TSS Values Research Articles

Root morphology, yield and must composition of grapevine subjected to application of urea methods and rates

Nitrogen (N) is often applied to soil surface during the grapevine cycle, increases N losses. One way to reduce N losses lies on its application method, however how N dose and application mode impact on grapevines remain poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the root growth, as well as grape must yield and composition, in a sandy soil and subjected to different N application doses and modes under subtropical climate conditions. Grapevines were implanted in 2011 and, since 2014, they were subjected to surface (N-Surf), and fertigation (N-Fert) N application, at rates of 0, 40 and 100 kg N ha−1 year−1. Leaf N concentration, yield, must quality parameters and root system morphology were evaluated in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons. The application of N in both rates (40 and 100 kg N ha−1 year−1), in the N-Surf and N-Fert methods, increased the surface area of root, number of living roots and root production. The application of N rates, in both N application modes, provided adequate N supply to the soil and increased root system development, which contributed to the increase of soil N uptake by plants, higher N concentration in leaves and greater grape yield. However, N supply decreased the quality of the must, as observed in decreased TSS and total anthocyanins values and in increased total titratable acidity values, which are not desirable for red wine making processes.

Standardization of Recipe of Value-Added Functional Aloe Vera Drink Enriched with Moringa Leave

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the standard formulation of aloe Vera drinks using different moringa leaf extract levels and assess the quality parameters. The result showed the moisture content of the formulated samples was 99.85 to 99.80%, with higher in sample T2 and lowered in the control sample (T0). The protein content for all samples ranged from o.11 to 0.42%, with the highest found in sample (T3) and lowest found in sample T0. The pH was increased from 3.8 to 4.13 for all samples. The mean values of TSS of aloe Vera drink for all samples were ranged between 11.33 to 13.67 %. The acidity for all samples was in the ranges of 0.25 to 0.31%. The sensory attributes of drinks were evaluated in terms of color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability. After increasing, the moringa leaves percentage; the consumer acceptance was gradually decreased. Overall, sample T1 containing 1% moringa leaves blended with 4% aloe Vera showed a reliable result compared to other samples.

Start-Up Evaluation of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant Consisting of a UASB Reactor Followed by Activated Sludge

UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors have been recognized as a viable option for sewage treatment. However, in order to improve the UASB effluent quality, some type of post-treatment must be implemented. The aims of this study were (i) to establish a start-up methodology of a full-scale anaerobic–aerobic system treating sewage, (ii) to evaluate the concentrations of different constituents in the influent and effluent of the anaerobic and aerobic reactors as well as the removal efficiencies in every step of the system, and (iii) to define relevant operative aspects of the anaerobic and aerobic reactors. The Tunja (Colombia) wastewater treatment plant consists of three modules with preliminary treatment followed by UASB reactors with post-treatment of activated sludge. The results of this investigation showed that the effluent system meets the Colombian environmental legislation with average removal efficiency values of BOD (88 +/− 5%), COD (87 +/− 4%), and TSS (94 +/− 5%). The UASB reactor start-up was conducted without an inoculum, requiring a period of 120 days. The evaluation of the combined systems was conducted over 300 days. Moreover, a methodology to operate the system during and after the start-up of the anaerobic reactor was defined. It was demonstrated that the anaerobic effluent can deteriorate the sludge in the aerobic tank. In order to avoid this, important operational aspects must be considered during the operation of the system, such as the implementation of a raw wastewater bypass higher than 15% and monitoring of the anaerobic effluent settleable solid concentration (<0.3 mL/L).

Studies on Biochemical Properties of Different Concentration of Wood-Apple and Aonla Ready-to-Serve (RTS) Beverage

Background: Juices are important and integral part of a healthy diet and are highly recommended for the nutritional content, phyto-chemical value and the presence of health promoting compounds. Both wood apple and aonla fruits are wonderful for their nutritional value. Blending of wood apple juice with aonla juice can give a slightly tasty taste in comparison to wood apple or aonla juice alone and it is also good from health point of view. Methods: The present investigation was carried out at Post Harvest Technology Laboratory and Biochemistry Laboratory at College of Horticulture, BUAT, Banda (U.P.) from December, 2019-March, 2020 to prepare nutritious processed products from wood-apples and aonla. Blending wood-apple juice with aonla juice is slightly tasty in comparison to a wood apple or aonla juice alone and it is also good for a health. In this study, ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage from wood apple-aonla was developed by blending aonla and wood apple in different proportions. The TSS and acidity were maintained as per FSSAI standards. Result: The developed RTS was stored and quality parameters were recorded at 30 daysintervals for a period of 180 days. The acidity percentage and TSS were calculated and maintained as per FSSAI standards. The combinations of RTS were standardized firstly and then a storage study was carried out. There were seven combinations of blend juices including control which were used to develop nutritional ready-to-serve. It was found that in T7 (40% wood apple+60% aonla) highest value of ascorbic acid, acidity (0.37%), TSS (11.02), total sugar (10.46%), browning (0.120) and phenol (22 mg/100 ml) was observed while the lowest value of brix: acid (30.71) and protein (0.21%) has been found in comparison to control. All treatments were consumable for up to 6 months based on sensory evaluation by the panel of 08 semi-trained judges.

