TSS Content Research Articles

Rheological and functional properties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) leaves puree

Pureed form of leaves (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle)) was taken for physicochemical and rheological analysis at temperatures and TSS range of 278 K - 318 K and 3 - 5 °Brix respectively. The steady-state rheological analysis was performed with a shear rate of 1 - 100 s-1. Different rheological models are tried; Power-law was best fitted with the experimental data (R2 ≥0.98). Temperature dependence of viscosity was found out using an Arrhenius-type relationship at a shear rate of 10, 50, 100 s-1 IR analysis was done to know the influence of functional groups on rheological properties of purees. Consistency index (K) of puree increases with increase in TSS content but at a fixed TSS, there is a decrease in K with an increase in temperatures but the opposite was observed for flow behavior index (n). Puree showed a shear thinning behavior with an increment in temperature level and puree having 5 °Brix (8.37) has higher activation energy (kJ.mol-1) than 3 °Brix (6.32).

Combined effects of cropping system and harvest date determine quality and nutritional value of pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum L. cv. Gabsi)

The oasis environment, where Tunisian pomegranates are cultivated simultaneously with several crops, was shown to fulfill ecological functions. Few studies related to the effects of environmental factors on pomegranate pre-harvest quality have been carried out, and even less have focused on the interaction between oasis environment and harvest date. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical and nutritional properties of pomegranate fruits cultivated under and outside oasis in order to determine the most accurate harvest indices and harvesting date in relation with cropping system. Results revealed that oasis environment was more favorable to produce large sized-fruits with high aril yield and high juice content compared to full sun conditions. Oasis pomegranates exhibited high total anthocyanin content, high hydrophilic antioxidant activity, high level of magnesium, potassium and manganese content. The visual colour of fruits and arils as well as TSS/TA ratio were found the most reliable maturity indices for taking harvest decision of pomegranate fruits. A better red coloration of fruit and arils associated with a balance between sugar content and acidity as well as high nutritional value (high mineral contents particularly Mg, K, Mn, high flavonoid and anthocyanin contents) of pomegranates harvested from different orchards at mid-october (D3) indicated their optimal use at this stage. Nevertheless, the full sun exposed fruits harvested at beginning of October (D2), characterized by pink/pink reddish colour, high TSS content and (TSS/TA) ratio and high calcium content, were considered as matured (commercial maturity) and would be ready for harvesting. Final fruit quality depends on both environmental factors and maturity stage. Based on the identified indices, Gabsi pomegranate harvesting could be started in regular full sun exposed plantations, then in orchards under date palm trees and at least one week later in traditional oases.

Treatment of Leachate from Garbage using Electrocoagulation Type MP-P (MonoPolar-Paralel) Methode

Leachate water is a very dangerous liquid due to its organic and inorganic content that can pollute water body around the landfill, hence treatment is needed. Electrocoagulation is one of the methods that can be used. The research aims to determine a characteristic of leachate water at TPA Sukawinatan (COD, pH, BOD5, TSS, and Cd content), the effect to electrodes distance (aluminium anode and iron cathode) and optimum time of treatment Leachate Water using electrocoagulation type MP-P (MonoPolar-Parallel) method. The electrical potential was set at 12 volts and time variations of 30,60,75, 90 and 120 minutes and electrodes distances of 6, 7 and 8 cm. The result obtained shown that COD decreased to 529.20 mg/L, pH became 8.34, BOD5 decreased to 17.6 mg/L, TSS became 108 mg/L and <0.0015 mg/L of Cd content. The optimum electrodes distance to treat leachate water was found 8 cm in 120 minutes fo electrocoagulation type MP-P.

