TSS Removal Research Articles

New Materials Synthesized by Sulfuric Acid Attack Over Power Plant Fly Ash

In the current work, the preparation of a complex wastewater coagulant based on polymeric sulfates of aluminum/iron from fly ash is presented. The performance of the coagulation�flocculation process is mostly influenced by the coagulant type, which enhances the aggregation of particles and leads to formation of fast-settling flocs by charge neutralization or chain-bridging mechanisms. Within the preparation process, the reaction temperature was controlled at 80�C and 90�C for 4 h, the synthesized materials being characterized through different techniques (SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD) and further used as coagulants for real wastewater treatment. As a novelty of this study, it can be mentioned that there were analyzed the possibilities of capitalization of Romanian fly ash collected from Iasi area and its transformation into complex based on aluminum - iron sulfates. Fly ash containing different concentrations of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 was successfully used in producing complex coagulants by reacting with 10% technical sulfuric acid solution. The produced complex coagulants contain both polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) and polymeric aluminum sulfate (PAS) (demonstrated by complex characterization) and proved to be effective in wastewater treatment. These sustainable materials exhibited a good performance in coagulation�flocculation process (e.g. it was obtained a TSS removal efficiency of 84% at the coagulant dosage of 60 mg/L).

AEROBIC TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER USING HYBRID SYSTEM. (Dept. C ( Public Works ) )

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Constructed Wetland with Rice Husk Substrate as Phytotechnology Treatment for Sustainable Batik Industry in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the vegetation efficiency of Canna indica plants and rice husk as a VFCW substrate in the batik wastewater treatment process. The VFCW pilot is made of acrylic with a length, width and height of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m respectively. Rice husk is filled as substrate to a depth of 0.3 m. Canna indica is cultivated and acclimatized then be planted in VFCW with 6 plants / units. Batik liquid waste is flowed with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.15 m3/d and variations in hydraulic retention time for 3 days, 7 days, 15 days, 21 days, and 30 days using an intermittent system. The results showed Canna indica proved to have a significant effect (p <0.05) on the removal of all parameters consisting of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, and heavy metals Cr. Optimal efficiency for all parameters occurred at 21 days HRT which obtained TSS removal values of 91.25%, BOD5 of 91.82%, COD of 89.15%, ammonia of 96.2%, and heavy metals Cr of 81.8%. Effluents produced through the construction of VFCW with rice husks as a substrate and vegetation of Canna indica are able to meet the standards set out in East Java Governor Regulation No. 72/2013.

Normalization of wastewater coagulation-flocculation trials and implications in terms of variability in treatment performance and comparison of commercial coagulants

ABSTRACT Normalizations by TSS or P-PO4 3- initial concentrations are consistent as they are correlated to the Jar-test performances. Jar-tests results are independent of the wastewater quality variations in terms of TSS and P-PO4 3- and independent of the WWTP origin of the water. A notable variability in the TSS results indicates that the pollutant’s initial load has to be taken into account even with normalizations. This variability is lower with normalization by P-PO4 3-, indicating that this is the best indicator to consider. It is possible to determine that the optimal cation dosage is 60 mol Fe3+ / kg P-PO4 3- as it guarantees a residual concentration of 0.7–1.0 mgP/L and a good removal of TSS. Then, six commercially available cationic coagulants were compared, demonstrating a comparable effect at a comparable normalized molar dose, whatever the coagulant on both TSS and P-PO4 3-, as well as on soluble carbon and nitrogen. The differences observed between these types of coagulants in the literature are then probably due to methodological issues. Settling velocity distribution charts were also very similar for the different coagulants. This confirms that the source of cation and the type of cation have no significant effect on physico-chemical settling performances.

Two-year performance of single-stage vertical flow treatment wetlands planted with willows under cold-climate conditions

Climate-related issues constitute an important obstacle for the development of treatment wetland (TW) applications in regions with freezing winter temperatures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of a new configuration of TWs based on the vertical flow (VF) configuration. The proposed TWs system is planted with a willow species (Salix miyabeana SX67) and including design adaptations for cold climate operation. Two different flow modes for winter-time operation were proposed: percolated and saturated with continuous artificial aeration. The pilot-scale systems were tested with municipal wastewater, at an organic loading ranging from 5 to 20 g CBOD5 m−2 d−1.The pilot TWs were successfully operated for 22 months despite freezing winter temperatures reaching as low as −32 °C. Willow development was normal, with evapotranspiration ranging from 19 to 23 mm/d in July 2017 for the pilot TWs at an organic loading of 10 g CBOD5 m−2 d−1. Organic matter removal efficiency was high for all pilot TWs, with an average 91% COD and 81% TSS removal. Nitrification was essentially complete during the summer period and remained high for pilot TWs operated under percolating flow mode in winter but was lower for the saturated flow mode, probably due to insufficient air supply. Our study confirms the successful application of a modified version of VF TW in regions with freezing air temperatures.

REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MATTERS FROM PIGGERY WASTEWATER IN ANAEROBIC MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR)

The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of Anaerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) on the removal of organic matters (using COD and TSS values) in piggery wastewater using two kinds of carrier: Polyurethane (PU) and Polyethylene (PE) - Different organic loading rates (OLRs) varying from 4 to 10 gCOD/l/day with controlled temperature 37±2oC, pH 7.0-7.5 were investigated. The seeded sludge was collected at the anaerobic tank of the wastewater treatment plant of the Sabeco Beer Manufacturing Plant (Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi) and grown in the MBBR for 15 days. For porous PU material, the COD and TSS removal efficiencies achieved 69.7 and 67.3% and 54.9 and 65.5% at OLR 4 and 6 gCOD/l/day, respectively. Whereas for wheel shape PE material, it was found that the COD removal efficiencies were slightly higher with OLR of 6 gCOD/l/day (71%%), even with higher OLR at 10 gCOD/l.day, the COD removal efficiency didn‘t seem to significantly increase (73.3 %). For TSS removal, in comparison between PU and PE, the later found slightly better with the same OLRs of 4 and 6 gCOD/l/day, reaching 63.2 and 67 %, respectively. However, TSS removal efficiencies were found to be higher with PE carrier at higher OLR, reaching 72% at 10 gCOD/l/day.

Biogas production from tofu wastewater substrate using HUASB reactors with addition of trace metal

Tofu liquid waste contains a high organic load so that the processing system is needed to reduce the pollutant parameters in the wastewater to fulfill the quality standards. The most suitable treatment for organic loads is anaerobic processing. One anaerobic processing system uses the Hybrid Upflow Anaerob Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactor with the consideration that this reactor has the advantage of maintaining high amounts of biomass concentrations, high load rates for operation, good deposition capability, and good solid-liquid separation due to appropriate granulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding trace metal FeCl3 to the removal of COD, TSS and biogas production on tofu wastewater treatment at the HUASB reactor. The process of tofu wastewater treatment with the addition of trace metal in the HUASB reactor using a batch circulation system with a reactor volume of 9 liters. The reactor is operated by variations in the concentration of tofu wastewater (75 and 100%) and trace metal concentrations (0.3-0.6 mg / L). The parameters observed in this study were pH, COD, TSS, and biogas produced. The results showed that the optimum biogas production of 8.190 mL at the concentration of tofu wastewater was 75% with the concentration of trace metal 0.6 mg/L and allowance for COD and TSS of 94.09% and 94.02%.

Turbidity and TSS removal from textile wastewater using a combination of natural and chemical coagulants

Abstract: Recently natural coagulants are a consistently expanded; plants extracted coagulant which may be adopted in the coagulation-flocculation activity of textile wastewater treatment for reduction concentration of turbidity and total suspended solids. In this study, the possibility of a combination between chemical coagulant (alum) and natural plant coagulant (Capparis Spinosa) in excluding turbidity and total suspended solids from textile wastewater has been studied. A set of experiments were implemented for verifying the turbidity and TSS removal efficiency using alum and powder extracted from Capparis Spinosa plant separately. A combined dosage consisted of chemical coagulant (alum) dosages (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l) with natural coagulant dosages (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l) in order to detect the optimum combined percentage of both coagulants (alum and Capparis Spinosa) that produces higher removal efficiencies for both turbidity and TSS. The study found the activity of removal for both turbidity and total suspended solids increased in high performance when mixing is occurred between natural coagulant (Capparis Spinosa) and chemical coagulant (Alum). The results illustrate that the combination of 20 mg/l alum with 30 mg/l Capparis Spinosa made 99% turbidity removal and the combination of 30 mg/l alum with 30 mg/l Capparis Spinosa made 98% TSS removal.