Ensemble projections of fish distribution in response to climate changes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China

Climate change is an important driving force affecting species distribution, so quantifying the influences of climate change on species distributions is necessary for effective fishery management. To identify the geographical distribution pattern and future potential suitable habitat area of fishes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas (YBS), we built ensemble models of spatial distribution for 22 important fish species using 3185 valid distributional records and 9 environmental variables extracted from multiple databases. The constructed ensemble models showed high accuracy with mean AUC, Kappa and TSS values of 0.97, 0.82 and 0.84. Salinity and temperature proximal to the seabed were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of fishes. Presently, the number of important fish species (NIFS) tends to be low in the Bohai Sea and high in the Yellow Sea. Future projections indicated that there would be obvious interspecific differences in the geographical distribution of fishes, and the number of species with range contractions is predicted to be greater than that of range expansions. Coastal fishes and cold temperate fishes are predicted to narrow their occupied areas. In the future, the NIFS in the YBS is expected to increase overall. Spatially, sporadic areas in the central and southern Yellow Sea will have a reduced NIFS, while the Bohai Sea, coastal waters near the southern Shandong Peninsula and the northern East China Sea may experience increased NIFS. Our results provide a theoretical basis for predicting the climate-driven range shifts of fishes in one of the world’s most heavily impacted marine ecosystems, that can be extended to develop climate-adaptive management strategies.

Production and Evaluation of Jam Produced from Apple and Banana Blends

Jam production from fruits is an effective means of ensuring availability of fruits at off-seasons. The study aimed at formulating an acceptable jam from apple and banana blends. The proximate composition of the jam samples were determined. Jams were produced from blends of apple and banana in the ratio 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 respectively. The proximate composition result of the jam produced indicated moisture content between 40.32-55.20 %, ash content of 0.33-0.53 %, fat content of 0.04-0.16 %, protein content of 0.26-0.69 % and carbohydrate content of 35.01-59.99 %. The nutritional composition of the jam produced indicated Total Soluble Solids (TSS (oB)) between 58.80 to 68.0 %. The control sample has lowest TSS of 58.8 % while sample AB3 (70 % apple and 30 % banana) had the highest TSS value. The pH of the jam ranged from 3.00 to 3.11, the ascorbic acid composition of the formulated jam ranged from 5.30 to 6.01 while the total sugar of the formulated jam ranged from 55.76 to 61.60 % and the pectin content of the jam ranged from 5.02 to 5.74 %. The control sample had the lowest pectin content of 5.02 % while sample AB3 (70 % apple, 30 % banana), had the highest pectin content, followed by AB2 (60 % apple, 40 % banana) and AB1 (50 % apple, 50 % banana) in that order. The sensory properties of the jam revealed that sample AB1 which comprises of 50 % apple and 50 % banana was rated best in term of colour, taste, aroma, texture, spread-ability, and overall acceptability, followed by sample AB2 (60 % apple, 40 % banana). The findings reveal that apple and banana could be used in the preparation of a quality jam without any adverse effect on the nutritional quality.

Mapping the multi-hazards risk index for coastal block of Sundarban, India using AHP and machine learning algorithms