Characterization of mango puree based on total soluble solids and acid content: Effect on physico-chemical, rheological, thermal and ohmic heating behavior

The effect of TSS (20, 22 and 24 °Brix) and acid content (0.50, 0.56 and 0.62 g/100 g) was investigated on physico-chemical, rheological, thermal and ohmic heating (OH) properties of mango puree. The firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and index of viscosity showed positive and negative relationship with TSS and acid content, respectively. The addition of acid caused an increase in storage (G’) and loss modulus(G”), whereas, these moduli showed an increasing trend up 22°B TSS and then get reduced with further increase in TSS. Increase in acid resulted in no change of onset temperature of fusion whereas it increased with increasing the TSS. The enthalpy of fusion was observed to be lower at 24°B than at 20 and 22°B. The acid and sugar enhanced the thermal stability of mango puree as the mass loss was low at higher TSS and acid content. The increase in acid content caused a considerable increase in the rate of OH, whereas it decreased with TSS during OH at 20–40 V/cm. Hence, it was concluded that TSS and acid content affects the rheological and physico-chemical properties of mango puree, it also has a great influence on OH behavior.

Determination of Inorganic N and P Fertilizers on Fruit Yield and Yield Components of Pineapple (Annanas comosus MERR L. Var. Smooth cayanne) at Gojeb, South Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Gojeb Horizan plantation farm of South Ethiopia, for two cropping seasons (20122014 and 2015–2017 as a ratoon crop). The aim of the study was to determine the appropriate inorganic NP fertilizer amount required for high yield and quality of pineapple (variety Smooth cayenne) for production. Four levels of N (0, 93.6, 108 and 281 kg ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 134.8, 269.6 and 404.4 kg P2O5 ha-1) weresourced from Urea and DAP arranged in RCBD with three replications. Different yield, quality and yield related traits collected and subjected to data analysis. The result revealed that, the highest fruit yield obtained from application rate of 281 kg N ha-1 and 134.8 kg P2O5 ha-1. The rate of application of nitrogen of 281 kg ha-1 significantly increased the fresh fruit yield of pineapple up to 26.86% than the control. Likewise, application of phosphorus rate of 134.8 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the fresh fruit yield of pineapple by 8.93% than the control. Similarly, the quality (TSS content) of pineapple significantly decreased when the applied nitrogen beyond 93.6 kg N ha-1 rate. Apply treatments beyond 93.6 kg N ha-1, similarly, the quality (TSS content) declined by 5.67%. The economic analysis also revealed that the highest net benefit of 18305.0 Ethiopian Birr/ha (ETB/ha) with marginal rate of return of 705.4% was obtained by the application of 281 kg N ha−1. Likewise, the net benefit of 131774.0 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 5431.74% were obtained by the application of 134.8 kg P2O5 ha−1. Based on the above results, a combined application of 281 kg N ha−1 and 134.8 kg P2O5 ha−1 are optimum and economically better for pineapple production at Gojeb plantation and its surroundings.

Character association and path coefficient analysis for improved traits in rambutan

Variable types of rambutan collected from the natural diversity existing in the homesteads of Kerala were characterized and correlations among both qualitative and quantitative traits were studied by using Spearman and Pearson coefficient, respectively. The loading plot was drawn with principal components. The direct and indirect effects of component characters on fruit weight were also studied by path coefficient analysis. The collections having soft textured aril exhibited very strong adherence of aril to seed, whereas the collections having crispy aril were of free stone aril. The taste sweetness was found to tend towards soft textured and creamy white aril, but moved away from free seed aril. The loading plot revealed significant positive correlations between rachis length and leaflet width; leaflet width and leaflet length and between tree age and number of leaflets per leaf and a negative correlation between petiole length and leaflet width. Strong positive associations were observed between TSS and sugar content and among yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, rind weight, aril weight and aril thickness whereas, a significant negative correlation between titrable acidity and TSS. The highest positive direct effect of aril weight and fruit weight on fruit yield reveals the true relationship between them and direct selection for this trait will be rewarding for yield improvement. The association of various characters provided information on the nature and relationship among various traits and it can certainly serve as an effective tool for the exploitation of a particular trait towards crop improvement.

Genetic divergence in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) Based on morpho-chemical traits

Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum is the most widely cultivated species of pepper which finds use in culinary and medicinal industry. Genetic divergence among 20 germplasm, collected from diverse locations of India, was estimated on 18 morphological, growth and chemotypic characteristics. Based on above characterization, the genotypes were grouped into 7 clusters. Cluster II had maximum number of genotypes (06), followed by Cluster I and III (4 each) and IV (3); whereas cluster V, VI and VII had only one genotype each. The highest (35.91) inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VII and lowest (12.66) between cluster I and II. Cluster IV (D2 24.35) exhibited highest intra-cluster distance whereas cluster I had lowest intra-cluster distance (D2 6.28). On the basis of cluster means, genotypes viz., ‘CITH-M-SP-12’, ‘UHF-1’ and ‘SP-461’ contributed maximum towards genetic divergence for high ascorbic acid content, TSS, reducing and total sugars content. Considering diversity pattern and other horticultural performance, ‘CITH-M-SP-2’ from cluster VI may be considered as one of the better parents in hybridization programme for most growth and yield parameters.