Key performance indicators (KPIs) comparison of food chain reactor and conventional oxidation ditch technology in industrial waste treatment

The oxidation process as the activated sludge (AS) system has been implemented widely in urban and industrial wastewater treatment. Oxidation ditch can be categorized as an advanced aeration activated sludge. I ntegrated Fix-Film Activated Sludge ( IFAS ) process has been already developed for decades that was a reasonable approach for technology to upgrade the activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). IFAS processes are a combination of biofilm reactors and activated sludge processes, biofilm is introducing and retaining as the carrier media for microorganism growth. Both IFAS and AS processes can achieve similar percent removal of COD and ammonia. Current WWTP’s development was food chain reactor ( FCR ) which mainly IFAS process of engineered media that combining with natural plants with the plant roots submerging into the reactors. The references review and secondary data of the application in Jababeka’s WWTP-2 for both AS and FCR system showed that FCR is needless parameters to be controlled. In both AS and FCR have KPIs of flow rate (m 3 /day), F/M ratio, energy consumption (kWh/m 3 wastewater), Oxygen supply (kgO 2 / m 3 wastewater in each reactor, % removal of COD, BOD, TSS, NH 3 , TKN, NO 2 , and heavy metals, and pH, Dissolved Oxygen, microorganism performance in the reactor. Different from AS, the FCR system is not required to control the parameters of sludge retention time ( SRT ) , recirculated activated sludge ( RAS ) , sludge volume index ( SVI ), and mixed liquor suspended solids ( MLSS ) of activated sludge. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:IN; mso-fareast-language:IN;} table.MsoTableGrid {mso-style-name:"Table Grid"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-priority:59; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:IN; mso-fareast-language:IN;}

Study on removal of pollutant from batik wastewater using coal bottomash (CBA)

Batik, which is a hand-painted product which is richly colored pattern. It is a textile industrial wastewater and usually releases their industrial effluents into the river without any proper treatment. Coal bottomash (CBA) derived from coal combustion for electricity generation in power plants or some industries and the characteristic of CBA may depend upon the raw coal source, size, type of coal burner and the operating conditions of the burner. The main objectives of this study were to identify the efficiency treated and untreated CBA in the treatment of batik wastewater effluents and to determine the size of bottom ash suitable for the fixed-bed column treatment mechanism. CBA was washed, treated with HCl, HNO3, and H2O2 and dried for the preparation fixed bed column. Batik waste water treatment efficiency was enhanced by the use of treated CBA fixed-bed column with size 0.45 mm and reduced the TSS, BOD, and turbidity by 41.6%, 65.3% and 75.6%, respectively. CBA is an effective and inexpensive for the removal of color, BOD, TSS and turbidity due to its high porosity and adsorption capacity. Problems of environmental pollution can also be minimized by utilization of CBA-fixed bed column in batik industries waste water treatment.

Treatment of post tanning wastewater with minimum sludge generation using sequential anoxic/oxic bioreactor and its microbial community profile

The conventional primary treatment use coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended and colloidal solids from post-tanning wastewater (PTWW) and it results in generation of huge quantity of primary chemical sludge. The present investigation was focused on the removal of suspended and colloidal solids from PTWW without addition of coagulants/flocculants using sequential anoxic/oxic bioreactor (SAOBR). The SAOBR was operated under continuous mode to investigate the removal of CODtot, CODdis, CODsus, CODcoll, TS, TDS & TSS by 35.7 ± 1.9 %, 20.2 ± 3.5 %, 84 ± 4.5 %, 82.4 ± 4.7 %, 10.9 ± 2.4 %, 1.4 ± 1.1 % and 78.8 ± 3.6 % at the optimum HRT of 9 h. The primary chemical sludge generated 5.27 ± 0.15 kg/m3of wastewater using conventional coagulants & flocculants and SAOBR has registered sludge generation of 0.293 ± 0.11 Kg/m3 of wastewater. The observed sludge yield (Yobs) in SAOBR was 0.188 g SS/ g COD & it showed 68 ± 9 % of sludge reduction. The change in microbial diversity profile was analyzed in SAOBR to understand the sludge reduction mechanism. The primary chemical sludge and SAOBR sludge were characterized using SEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD, TGA and DSC analyses.

Innovative two‐steps thermo‐chemical pretreatment for sludge reduction and energy recovery: cost and energy assessment

AbstractChemical and thermal pretreatments of sewage sludge have proven to be effective to improve anaerobic digestion process by increasing methane production and sludge stabilization. In order to improve this technology towards sludge reduction combined with energy recovery, lab‐scale experimentation was carried out to assess the efficiency of a 2‐steps acid‐alkali innovative pretreatment to enhance the anaerobic digestion process. Lab‐scale results suggested to adopt some measures intended to ensure better anaerobic performances and imbalance risks prevention. The process allowed to achieve high sludge reduction efficiencies (up to 66% TSS removal), and to obtain high methane production yields (0.25 vs. 0.18 Nm3/kgVSfed of the control) assuring high process stability. The electric energy recovery of the combined hydrolysis‐digestion process, assessed on full‐scale scenario, resulted higher with respect to a conventional digestion process. The sludge reduction obtained could imply cost savings of up to 32% compared to traditional scenarios.