Global climate change, climate extremes, and overuse of natural resources are all major contributors to the risk brought on by cyclones. In I West Bengal state of India, the Pathar Pratima Block frequently experiences a variety of risks that result in significant loss of life and livelihood. In order to govern coastal society, it is crucial to measure and map the multi-hazards risk status. To depict the multi-hazards vulnerability and risk status, no cutting-edge models are currently being applied. Predicting distinct physical vulnerabilities is possible using a variety of cutting-edge machine learning techniques. This study set out to precisely describe multi-hazard risk using powerful machine learning methods. This study involved the use of Analytic Hierarchical Analysis and two cutting-edge machine-learning algorithms - Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network, which are yet underutilized in this area. The multi-hazards risk was determined by taking into account six criteria. The southern and eastern regions of the research area are clearly identified by the multi-hazards risk maps as having high to extremely high hazards risk levels. Cyclonic hazards and embankment breaching are the main dominant factors among the multi-hazards. The machine learning approach is the most accurate model for mapping the multi-hazards risk where the ROC result of Random forest and artificial neural network is more than the conventional method AHP. Here RF is the most validated model than the other two. The effectiveness, root mean square error, true skill statistics, Friedman and Wilcoxon rank test, and area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic tests were used to evaluate the prediction capacity of newly constructed models. The RMSE values of 0.24 and 0.26, TSS values of 0.82 and 0.73, and AUC values of 88.20% and 89.10% as produced by RF and ANN models, respectively, were all excellent.

The The Effect of Velocity Gradient and Camp Number on Solids Removal using Bio-Coagulant from Corbula faba Hinds Shells

The TSS and TDS values of water are required to meet the standard. Like coagulation, the pretreatment process in water helps reduce solid content in water. The coagulant destabilizes water pollutants and helps flocs formation with the coagulation process. This paper studies the performance of chitosan bio-coagulant produced from Corbula faba Hinds shells. The velocity gradient and the Camp number of solids removal were also evaluated. The velocity and period of rapid mixing varied from 110 to 150 rpm, and the velocity gradient (G) was 181.2 to 288.5 s-1. The mixing period also ranged from 1 to 5 minutes. The highest TSS and TDS removal resulted in 140 rpm or 260.2 s-1 and 4 minutes of mixing. The residual TSS and TDS decreased with the increase of Camp Number until reaching a point and increased again afterward.

Prediction of wild pistachio ecological niche using machine learning models

Observing vegetation dynamics and determining optimum conditions for tree species are important for the long-term habitat conservation. In this study we evaluate the environmental drivers that may explain the development and geographic distribution of Pistacia atlantica Desf. (wild pistachio) in Northeastern Iran. The study uses seven machine learning models to predict the habitats of P. atlantica: multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), flexible discriminant analysis (FDA), boosted regression tree (BRT), maximum entropy (MaxEnt), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), generalized linear model (GLM), and their ensembles (ESMs). In total, 1477 P. atlantica sites were identified, described and mapped. The most relevant determinants of the species habitat were included as 28 bioclimatic, topographic, edaphic, and geologic components. While all the models returned high accuracies, the ESMs achieved the highest AUC, TSS, and Kappa values, suggesting a good predictive performance. The most important parameters explaining the species habitat were found to be the mean diurnal temperature range, annual precipitation and slope. These results support the higher performance of ESMs to predict the spatial distribution of P. atlantica. In turn, this model may support species conservation and decision-making at the regional and national levels.

Recovery of Spent Liming Liquor Case study: Afrotan Tannery, Sudan

Spent liming liquor is produced from unhairing and liming processes. This study was carried out in Afrotan Tannery, by using the existing liming recovery unit in the tannery. The aim of the study is to determine and to evaluate the efficiency of the method of treatment applied in liming liquor recovery unit. The results showed that the value of pH was 12 and the values of TSS, Cl, NH4 and COD in liming liquor before treatment were 10623, 8511, 498 and 37396 mg/l, respectively. The value of pH is 11.5 and the values of TSS, Cl, NH4, COD and sulphide in liming liquor after treatment were 4321, 7796, 407, 21985 and1602mg/l, respectively. The liming liquor recovery unit receives 300 m3/day of spent liming liquor. 140 m3/day of the quantity is floated and precipitated as sludge. 60 m3/day of this sludge does not enter sludge treatment unit and directly is filled in land contaminating the soil with sulphide. 160 m3/day of the quantity is the treated spent liming liquor which is mixed with fresh makeup basic sodium sulfide and ammonium sulphate and recycled in unhairing and liming processes. The study concludes that it is important to conduct further studies to decrease COD in clear liming liquor and to send all sludge to sludge treatment unit.

