Tryptophan Intake Research Articles

Abstract MP66: The Interplay Between Diet, Circulating Indolepropionate Concentrations, and Cardiometabolic Health in US Populations

Background: Indolepropionate (IPA), a tryptophan metabolite of human gut microbiota origin, is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. The complex interplay among tryptophan intake, the gut microbiome, prebiotics, circulating IPA concentrations, and T2D risk has not been investigated. Objectives: We aimed to identify IPA-producing gut microbiota species and investigate potential diet-microbiota interaction on circulating IPA concentrations. Methods: We included 287 men from the Men’s Lifestyle Validation Study, a sub-study of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), who provided up to two pairs of fecal samples and two blood samples approximately six months apart. Dietary intake was assessed using 7-day diet records. We identified microbial taxonomic features associated with plasma IPA concentrations using generalized linear regression and calculated a rank-based species score to reflect IPA-producing potential. Associations between plasma concentrations of tryptophan metabolites and T2D risk were examined in 13,032 participants from Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and HPFS. Results: Plasma IPA concentrations were associated with overall gut microbial profiles (permutational analysis of variance test, p=0.001). We identified 17 microbial species, such as Eubacterium eligens, Butyrivibrio crossotus , and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , whose abundance was significantly associated with increased plasma IPA concentrations (false discovery rate < 0.05). A significant association between higher tryptophan intake and higher IPA concentrations was only observed among men who had higher fiber intake and a higher microbial species score consisting of the 17 species (p-interaction < 0.01). Similar modulation was also observed for major tryptophan food contributors including vegetables (p-interaction < 0.01), red/processed meat (p-interaction = 0.02), egg (p-interaction 0.01), dairy (p-interaction = 0.01), and whole grain (p-interaction < 0.01). Moreover, interactions persisted for all fiber subtypes (soluble/insoluble fiber and pectin). We documented 1,744 incident T2D cases during 218,603 person-years of follow-up. Plasma concentrations of tryptophan and three kynurenine-pathway metabolites (kynurenine, xanthurenate, and quinolinate) were positively associated with T2D risk while an inverse association was found for IPA. Conclusions: Specific microbial species and dietary fiber jointly modulate the associations between tryptophan intake and circulating IPA concentrations. In a subsequent analysis, IPA levels were predictive of lower T2D risk. Our findings suggest that the health effects of dietary tryptophan may depend on both gut microbiome composition and prebiotic consumption.

Red Meat Intake, Indole-3-Acetate, and Dorea longicatena Together Affect Insulin Resistance after Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass (RYGB) promotes improvement in type 2 diabetes (T2D) shortly after surgery, with metabolic mechanisms yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between food intake, tryptophan metabolism, and gut microbiota on the glycemic control of obese T2D women after RYGB surgery. Twenty T2D women who underwent RYGB were evaluated before and three months after surgery. Food intake data were obtained by a seven-day food record and a food frequency questionnaire. Tryptophan metabolites were determined by untargeted metabolomic analysis, and the gut microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. The glycemic outcomes were fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-beta. Linear regression models were applied to assess the associations between the changes in food intake, tryptophan metabolism, and gut microbiota on glycemic control after RYGB. All variables changed after RYGB (p < 0.05), except for tryptophan intake. Jointly, the variation in red meat intake, plasma indole-3-acetate, and Dorea longicatena was associated with postoperative HOMA-IR {R2 0.80, R2 adj 0.74; p < 0.01}. Red meat intake decreased three months after bariatric surgery while indole-3-acetate and Dorea longicatena increased in the same period. These combined variables were associated with better insulin resistance in T2D women after RYGB.

Exploration of associations among dietary tryptophan, microbiome composition and function, and symptom severity in irritable bowel syndrome.