Functional Feeding Group (FFG) of Aquatic Macroinvertebrate in Middle Reach of Kerian River Basin of North Malaysia Peninsula

&#x0D; Investigations on the distribution and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates functional feeding group (FFG) in Bogak, Kerian and Serdang rivers of Kerian River Basin showed that there were 120 genera from 59 families of 13 orders of macroinvertebrates. Predator mainly Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera was the most common group and found in high densities in Bogak River (modified river) and Kerian River (main river). The second dominant group in both rivers was collector-gatherer (Diptera and Ephemeroptera) followed by scraper (mollusks). A different pattern of FFG distribution was observed in Serdang River (tributary of Kerian River). The most abundant group was collector-gatherer, followed by predator and scraper. In general, predator abundance showed a significant positive correlation with their prey abundance (other feeding groups). Predator abundance especially in Bogak and Kerian rivers, was significantly influenced by parameters such PO4 3-, NO3 -N and Zn. In Serdang River, collector-gatherer abundance was affected by water temperature, velocity, TSS, turbidity, Mn and Cu content in the sediments. However, all water parameters weakly influenced the abundance of FFGs in all locations. High abundance of collector-gatherer in Serdang River was related to enriched water contributed by anthropogenic waste from surrounding residential areas. In general, dominant FFG in each river reflected the influence of different environmental conditions and availability of food sources in the area.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Siasatan terhadap taburan dan kelimpahan kumpulan pemakanan makroinvertebrata akuatik di Sungai Bogak, Kerian dan Serdang di lembangan sungai Kerian menunjukkan terdapat 120 genera dari 59 keluarga dari 13 order makroinvertebrata. Pemangsa terutamanya Odonata, Hemiptera dan Coleoptera adalah kumpulan yang paling biasa dan didapati dalam kepadatan tinggi di Sungai Bogak (sungai yang diubah suai) dan Sungai Kerian (sungai utama). Kumpulan dominan kedua di kedua-dua sungai itu adalah pemungut-kumpul (Diptera dan Ephemeroptera) diikuti oleh pengikis (moluska). Pola kumpulan pemakanan yang berlainan diperhatikan di Sungai Serdang (anak Sungai Kerian). Kumpulan yang paling banyak adalah pemungut-kumpul, diikuti oleh pemangsa dan pengikis. Secara umum, kelimpahan pemangsa menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan kelimpahan mangsa mereka (kumpulan pemakanan lain). Kelimpahan pemangsa terutama di Sungai Bogak dan Kerian, sangat dipengaruhi oleh parameter seperti PO43-, NO3-N dan Zn. Kelimpahan pemungut-kumpul di sungai Serdang pula dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan halaju air, TSS, kekeruhan serta kandungan Mn dan Cu di dalam sedimen. Walau bagaimanapun, semua parameter air mempengaruhi secara lemah kelimpahan kumpulan pemakanan di semua lokasi. Banyak pemungut-kumpul di Sungai Serdang dikaitkan dengan air yang diperkaya oleh sisa antropogenik dari kawasan kediaman sekitar. Pada umumnya, kumpulan pemakanan yang dominan di setiap sungai mencerminkan pengaruh keadaan persekitaran yang berbeza dan ketersediaan sumber makanan di kawasan tersebut.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Preliminary Screening of Nutraceutical Potential of Fruit Pulp, Peel and Seeds from &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Annona Squamosa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (L.) and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Annona Muricata&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (L.) Growing in Coast Region of Kenya