Threatened Fabaceae taxa in coastal East Africa: Current and future modelled distributions and conservation priorities

• Global climate change causes an increasing threat to coastal species,with the potential extinction of a lot of legume species. • We modelled the distribution of eleven legume taxa at local scales using environmental variables. • The selected legume taxa ecological niches are influenced mainly by mean diurnal range temperature, precipitation of the coldest quarter, and elevation. • Irrespective of the climate change scenario, B. mombassae, C. lukei , and S. speciosa were observed to be most vulnerable to climate change. Predicting the responses of threatened tropical plant species to global climate change has been considered to be critical for assessing changes in species distribution and evaluating their conservation status. In reflecting on the vast species richness, East Africa has long been recognised as a hotspot of biodiversity, but very little is known about the vulnerability of the endemic plant diversity to anthropogenic introduced climate changes. This study evaluated the potential impacts of global climate change on plant species ranges in coastal East Africa by predicting the extent and direction of projected changes in climatic suitability. Specifically, we employed species distribution modelling in MaxEnt to identify species experiencing the highest threat of range declines. To do so, we evaluated climatic suitability for eleven legume species using one global climate model and two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios for present and future climates. The findings indicated that the mean AUC and TSS values of the focal taxa ranged from 0.818 to 0.992 and from 0.780 to 0.851, respectively, indicating that the MaxEnt model's prediction accuracy was good or exceptional. Occupancy and abundance of nine species were positively associated with low elevations, high relative humidity, and warmer temperatures in the coastal regions. Regardless of species, precipitation of the warmest quarter and mean temperature of the wettest quarter exhibited a minor impact on the distribution. Furthermore, the probable distribution regions of these species ranged from 77,270 km 2 to 282,297 km 2 . To our knowledge, this study is the first to appraise the distribution of threatened species within Fabaceae in coastal East Africa. The current findings provide a critical assessment framework for the conservation and management of Fabaceae in the region.

Water quality assessment and occurrence of seagrass associated pen shell Pinna bicolor (Gmelin, 1791) and Pinna deltodes (Menke, 1843) in Pudupattinam Coastal Area, Palk Bay, South East Coast, India.

Pen shell species such as Pinna bicolor and Pinna deltodes are found in the muddy region associated with intertidal seagrass in the coastal area of Pudupattinam. The pen shell is one of the sources of animal protein-rich, thereby encouraging the community of pen shells and their study worldwide. The water samples were collected for a year between January to December 2016 and analysed. Salinity (30.1-31.5‰), pH (8.1-8.2), EC value (39.79 103-46.09103 mho), turbidity 25-54 NTU, TSS value (5.51-108mg/l), DO (4.45-5.74ml/l), BOD (0.175 -1.05mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (9.6-39.1mg/l), chloride 14,276.8-16,124.9mg/l), sulphate (1975.3-25mg/l), ammonia (0.022-0.112μm/l), inorganic phosphate (0.754μm/l and maximum 1.568μm/l), total nitrogen (10.829-29.509μm/l), total phosphate (1.76-3.174μm/l) and silicate (42.264-64.121μm/l). Minimum and maximum water temperature ranges (26.9-30.6°C) were recorded. A total of 623 Pinna bicolor and 1341 Pinna deltodes were collected during the same time and consisted of 305 males and 318 females and 558 males and 783 females, respectively. The improvements in the parameters of physico-chemical and statistical analysis have been shown to have a minor effect on the distribution of these two species in the present research, as environmental factors were not sufficient to influence their distribution.

Analisa Air Sungai Cibanten sebagai Sumber Air Baku Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum

Determining the source of raw water at a Regional Drinking Water Company is the first step in determining the location or place to fulfill raw water for clean water treatment purposes. One alternative that can be used as a source of raw water is river water. The purpose of this study is for initial analysis of a water source to be used as an alternative source of raw water for clean water treatment. In determining the selection of source water, there are 3 parameters that must be met for a water source, namely: Quantity, Continuity, and Quality. This research uses a quantitative analysis method in the form of field data measurements of population and population growth projections in the distribution area, by analyzing the quality test of the Cibanten River. Based on the results of data processing, the total average clean water needs of Serang District and Kasemen District is 697.06 liters/second, the water discharge capacity of the Cibanten River in 2020 has an average of 3,690 liters/second so that the Cibanten river discharge is suitable as a source of raw water. for the quantity and continuity parameters. For testing the water quality of the Cibanten River with parameters BOD, COD, TSS, TDS and pH, the value of the content of TDS and pH meets the environmental quality standards, for the values of TSS, TDS and BOD the results exceed the environmental quality standards. It needs to be treated first before being used as clean water and drinking water.

