthening and managing disaster risk perception through community disaster preparedness based on scientific explanation and its relationship to the religious perspectives. The findings from this study could be included through the disaster risk reduction effort, policy, programs.
 Novelty/Originalityof this study:The originality of this study lays on the fact that the religious leaders in the community such as Tengkusor Ulama of post the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami take roles in constructing the community disaster perceptions. Researchers have not yet fully studied the development process of disaster perception based on the religious perspectives of post-disaster and how to deal on it.

First aid stations and patient demand in tsunami-affected areas of Iwate Prefecture following the Great East Japan Earthquake

We report the number of first aid stations established in tsunami-affected areas following the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 and the number of patient consultations, and discuss the demand and supply of medical services in a tsunami disaster. A total of 76,952 medical records from 188 first aid stations in coastal areas of Iwate Prefecture were analyzed and the numbers of daily consultations were calculated. There were only 25 consultations on the day of the disaster, the number rapidly increased to 1603 consultations seven days after the disaster, and reached a peak of 2090 consultations twelve days after the disaster. Request of prescribed drugs for daily use accounted for approximately 30–50% of all consultations during first four weeks after the disaster. We noted the number of first aid stations in each municipality and analyzed the number of consultations during the first four weeks after the disaster, calculated per 1000 residents in each municipality. In municipalities where hospitals and clinics were damaged, the number of first aid stations per 1000 residents and number of consultations during the first four weeks correlated well with the proportion of the resident population in the flooding area. The municipalities with extensive damage needed three first aid stations and 700 consultations per 1000 flooding population during the first four weeks after the disaster.

Analysis of Beach Recovery After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Based on Shoreline Extraction by ISODATA

ABSTRACT Tojo, K. and Udo, K., 2018. Analysis of beach recovery after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami based on shoreline extraction by ISODATA technique. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 171–175. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami caused the disappearance of beaches over a wide area. Understanding of the beach recovery process after the tsunami is important for long-term coastal management. This study aimed to develop a highly accurate method of shoreline extraction using satellite and aerial images and to clarify characteristics of beach recovery by analyzing shoreline changes in the tsunami-affected area. Shorelines extracted by the Iterative Self Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) with tidal- and wave-corrections agree well with those obtained from topography measurements. In addition, the...

Corrosion Risk of RC Buildings After Ten Years the 2004 Tsunami in Banda Aceh - Indonesia

Banda Aceh was struck by the 2004 tsunami and submerged by seawater almost half a day and covered by mud monthly. The effect of the tsunami inundation for reinforce concrete (RC) buildings was the buildings become more susceptible to corrosion due to ion chloride intrusion. Hence, early failure might happen to the buildings because of rebar corrosion. It can be worsening by the earthquakes that frequently occur in the region. Thus, the corrosion monitoring for the buildings become important. The previous monitoring was taken on 2009 and 2012 and found that the corrosion level of the buildings already at intermediate to high risk. The objective of this study is to conduct corrosion risk monitoring for RC building after ten year the 2004 tsunami in Banda Aceh city, Indonesia. The monitoring was conducted using half-cell potential mapping technique that refers to ASTM C876 and performed in 2015. Three building in tsunami-affected area were chosen for the monitoring. The monitoring results show that the corrosion levels for the buildings located in the 2004 tsunami-affected area were at intermediate to high risk. Comparing the results with those on 2009 and 2012 indicated that the corrosion risk level tend to increase. Therefore, the regular monitoring and repairing are important to be carried out in order to hinder sudden failure of the buildings.

Reckoning of water quality with using GPS system for Irrigation purpose in Coastal areas of Sirkali Taluk of Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu-India

<div><p><em>Agriculture is the backbone of developing countries, the 26, December 2004 ‘Tsunami’ had a major impact on the quality of groundwater along the south- east coast of India, but especially in the tsunami-affected coastal areas of SirkazhiTaluk of the Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu, India. Major pollution resulted primarily from increases in the salinity of ground water. The post- tsunami water quality posed problems to general health and contributed significantly to agricultural and environmental degradation in the same districts. The present study focus on analysis of underground water quality parameter for irrigation purpose in coastal area. Totally, 105 water samples were collected from different locations. GPS technique is used to identify the coastal area and collected the samples. Physiochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity(EC), total dissolved solids(TDS), carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, sodium, potassium of all collected samples were analyzed to determine the contamination. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) levels were also calculated using standard equations. The results showed the significant variations in water quality in the study area, which helped analysis suitable to irrigation purpose in future. </em></p></div>

Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of tuberculosis after the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami.