An evaluation of nutraceutical potential of fruit pulp, peel and seeds from Annona Squamosa (L.) and Annona Muricata (L.) was conducted. Ripe fresh fruits were collected from farms in Kilifi and Kwale Counties; Coast province of Kenya. They were air dried, powdered and then subjected to extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) for 48 hours, filtered and dried. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and Proximate and nutritional composition analysis was performed using methods of Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Experimental results were expressed as mean from parallel measurements analyzed using mean separation through Fischer least significance difference by GenStat program. Comparisons were done by means of unpaired Student’s t-test and significance difference established by ANOVA at 95% confidence level. Differences of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and saponins in hexane, ethyl acetate, Methanolic and aqueous extracts. High amount of dry matter (97.59±0.15mg/100g), WWB moisture content (82.38±1.61mg/100g), DWB moisture content (6.91±0.42mg/100g), crude fat (19.04±4.63mg/100g), crude proteins (44.01±6.93mg/100g), crude fibre (50.03±1.81mg/100g), total carbohydrates (38.24±2.18mg/100g) and oil content (48.57±2.07mg/100g) were detected. Appreciable values of reducing sugar (7.70±0.12mg/100g), TSS (19.67±1.47mg/100g), ascorbic acid (37.24±1.77mg/100g), tocopherol (29.66±1.07mg/100g), TBA (0.78±0.05mg/100g) and ash content (8.93±0.69mg/100g) were observed. Reasonable amounts of potassium (354.58±2.17mg/100g), sodium (843.38±16.25mg/100g), Calcium (857.16±6.39 mg/100g), Magnesium (395.54±4.58mg/100g) and Phosphorous (146.30±4.02 mg/100g) were detected whereas trace amounts of Copper (1.00±0.03mg/100g), Iron (3.58±0.12mg/100g), Zinc (0.46±0.04mg/100g) and Selenium (1.51±0.03mg/100g) were detected. Fatty acid profile showed presence of saturated fatty acids (SFA); Caprylic (C8:0), Capric (C10:0) (C12:0), Myristic (C14:0), Lauric Palmitic (C16:0) and Stearic (C18:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); Oleic (C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); Linoleic (C18:2) and Linolenic (C18:3). The study concludes that the fruit pulp, peel and seeds from A. Squamosa and A. Muricata has potential to be utilized in nutraceutical industries.

Evaluation of physico-chemical and sensory properties of jam and jelly prepared from paniol (Flacourtia jangomos) fruits

The experiment was conducted to evaluate physico-chemical and sensory properties of value-added products of paniol [Flacourtia jangomos (Lour.) Raeush] fruits, in the Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, B N College of Agriculture, Biswanath, Chariali, during 2014–2016. The factorial complete randomized design in replicate was followed. The products were stored at ambient and refrigerated conditions and analysed qualitatively at 30 days interval. The result showed that storage condition and storage duration significantly influenced the physicochemical characteristics of jam and jelly. The TSS, acidity, reducing sugar and total sugar were in increasing trend, whereas ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content were in decreasing trend with increase in storage periods. The TSS content of jam ranged from 68 to 68.70%, acidity 0.85 to 1.01%, total sugar 6.39 to 7.07%, ascorbic acid 4.85 to 3.51 mg/100g and anthocyanin content 3.50 to 1.33mg/100g. Similarly, TSS jelly ranged from 65 to 66.08%, acidity 0.85 to 1.09%, total sugar 6.78 to 7.17% ascorbic acid 4.67 to 3.46mg/100g and anthocyanin content 3.611.35mg/100g. There was no significant interaction effect of storage duration and storage condition in jam and jelly during the storage period. The overall sensory score for colour, flavour and taste/texture were highest in jelly (24.40) than that of jam (21.74) at the end of storage period. Sensory evaluation results revealed that paniol jam and jelly kept under refrigerated condition remain organoleptically acceptable to consumers for 6 months.