Green wall height and design optimisation for effective greywater pollution treatment and reuse

Green walls that effectively treat greywater have the potential to become a part of the solution for the issues of water scarcity and pollution control in our cities. To develop reliable and efficient designs of such systems, the following two research questions were addressed: what would be the optimal design of a green wall for greywater treatment, and how tall should the system be to assure adequate treatment. This paper reports on (i) a long-term pollutant removal comparison study of two typical green wall configurations: pot and block designs, and (ii) a short-term profile study exploring pollutant retention at different heights of a three-level green wall, across different plant species. Removal of suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Escherichia coli was tested, as well as various physical parameters. Pot and block designs were found to exhibit similar pollutant removal performance for standard and high inflow concentrations, while the block design was more resistant to drying. However, due to its multiple practical advantages, pot designs are favoured. The greatest removal was achieved within the top green wall level for all studied pollutants, while subsequent levels facilitated further removal of TSS, COD, and TN. Interestingly, colour, pH, and EC increased after each green wall level, which must be taken into account to determine the maximum height of these systems. The optimal size of the system was found to be dependent on plant species choice. The results were used to create practical recommendations for the effective design of greywater treatment green walls.

Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Vertical-Flow Filter Grown with Juncus Maritimus in Arid Region

This study aims to experimentally investigate the performance ofJuncus maritimusspecies in removing pollutants from domestic wastewater under arid conditions. The experiment was carried out for three month and several physicochemical and organic parameters were monitored. Results showed a good quality of filtered waters reflecting the high efficiency of vertical-flow filters. The presence of Juncus maritimus species promotes significantly the nitrogen elimination and augments the dissolved oxygen content at the outlet.It was also found that the planted filter provides small improvements in removing BOD5, TSS and TP removal for the three pollutants. The mean removal rate obtained withJuncus maritimusfilter was 91.05 % for BOD5, 86.67 % for TSS, 78.45 % for Ntot, and 95.14 % for TP. Microbial activity, uptake by plants, adsorption and physical sedimentation are the main mechanisms of limiting the contaminants rates in the vegetated vertical-flow filter.

Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for process analysis and optimization of milk processing wastewater treatment using multistage flexible fiber biofilm reactor

In this work, a multistage flexible fibre biofilm reactor (MS-FFBR) composed of four equal-size compartments was used successfully to treat milk processing wastewater (MPW). Response surface methodology (RSM) was also used to evaluate, model, and optimize the performance of the MS-FFBR. The effect of variation of two process variables (CODin and HRT) on the system performance was evaluated by measuring different responses (TCOD, SCOD, TBOD5, SBOD5, TSS removal efficiency, turbidity, pH, SRT and U). From findings, the maximum removal efficiency in terms of TCOD, SCOD, TBOD and SBOD was achieved at 12 h HRT and 1590 mg L−1 CODin, whereas the lowest removal efficiencies were observed at 8 h HRT and 5869 CODin. The minimum TSS removal efficiency was obtained at 8 h HRT and 3750 mg L−1. More importantly, the MS-FFBR indicated good buffering capacity throughout the experiments. The optimum region was found at HRT less than 8 h and 1500 mg L−1 < CODin < 2635 mg L−1. The experimental findings were in close agreement with the model prediction.

Dynamic model validation and advanced polymer control for rotating belt filtration as primary treatment of domestic wastewaters

Rotating belt filters are a primary treatment technology currently used in municipal wastewater treatment plants as a high-rate alternative to primary clarifiers. Such systems are reported to efficiently remove particulates in the form of total suspended solids, achieving the highest removal efficiencies (>60%) when polymer is added as pre-treatment step. In this paper, a new dynamic model describing the RBF performance is presented. The model includes the dynamic effects of influent flow rate and TSS concentration and can also describe the effects of polymer dosing on RBF performance. The validated model was used to perform a plant-wide impact assessment using the Benchmark Simulation Model n.2. For a TSS removal efficiency that is identical to primary clarifiers (50%), rotating belt filters were found to only slightly decrease the aeration energy demand in the activated sludge unit (−0.5%), while increasing methane production and slightly increasing effluent TN concentrations (+1.5% and +1.9%, respectively). Furthermore, considerable savings in polymer costs could be attained using an advanced control strategy for polymer dosing, successfully tested in this work.