ANALISIS TINGKAT PENYEBARAN PENCEMARAN SUNGAI TALLO DENGAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (SIG) (Analysis of the Pollution Distribution Level of the Tallo River using Geographic Information Systems (GIS))

Makassar City is one of the densely populated cities with various industrial activities. Among the 15 sub-districts in the Makassar City area, eight of them are crossed by the Tallo River. This study aims to analyze the level of spread of pollution and the water quality status of the water at the Tallo River using the parameters of temperature, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, and COD. The research was conducted by delimiting and dividing the research area into 3 river segments based on different types of land use. Sampling of Tallo River water in this study used SNI 6989.57:2008. The water quality parameters were tested in the field and in the laboratory. From the results of this study, based on the standard criteria for class II PP No. 82 of 2001, the water quality of the Tallo River at the research site in terms of physical parameters, the temperature value meets the quality criteria, while the TSS value at several points does not meet the quality standard criteria. In terms of chemical parameters, the pH and DO values meet the quality criteria, while the BOD and COD values does not. The water quality status of the Tallo River is then calculated using the Pollution Index method. Overall, it is categorized as lightly polluted. If broken down per segment, the distribution of water pollution levels in the Tallo River shows a fluctuating pattern, tending to increase at the first segment test point, decrease at the segment 2 test point, and increase again at the last segment test point.

Efektivitas Penggunaan Fly Ash Batubara sebagai Koagulan dan Adsorben dalam Menurunkan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Total Suspendedd Solid (TSS) Limbah Cair Industri Pulp and Paper

The content of Al and Fe in coal fly ash has underpinned several studies on the use of coal fly ash as a coagulant and adsorbent. Coal fly ash coagulant was activated with H2SO4. While coal fly ash adsorbent is activated with HCl. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the coagulant or as adsorbent, to determine the optimum concentration of coagulant/ adsorbent addition, and to determine the effectiveness of fly ash as a coagulant/ adsorbent in reducing COD and TSS in Pulp and Paper wastewater. This research used 2 treatments, activating coal fly ash with 2M H2SO4 and 4M HCl, and then comparing the effect of fly ash coagulants and adsorbents in reducing COD and TSS wastewater. The results showed that coagulant reduced COD by 53.23% and TSS by 60.1%, more effective than adsorbent which only reduced COD by 6.38%, and increased TSS value by 7.2%. However, it has not yet below the quality standards. Numerical analysis using 3rd order polynomials shows that doses of 41,000-42,000 ppm of coagulant can reduce COD below the quality standard. This concludes is coal fly ash coagulant is effective in reducing COD and TSS of pulp and paper wastewater, with the optimal dose to reduce COD below the quality standard, is 41,000 - 42,000 ppm.

Sea-level rise effects on macrozoobenthos distribution within an estuarine gradient using Species Distribution Modeling

The sea-level rise induced by climate change has caused impacts (e.g., floods and saline intrusion) in estuaries. In this work, we used monitoring data (salinity, sediment and taxa occurrence), simulated saline intrusion and Species Distribution Model to predict the spatial distribution of families in the estuary at two levels of SLR (0.5 m and 1 m) for two scenarios (moderate and extreme). For the simulation, we used the ensemble method applied to five models (MARS, GLM, GAM, RF and BRT). High AUC and TSS values indicated “good” to “excellent” accuracy. RF and GLM obtained the best and worst values, respectively. The model predicted local extinctions and new colonization in the upper estuarine zones. With the effects of climate change intensifying, it is extremely important that managers consider the use of predictive tools to anticipate the impacts of climate change on a local scale on species migration.

Effect of Pretreatments and Solar Tunnel Dryer Zone on Drying Characteristics and Stability of Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Slices.

Drying fruits and vegetables can be achieved using different drying methods based on the crop's economic value and the technology's affordability. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, where sunlight intensity and duration are high, it is recommended to use solar drying methods. A solar tunnel dryer is one of the methods commonly used to produce dried fruits and vegetables. It is necessary to determine the drying kinetics at different dryer zones and select a suitable drying kinetics model to overcome the limitation. In addition, pretreatment methods are commonly recommended to improve the quality of the dried product. This work aimed to determine the drying kinetics of pumpkin slices at different zones of drier and pretreatment effect on product quality. Three zones of drier and four pretreatments were employed in the two-factor factorial experiment. Seven thin layer kinetic models were evaluated. pH, TSS, TA, moisture content (MC), and water activity (aw) were determined for quality evaluation. Recorded data showed that the temperature in the tunnel increased from zone I to III with a decrease in RH. Results showed a higher drying constant (K) and effective diffusivity (Deff); drier zone III > II > I. Pretreatments also showed a significant effect on K and Deff. Regardless of pretreatment types, two-term exponential and diffusion models are better fitted for zones I and II/III, respectively. With pretreatments and drier zones, the TSS value increases from zones I to III but with a decrease in titratable acidity, moisture content, and water activity. From the result, it can be concluded that different drying rates are observed in different zones. However, a better quality of pumpkin powder was observed in drier zone II for pumpkin slices pretreated with a 2% salt solution. It is recommended to create a drying medium that resembles zone II or better to use the recommended kinetic models to predict the drying time for each zone for a better quality product by avoiding under- or over-drying of slices.