Storability and maintaining quality of banana with pretreatments by preservatives and packaging materials

Banana is the most perishable fruit crop at postharvest conditions. Thus, this experiment intended to study the effect of preservatives and packaging materials as a distinct effect and combination effect for 30 days of storage in 20°C temperature. The study consists of four post-harvest treatments (control, CaCl2, NaCl2, and tap water.) and five packaging materials (control, wooden box, plastic crate, polyethylene plastic bag, and dried banana leaf.). The effect of preservation and packaging materials observed the specific physical and chemical properties of fruit in storage conditions. Among packing materials used, wooden boxes and plastic crate showed reduced weight loss, enhanced marketability, induced TSS content and reduced decay rate. Also, CaCl2 pretreatment was maintained an enhanced physicochemical characteristics of stored banana. In complementary with distinct effect, wooden box and CaCl2 combination shown positive contributions on storage quality maintenance in most parameters. Therefore, the study demonstrated plastic crate packaging, wooden box and calcium chloride treatments of fruit resulted in longer storability and maintained the qualities of fruit.

Storability and maintaining quality of banana with pretreatments by preservatives and packaging materials

Banana is the most perishable fruit crop at postharvest conditions. Thus, this experiment intended to study the effect of preservatives and packaging materials as a distinct effect and combination effect for 30 days of storage in 20°C temperature. The study consists of four post-harvest treatments (control, CaCl2, NaCl2, and tap water.) and five packaging materials (control, wooden box, plastic crate, polyethylene plastic bag, and dried banana leaf.). The effect of preservation and packaging materials observed the specific physical and chemical properties of fruit in storage conditions. Among packing materials used, wooden boxes and plastic crate showed reduced weight loss, enhanced marketability, induced TSS content and reduced decay rate. Also, CaCl2 pretreatment was maintained an enhanced physicochemical characteristics of stored banana. In complementary with distinct effect, wooden box and CaCl2 combination shown positive contributions on storage quality maintenance in most parameters. Therefore, the study demonstrated plastic crate packaging, wooden box and calcium chloride treatments of fruit resulted in longer storability and maintained the qualities of fruit.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSIMMON FRUIT LEATHER

Persimmon fruit leather is a dehydrated persimmon product, which was consumed asa chewy for preparation of valuable nutritive dessert. The aim of the present study was to utilizepersimmon puree in the preparation of persimmon leather and study physicochemical, microbiologicaland sensory characteristics of persimmon leather. Persimmon fruit leather was prepared by drying amixture of persimmon puree treated with hot break by steam (HST), mango puree, glucose syrup,sugar, pectin, citric acid and starch. Dehydration was performed in microwave at 55oC for 30 min.Leather was also prepared from persimmon leather using the same ingredients except starch. Resultsshowed that texture properties of leather containing starch was higher than leather without starch.Moisture, ash content and acidity were close to each other in persimmon leathers with or withoutstarch. TSS content in persimmon leather product samples were 78.89o Brix and 79.14o Brix, whiletotal and reducing sugars of leather without starch recorded 83.26 and 45.08%, respectively.Persimmon leather with starch contained total and reducing sugars 81.48 and 44.90%, respectively.Ascorbic acid retained in persimmon leather containing starch was slightly higher (14.26 mg/100g)compared to leather without starch (13.52 mg/100g). Browning index increased when adding starch tothe formula. Alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) and crude fibers content were 12.87 and 0.98% inpersimmon leather with starch, respectively, whereas the respective values in persimmon leatherwithout starch were 8.73 and 0.82%. Antioxidant activity and carotenoids contents were higher inpersimmon leather containing starch than that without starch. Polyphenols, flavonoids and tanninscontents were lower in persimmon leather containing starch than leather without starch. Pyrogallol andE-vanillic were the dominant compounds in both of persimmon leathers with and without starch.Vitamin K represented the highest content among all studied vitamins in persimmon leather. Lightnessvalue (L*) was 33.81 in persimmon leather containing starch which is higher than lightness value (L*)in persimmon leather without starch (23.72). The values of (a*) and (b*) were higher in persimmonleather without starch (12.71 and 12.97, respectively) than in persimmon leather containing starch(8.10 and 8.16, respectively). Total bacteria count was 110 CFU/g in just first dilution in persimmonleather with starch but it was not detected in other dilutions, total count bacteria was not detected inpersimmon leather without starch in all dilutions. Molds and yeasts and spore forming bacteria countswere not detected in all persimmon leather samples.

Design of a solar dryer for small-farm level use and studying fig quality.