To investigate clinical characteristics and prognosis in tuberculosis (TB) patients and the transmission dynamics of TB after the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami. This was a retrospective observational cohort study. Data were analyzed among 93 pulmonary TB patients (tsunami-affected areas 25, non-tsunami areas 68) hospitalized during March 2011-March 2012 with 1-year follow-up since treatment commencement. Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing was conducted for 38 TB strains (tsunami-affected areas 21, non-tsunami areas 17). Patients from tsunami-affected areas were significantly more likely to be refugees (OR 12.8, 95%CI 2.45-67.20), receive oxygenation (OR 5.0, 95%CI 1.68-14.85), and have a unique VNTR (OR 4.6, 95%CI 1.14-18.41). Patients who died within 1 year were significantly more likely to be older (OR 9.8, 95%CI 1.85-180.26), partially dependent or dependent (OR 11.9, 95%CI 4.28-37.62), and to require oxygenation (OR 4.3, 95%CI 1.47-12.89), and had lower serum albumin levels (OR 11.1, 95%CI 2.97-72.32). Risk factors for prognosis of TB after the earthquake were associated with advanced age, low serum albumin level, functional status at admission, and oxygen requirement. The VNTR results suggest that most of the cases with pulmonary TB experienced reactivation of latent tuberculous infection, likely due to the impact of the earthquake and tsunami.

Tsunami damage assessment and monitoring of reconstruction in Nagapattinam area using multispectral images

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new remotely sensed solution for monitoring the recovery of a tsunami-affected area. Nagapattinam province of Tamilnadu, which was strongly attacked by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, is selected as the demonstration site. IKONOS sets acquired on 10 June 2003 (pre-tsunami), 29 December 2004 (immediate-tsunami) and 31 October 2005 (post-tsunami) are used in this study. This proposed architecture worked in three tier architecture. In the first level, registration and removal of clouds are carried out. In the second level, object-based terminology is used to segment building, land, sand, vegetation and water. In the third level, change in the detection of object-based operation was performed. This method has given the solution for the building and infrastructural damages and monitoring of reconstruction work carried over the Nagapattinam area. The results proved that the proposed work has produced a higher accuracy assessment (99%). The change in detection results revealed a significant change in building after the tsunami as 25.5%, an increase in soil exposure as 21.4% and an increase in water within the soil and land as 8%, when the results are compared with the ground truth (GT). GT was obtained by manual analysis through field visits. The maximum sea water inundation distance of 486 m was observed in an Elancheran Nagar village which is located in the coastal Nagapattinam. We observed from the results that 18% of buildings were built by the government.

Spatial data analysis and remote sensing for observing tsunami-inundated areas

The occurrence of natural disasters is almost impossible to reduce, but its impact can be minimized by an initial assessment related to tsunami vulnerability mapping and the observation of tsunami inundation areas. The development of remote-sensing technology and its applications enable the use of satellite imagery for observing the areas affected areas by tsunami. This study aims to recognize areas potentially affected by tsunami and to develop a method for extracting the required information from medium-resolution satellite images (ALOS AVNIR-2) for tsunami-affected areas in the coastal area of Miyagi and Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The analysis focuses on land change due to tsunami events using parameters of vegetation, water, and soil calculated using the algorithms normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference soil index (NDSI), and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI). Areas of inundation are created using spatial multi-criteria analysis with the use of several parameters. The analysis shows that tsunamis led to a decrease in both NDVI and MSAVI values and an increase in NDSI and NDWI. Index ranges were calculated for the tsunami-inundated areas using post-event images. It is considered that pixels having all of the indices in these ranges can be identified as tsunami inundation areas. Index ranges in the inundated areas are 0.00–0.075 for NDVI, 0.075–0.25 for NDWI, −0.237 to −0.137 for NDSI, and 0.012–0.037 for the MSAVI. The results of our analysis show the potential of the algorithms in delineating areas that could be affected by a tsunami disaster.

津波浸水域の土地利用履歴にもとづく土地活用の方向性

This study focuses on land use in the tsunami inundation area caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, particularly land use history in the tsunami-affected area. Hanagama District, Yamamoto City, Miyagi prefecture, was selected as the study area. Land use were examined using aerial photographs taken in 1975, 2010 and 2013. Relationships between land use change and the disaster hazard areas, natural land conditions were analyzed with GIS. As a result of land use analysis, in 1975, land use base on natural land conditions (Residences, Dry fields and Forests- Beach ridge, Paddy fields- Back swamp) were consisted. These land uses were greatly changed by urbanization and tsunami damage.