Low-cost activated carbon production from organic waste and its utilization for wastewater treatment

In the present study, organic waste materials, like coconut shell, orange peels, and banana peels were used to produce activated carbon. Chemical activation was carried out using phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The activation temperatures were selected at the range of 200–300 °C. Surface morphology of the different activated carbon derived from the different waste materials was investigated using scanning electron microscope. Pollution removal efficiency of different activated carbons was carried out by Jar test. The jar test was carried out at 120 rpm, at 20 °C temperature for 1 h. Three different sizes; 75 μm, 150 μm and 425 μm, and three concentration; 100 mg/l, 200 mg/l and 500 mg/l of the activated carbon were selected for the pollution removal experiments. Water quality parameters like pH, TSS, and COD were analyzed using standard AWWA/APHA methods to know the pollution removal efficiency. COD removal varies from 48 to 99% in different activated carbon at different size and concentration. TSS removal varies from 43 to 100% by different activated carbon. The highest adsorption was observed by 75 µm activated carbon. Among all the experimented materials activated carbon made from orange peels performed better than others possibly due to the formation of more C–O and C=O functional groups due to the presence of more carbon and oxygen elements than others. This study opens a new way of wastewater treatment in Oman by using low-cost activated carbon made from locally available organic waste and at the same time, it shall help in managing organic waste.

Impact of Climate Change on the Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plant: Case study Central Irbid WWTP (Jordan)

Limited studies were carried out to assess the impact of climate change on the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Therefore this study aims to assess the consequences of climate change on the central Irbid WWTP which is located in northern Jordan. For this purpose the statistical downscaling Model (SDSM) and the outputs of the HadCM3 global climate model were used to produce two climate change scenarios A2 and B2. The two scenarios cover the periods 2050-2065 and 2080-2099. These scenarios were used conjunction with a wastewater simulation model (STOAT) to assess the impact of climate change on the performance of the Central Irbid WWTP. The results revealed that the BOD removal will increase in summer season by about 6 mg/l for periods 2050-2065 and 2080-2099 under both Scenarios A2 and B2. For winter season it is expected that the BOD removal will be reduced up to 8 mg/l. On the other hand, the results indicated an improvement in COD removal up 6 mg/l in the summer season while in the winter it is expected to decree mg/l. The removal of TSS was slightly affected by the climate change

Using filtration as a technology to remove pollutants in domestic wastewater

Most of the wastewater produced comes from household activities. Household wastewater currently tends to be directly disposed into water bodies without prior treatment. As a result, the concentration of pollutants, especially TSS and COD in the waters became high. It is necessary to manage household wastewater, so that the disposed waste is still within safe limits that do not pollute the environment. Filtration is one of treatment methods which is generally used in the processing of clean water, but the materials used in the filtration process also have the ability to reduce pollutant levels in wastewater. This study aims to find out that filtration can be used as a method of household wastewater treatment. The method in this study is to conduct a trial using a simple filtration method to analyse the decrease in household waste levels. The result shows that the percentage of TSS and COD removal are 79.01% and 77.84%. The conclusion in this study is that filtration can be used as a method of household wastewater treatment because the material used can reduce the concentration of TSS and COD to below the specified quality standard.

The effect of temperature reduction on the performance and stability of UASB reactors treating synthetic sewage

The objective of this investigation is to determine the effect of temperature reduction on the performance and stability of laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treating synthetic sewage. The work was carried out using four 4-litre continuously fed UASB reactors. The operation started at a constant hydraulic retention time of ~24 hours (up flow velocity ~0.02 m hour -1 ) and an influent COD concentration of ~2250 mg l -1 , with an organic loading rate of ~2.25 g COD l -1 day -1 . During the experiment, the operating temperature was reduced in a single step from 35 to 30 ⁰C, then stepped down to 25 ⁰C. COD removal efficiency fell slightly from ~96 % in all reactors to ~93%. Effluent TSS concentrations remained below 20 mg l -1 and TSS removal efficiency ranged between 93-98%. Gas production showed a slight disturbance following the initial drop in temperature to 30 ⁰C, but stabilised at around 0.74 l CH 4 l -1 , 0.30 l CH 4 g -1 COD added and 0.31 l CH 4 g -1 COD removed. The subsequent drop to 25 ⁰C produced a stronger disturbance, but both volumetric and specific methane production recovered to the previous values by about day 412. The average biogas methane content in all reactors was unchanged or marginally higher at 78-79%.