In the mountain areas of south-east Morocco, farmers are engaged in the solar drying of figs using traditional processes. However, this practice leads to losses in quality. This study aims to improve this drying method by designing and studying the performance of a natural convection solar dryer and the quality of fresh and dried figs. An indirect solar dryer was designed and its performance was studied. The TSS content, moisture, firmness and morphological parameters of fresh and dried figs were determinated. The average difference (inside/outside) in the temperature of the dryer is +8.3&deg;C. This will allow&nbsp; a decrease in the mean drying duration from 10 days (traditional drying) to 4 days. This duration is signifi- cantly correlated with air humidity (R2 = 0.84) and temperature (R2 = 0.63). The relationship between the degree of dehydration (%) and time follows a polynomial model with a determination coefficient of 0.98. Fig-drying yield is 38.7% and dried figs have a high (TSS) content with 63.7% and a firmness of 6.03 kg/cm2. The water content was approximately 25.6%. The solar dryer with natural convection designed in this study can be an alternative to traditional drying practised by small farmers in the mountainous regions of Errachidia.

GENE ACTION AND HETEROSIS OF MUSKMELON

Six parental genotypes namely 673 (P1), 3M-637-D (P2), 3M-673-EB (P3) , 86E2143(P4), 86E2147 (P5) and WA20 (P6) representing wide range of variability in most of the studied traits,were employed and crossed in half diallel fashion. This investigation was carried out at theExperimental Farm of Ismailia Agriculture Research station, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, during thethree summer seasons of 2015, 2016 and 2017, to study the important economical traits of muskmelonas fruit width, fruit length, flesh thickness, cavity diameter, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content,carotenoids content, fruit weight, total yield/vine and fruit number/vine. A greater ratio of GCA/SCAthan unity was detected for most studied traits, revealing that the inheritance of these traits was mainlycontrolled by additive gene effects. On the contrary, both TSS and ascorbic acid content traits, nonadditivetype of gene action seemed to be more prevalent. The maximum significant MP heterosis indesirable direction (112.4%) was recorded for ascorbic acid followed by total yield/vine (101.0%),number of fruits per vine (100%), TSS (65.3%), flesh thickness (62.1%), fruit weight (59.8%) andfruit length (53.6%). Heterobeltiasis (over the best parent better, BP) was observed and the maximumsignificant manifestation was orderd as: Ascorbic acid (108%), number of fruits per vine (69.4%),both TSS (%) and cavity diameter (58.8%) and total yield per vine (49.8%). The cross 3M-637-D (P2)x 86E2143 (P4) was derived from low x high general combiner parents for total yield/ vine andexhibited the highest mean yield, highest heterosis, highest SCA effects for yield. It showed also,significant or highly significant desirable SCA effects for eight important traits.

Effect of guava leaf and lemon extracts on postharvest quality and shelf life of banana cv. Sabri (Musa sapientum L.)

Banana is a common and popular subtropical fruit worldwide. Its postharvest life is very short which causes difficulties in marketing and preserving banana at good condition. To find out a better solution of this problem, the current study was conducted during 2017 in the Horticulture Laboratory, Khulna University, Bangladesh, by following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of experiment. Harvested banana fruits, sabri (Musa sapientum L) were treated with guava leaf and lemon extracts at different concentrations. Non-treated fruits were considered as control. Both treated and non-treated bananas were stored in covered paper carton at ambient condition. Postharvest performances of the stored fruits during storage were observed for two weeks. After two weeks of storage, lower changes in color (score 6.77), firmness (score 4.43), less TSS content (8.21%), minimum infection (48.89%) and disease severity (score 3.33) and maximum shelf life (8.75 days) were observed in banana fruit with treatment of T3 (guava leaf extract 20% + lemon extract 15%) followed by treatment of T5 (guava leaf extract 40% + lemon extract 15%) treated fruits. However, the T4 treated banana fruit showed maximum vitamin C (1.83 mg/100 g), titratable acidity (0.11%) and reduced sugar (7.13%) after two weeks of storage. In conclusion, combination of guava leaf extract (20% or 40%) + lemon extract (15%) could be suggested for long term storage and maintenance of postharvest qualities at ambient conditions.&#x0D; J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 337–342, December 2018

Evaluation of different mango (Mangifera indica) varieties for high density orchard in lateritic zone of eastern India