Beach forest changes (2003–2013) in the tsunami-affected area of Phang Nga, Thailand from multi-temporal satellite data

Beach forest changes (2003–2013) in the tsunami-affected area of Phang Nga, Thailand from multi-temporal satellite data

東日本大震災における津波被災集落の漁業実態変容と復興課題

In Fishery Villages of the Tsunami-affected Area of the Great East Japan Earthquake, separation between residential and working place has been proceeding. We relatively analised actual situation of fishery villeges before and after the earthquake and separation between residential and working place in Iwate and Miyagi prefecture. The results of the analysis is status of fishery villages before the earthquake is largely responsible for continuation of fishery after the earthquake. In some fishery villages, many fishermen had to quit because of large separation between residential and working place.

Assessing rice crop damage and restoration using remote sensing in tsunami-affected areas, Japan

The tsunami that occurred on March 11, 2011, in Japan caused widespread devastation of infrastructure and rice cultivation areas. This study assessed the rice growing areas damaged due to this event and the restoration progress using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data. The data were processed for 2010 to 2013, comprising four main steps: (1) data preprocessing to construct the smooth time-series enhanced vegetation index 2 data, (2) rice crop mapping using the dynamic time warping algorithm, (3) accuracy assessment, and (4) change analysis of rice cultivation areas. The mapping results validated using the ground reference data indicated overall accuracies and kappa coefficients generally >84.3% and 0.69, respectively. The results, also verified with the government’s rice area statistics, reaffirmed a close correlation between these two datasets (R2>0.77). When examining changes of rice cultivation between 2010 and 2013, the rice area damaged by the tsunami during 2010 to 2011 was ∼17,550 ha. The rice area restored after one year (2012) was ∼6663 ha, but this regressed slightly in 2013 (5656 ha). Such information could be used by officials to better understand the tsunami-damaged rice area and the restoration progress for crop management in the study region.

A comparative study of knowledge regarding emergency care during disaster between community health volunteers working in tsunami-affected and non-affected areas in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Purpose: This study aimed to describe and compare the level of knowledge regarding emergency care during disaster between community health volunteers (CHVs) working in the tsunami affected and non-affected areas in Aceh Province, Indonesia.Method: 144 CHVs from six districts in Aceh were studied during November 2011 to January 2012 to evaluate their level knowledge regarding emergency care during disaster between CHVs working in tsunami-affected 6-areas and non-tsunami-affected areas. The knowledge was assessed using the Community Health Volunteers’ Knowledge Regarding Emergency Care Questionnaire (CHVK-ECQ) with 30 true/false statements. The composite scores of each area and the total score were calculated and transformed to percentage for ease of presentation.Results: Overall, the CHVs’ knowledge in emergency care during disaster in Aceh was at a high level in both groups. However, subjects in non-affected areas had significantly higher mean rank of the overall knowledge than those in the affected areas (p = .02). In the tsunami area, the highest mean score of knowledge was in the disaster triage dimension (M= 80.62%), and the lowest mean score was in the first aid (60.48 %). In contrast, CHVs’ knowledge in the non-tsunami areas had the highest mean score in the first aid (84.52 %) and had the lowest mean score in the disaster triage (64. 38 %).Conclusion: Although both groups had high levels of overall knowledge, an education program for improved knowledge in the areas of first aid, team organization, and disaster triage should be emphasized to refresh the CHVs’ knowledge and skills for disaster management.

Investigation of an Influenza A (H3N2) outbreak in evacuation centres following the Great East Japan earthquake, 2011

BackgroundThe Great East Japan Earthquake of magnitude 9.0 that struck on 11 March 2011 resulted in more than 18000 deaths or cases of missing persons. The large-scale tsunami that followed the earthquake devastated many coastal areas of the Tohoku region, including Miyagi Prefecture, and many residents of the tsunami-affected areas were compelled to reside in evacuation centres (ECs). In Japan, seasonal influenza epidemics usually occur between December and March. At the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, influenza A (H3N2) was still circulating and there was a heightened concern regarding severe outbreaks due to influenza A (H3N2).MethodsAfter local hospital staff and public health nurses detected influenza cases among the evacuees, an outbreak investigation was conducted in five ECs that had reported at least one influenza case from 23 March to 11 April 2011. Cases were confirmed by point-of-care tests and those residues were obtained and subjected to reverse transcription PCR and/or real time RT-PCR for sub-typing of influenza.ResultsThere were 105 confirmed cases detected during the study period with a mean attack rate of 5.3% (range, 0.8%–11.1%). An epidemiological tree for two ECs demonstrated same-room and familial links that accounted for 88.5% of cases. The majority of cases occurred in those aged 15-64 years, who were likely to have engaged in search and rescue activities. No deaths were reported in this outbreak. Familial link accounted for on average 40.5% of influenza cases in two ECs and rooms where two or more cases were reported accounted for on average 85% in those ECs. A combination of preventative measures, including case cohorting, personal hygiene, wearing masks, and early detection and treatment, were implemented during the outbreak period.ConclusionsInfluenza can cause outbreaks in a disaster setting when the disaster occurs during an epidemic influenza season. The transmission route is more likely to be associated with sharing room and space and with familial links. The importance of influenza surveillance and early treatments should be emphasized in EC settings for implementing preventive control measures.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Senior Victims of Tsunami-Affected Areas in Southern Sri Lanka