Water Quality Downstream of Cimanuk River, West Java

The Cimanuk River is one of the three major rivers in West Java, incidentally the second largest after the Citarum River which aims to analyze the physical and chemical qualities in the lower reaches of the Cimanuk River. The research was conducted for three months, which was carried out in the lower reaches of the Cimanuk River. Water sampling using the survey method. Sampling was carried out at three points by paying attention to community activities around the river waters. The parameters analyzed were temperature, Light Transparency, pH, TSS, TDS, DO, COD, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite and Salinity Calculations following the quality standard rules of PP No. 22 of 2021, the water temperature at the three stations was 25°C. The value of light transparency ranges from 32 – 37 cm. The pH value at all three stations is neutral. The Salinity values at stations 1 and 2 are 0, and station 3 is 1.7. DO values at all three stations ranged from 7.0 – 9.6 mgL-1. COD values at all three stations ranged from 9.3 – 15 mgL-1. TDS values at all three stations range from 244 - 343 mgL-1. TSS values at all three stations ranged from 29 – 84 mgL-1. Ammonia values at all three stations ranged from 0.002 - 0.003 mgL-1. Nitrate values at all three stations ranged from 0.31 – 0.55 mgL-1. Then, the nitrite value at all three stations was 0.020 – 0.022 mgL-1. The results show that the parameters in the lower reaches of the Cimanuk River meet quality standards.

Evaluation of different ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) germplasm under rainfed vertisols of Tamil Nadu, India

Underutilized waste lands of vertisols can be successfully utilized for cultivation of ber for which identification of suitable germplasm plays a significant role to achieve maximum returns. An experiment was conducted during 2017 to 2020 at Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aruppukottai under the dry vertisols of Tamil Nadu, India. This experiment was carried out under ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits (ICAR-AICRP-AZF). Twenty-six (26) ber genotypes were evaluated to assess the growth, yield and quality performances. Among the genotypes evaluated, the ber variety Kaithali (ZM-3) registered higher individual fruit weight (24.3 g), pulp weight (22.5 g), fruit yield per tree (18. 9 kg) and yield per ha (5.10 tonnes/ha). Next to Kaithali, Gola (ZM-4) recorded more individual fruit weight of 22.55 g, pulp weight of 20.46 g, Fruit yield per tree of 17.05 kg and fruit yield per ha of 4.6 tonnes. The variety Kakadia I (ZM8) showed reduced fruit yield per tree of 13.8 kg and fruit yield per ha of 3.7 tonnes. All genotypes recorded TSS values ranging from 10.3 to 16.2oBrix. Based on this it could be concluded that the ber germplasm Kaithali is suitable for dry vertisols tracts of Tamil Nadu to enhance the overall output for the farming community.

Evaluation of different ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) germplasm under rainfed vertisols of Tamil Nadu, India

Underutilized waste lands of vertisols can be successfully utilized for cultivation of ber for which identification of suitable germplasm plays a significant role to achieve maximum returns. An experiment was conducted during 2017 to 2020 at Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aruppukottai under the dry vertisols of Tamil Nadu, India. This experiment was carried out under ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits (ICAR-AICRP-AZF). Twenty-six (26) ber genotypes were evaluated to assess the growth, yield and quality performances. Among the genotypes evaluated, the ber variety Kaithali (ZM-3) registered higher individual fruit weight (24.3 g), pulp weight (22.5 g), fruit yield per tree (18. 9 kg) and yield per ha (5.10 tonnes/ha). Next to Kaithali, Gola (ZM-4) recorded more individual fruit weight of 22.55 g, pulp weight of 20.46 g, Fruit yield per tree of 17.05 kg and fruit yield per ha of 4.6 tonnes. The variety Kakadia I (ZM8) showed reduced fruit yield per tree of 13.8 kg and fruit yield per ha of 3.7 tonnes. All genotypes recorded TSS values ranging from 10.3 to 16.2oBrix. Based on this it could be concluded that the ber germplasm Kaithali is suitable for dry vertisols tracts of Tamil Nadu to enhance the overall output for the farming community.