The present experiment was conducted under the semi-arid subtropical red lateritic zone of eastern India in West Bengal with seven years old popular mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties grown at Horticulture Research Farm of Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India during 2015 and 2016. The varieties were evaluated for various morphological characters, yield and physicochemical quality of fruits. The results revealed that Kohinoor exhibited maximum tree volume (41.99 m3), fruit yield (21.03 kg/tree) and fruit weight (253.33 g/fruit). Whereas, Kohitoor exhibited maximum TSS (20.07 oB), TSS/acid ratio (100.35) and ascorbic acid (43.17 mg/100g) content of the fruits. Acidity content was found lowest (0.17%) in Gulab Khas. Regarding morphological characters, yield and physicochemical quality of fruits, the varieties Kohinoor, Kohitoor, Inayat Pasand are superior in quality and stand to promise for the small family farming orchard in the red lateritic zone of eastern India.

Empirical comparison of changes in the peel and pulp of Cavendish basrai banana ripening under various stored stages

Cavendish basrai is considered as the most commonly used banana in Pakistan. This experiment was executed to examine the assortment of basic quality profile of Cavendish basrai. Study was carried out on the diversity of four different bioactive characteristics including physical attributes, chemical composition, phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential on Cavendish basrai pulp and peel during storage at room temperature from unripe to ripe and ripped to over ripe (R1 to R8) at regular intervals of three days. The continuous increase was observed in pulp to peel ratio, which directly effects on all the bioactive constituents of both pulp and peel. As a result, moisture and sugar contents, TSS, titratable acidity, TDS, conductance, % NaCl and ash contents continuously increased with regular trends from R1 to R8 stages while regular decrease in total organic matter, total dry matter and pH was founded. Chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids were found to have irregular trends. Phenolic constituents including total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), and total antioxidant activity evaluated by three different assays (reducing power, phosphomolybdenum and DPPH assays) increased from R1 to R6 but suddenly decreased from R7 to R8. R5 to R8 considered suitable stages for the utilization of Cavendish basrai banana In comparison to peel, significant fall down observed in bioactive characteristics with decay from R1 to R8.

Analysis of fouling and juice quality in crossflow ultrafiltration of watermelon juice

Abstract Raw watermelon juice was clarified in a laboratory scale flat plate ultrafiltration system incorporating polyethersulphone membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 50 kDa. The experiments have been carried out over a wide range of trans-membrane pressures (1-3 bar). The effect of ultrafiltration with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 50 kDa PES membrane on permeate properties is reported. The effects of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) on permeate flux and resistances were studied. The flux decay was analyzed through the resistance in series model which showed increase of both reversible and irreversible resistance with trans-membrane pressure, The TSS content of the permeate was found to be almost the same with feed while the ascorbic acid content in the permeate was on the lower side as compared to in feed.

Preharvest Application Effect of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Nitrate on Physicochemical Characteristics of Fresh Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujuba. Mill) During Storage

The present study was conducted on Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in order to investigate the effects of preharvest application of salicylic acid and calcium nitrate on total soluble solids, titrable acidity, fruit firmness, total soluble solids/titrable acidity, electrolyte leakage, weight loss, pH, fruit length, fruit width, seed length, and seed diameter. Results indicated that salicylic acid and calcium nitrate increased fruit firmness, titrable acidity and reduced total soluble solids/titrable acidity, ion leakage and weight loss, but fruit width was increased only by calcium nitrate and total soluble solids was reduced only by salicylic acid. Fruit length, seed length, seed diameter and pH were not significantly changed. Maximum fruit firmness (4.22 N) was obtained in treatment containing calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 2 mM and calcium nitrate 2% had the highest amount of titrable acidity (0.45 mg/100g FW). The lowest ion leakage (29.26%) and the highest fruit width (16.6 mm), observed in calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 4 mM had the lowest amount of total soluble solids/titrable acidity (57.01) and weight loss (3.78%). The lowest TSS content (23.11%) observed in salicylic acid 4 mM. Based on the results salicylic acid and calcium nitrate played an important role in maintaining and extending post-harvest quality of fresh jujube fruit and could cause at least a 10-day delay in the reduction of the amounts of these attributes.