Results: The median of the IES-R score was significantly higher in those who were situated at home; those who saw anyone the dead or injured; those whose evacuations were delayed; those whose family member or friend was injured; those who were injured; those who lost their children, spouse or family members; those whose family member was missing; those who lost livelihood, compared with those who were not or those who did not. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that younger age and loss of or injury to family members due to the tsunami were significantly associated with an increase in IES-R score. Conclusion: The results indicate that tsunami-related exposures have affected elderly survivors' mental health. ACTA MEDICA NAGASAKIENSIA 55: 41－46, 2010

Tsunami Fires After the Great East Japan Earthquake

Hazardous flammable materials are a main factor in the occurrence of fires in tsunami-affected areas. Large amounts of combustible materials torn from houses destroyed by the tsunami and of the wooden houses themselves swept away by the tsunami increased the possibility of fire spreading in affected areas where such materials accumulated. Drifting automobiles and fishing boats on fire also triggered the fire spread, which was accelerated by LP gas cylinders and automobiles fuel tanks in burned areas.

Continuous Observation of Natural-Disaster-Affected Areas Using Ground-Based SAR Interferometry

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) is an effective technique for monitoring over a widespread area. Save for the fact that it is installed on the ground, the GB-SAR operates in the same way as air- and satellite-borne microwave SAR remote sensing systems. By repeated acquisition of data and application of the repeat-pass interferometry principle, this technique can detect very small changes over a scene with a typically high temporal resolution of only a few minutes. In the system used in this study, interferometer error is less than 10% and the temporal resolution is approximately five minutes. Some applications require extensive monitoring capability; for instance, in this study, the GB-SAR technique was used to monitor a post-landslide surface in order to assess slope stability and to ensure the safety of the area. Whereas no major events were observed, the technique proved capable of detecting even small changes caused by snowfalls. The technique was also used to monitor the displacement of the ground surface in a tsunami-affected area in which the stability of the ground had come into question. The results of this assessment indicated that the distribution of displacement tended to be larger in waterfront areas and seemed to correlate to tidal effects. Although both of these measurement campaigns represent preliminary research, the advantages of the GB-SAR technique have been well illustrated. In this paper, the results of these measurements are provided, and the capability and potential of the technique are discussed.

Chemical Remediation of an Agricultural Soil: a Case Study of the Tsunami-Affected Area of Chile

The present study consisted of an in vitro experiment based on columns to restore a soil affected by the tsunami of 27 February 2010 that struck the Coliumo District, Bio-Bio region, Chile. The agricultural productivity of many coastal lands was severely affected, rendering them unfit for crop production. Composite soil samples were taken at 0 to 20 cm soil depth in Coliumo, Bio-Bio region. The initial physical and chemical analysis showed textural changes, low pH, high levels of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), and sulfate (SO4 2−), whereas bioassay tests showed severe toxicity for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds. Germination index (GI), length of hypocotyl (LH), and length of radicle (LR) were used as indicators in the bioassay tests. Two different treatments were used: T1 = soil amended with 7.7 t ha−1 of limestone (CaCO3) and T2 = soil amended with 7.7 t ha−1 of gypsum (CaSO4). A control treatment (T0) with unamended soil was included. Each treatment received a total of 1,100 mm of clean water (4 water loads, 275 mm each), which was equivalent to the mean annual precipitation of the area studied. The T2 treatment produced a significant decrease in the concentration of Na+ (8.27 to 0.16 meq L−1), decreased EC (1.58 to 0.03 dS m−1), and increased pH from 4.83 to 6.27 in the soil under study. Leaching of Na+ and SO4 2− with successive water loads was effective in the soil. The bioindicators as GI, LH and LR revealed that T2 was more effective than T1 and control in removing Na and SO4 analytes from the soil matrix. The CaSO4 amendment showed good potential for seed development, but further research on plant growth to maturity is required to determine yield parameters in the affected area.