Imbalance of the tryptophan (TRP) pathway may influence symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study explored relationships among different components that contribute to TRP metabolism (dietary intake, stool metabolite levels, predicted microbiome metabolic capability) in females with IBS and healthy controls (HCs). Within the IBS group, we also investigated relationships between TRP metabolic determinants, Bifidobacterium abundance, and symptoms of IBS. Participants with IBS (Rome III) and HCs completed a 28-day diary of gastrointestinal symptoms and a 3-day food record for TRP intake. They provided a stool sample for shotgun metagenomics, 16 S rRNA analyses, and quantitative measurement of TRP by mass spectrometry. Our cohort included 115 females, 69 with IBS and 46 HCs, with a mean age of 28.5 years (SD 7.4). TRP intake (p= 0.71) and stool TRP level (p= 0.27) did not differ between IBS and HC. Bifidobacterium abundance was lower in the IBS group than in HCs (p= 0.004). Predicted TRP metabolism gene content was higher in IBS than HCs (FDR-corrected q= 0.006), whereas predicted biosynthesis gene content was lower (q= 0.045). Within the IBS group, there was no association between symptom severity and TRP intake or stool TRP, but there was a significant interaction between Bifidobacterium abundance and TRP intake (q= 0.029) in predicting stool character. Dietary TRP intake, microbiome composition, and differences in TRP metabolism constitute a complex interplay of factors that could modulate IBS symptom severity.

Beneficial Effect of Increased Tryptophan Intake on Its Metabolism and Mental State of the Elderly

The elderly often suffer from sleep disorders and depression, which contribute to mood disorders. In our previous work, we showed that elderly individuals with mood disorders had a lower intake of TRP and recommended a TRP-based dietary intervention to improve the mental state of such individuals. In this work, we assessed the impact of a TRP-rich diet on the mental state of, and TRP metabolism in, elderly individuals with mood disorders. Forty elderly individuals with depression and sleep disorders and an equal number of elderly subjects without mood disorders were enrolled in this study. TRP intake was evaluated with the nutrition calculator. Patients with mood disorders had a lower TRP intake than their normal counterparts and received a TRP-rich diet with TRP content of 25 mg per kilogram of the body per day for 12 weeks. The mental state was assessed before and after this dietary intervention with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At those times, urinary levels of TRP and its metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), L-kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and related to creatinine level. After TRP-based dietary intervention, the score of ISI and HAM-D decreased by more than half. A correlation analysis reveals that TRP, 5-HIAA, and KYNA might have anti-depressive action, while KYN and QA-pro-depressive. The levels of TRP, 5-HIAA, and KYNA in urine of mood disorder patients increased, while the levels of KYN and QA decreased. In conclusion, dietary consumption of adequate amount of tryptophan has a beneficial effect on mental health of the elderly with mood disorders and improves metabolism of this amino acid. Therefore, a TRP-enriched diet may be considered as a component of the treatment of elderly individuals with mood disorders.

Carbamazepine-induced pellagra: Dermoscopic findings and response to oral nicotinamide

ABSTRACT Pellagra is a nutritional disorder characterized clinically by the four Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and severe systemic photosensitivity manifesting as death. The disorder results from a deficiency of niacin or its precursor tryptophan and is mainly associated with compromised dietary intake of niacin and tryptophan or excessive intake of leucine (a natural antagonist). Other causes include chronic alcohol intake, malabsorption, metabolic disorders, and the administration of certain medications. Herein, we report the clinical and dermoscopic findings in a twenty-year-old male with seizure disorder presenting with carbamazepine-induced pellagrous dermatitis that resolved after the administration of niacin. Key words: Pellagra; Photosensitivity; Carbamazepine; Dermoscopy; Niacin

Иммунотропные особенности субпродуцента Limosilactobacillus reuteri

Probiotic with Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a preparation containing L.reuteri live microorganisms represented by gram-positive anaerobic non-spore-forming non-pathogenic lactic acid bacteria. The strain secretes the potent antimicrobial molecule reuterin, which inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms: gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, fungi and E. coli. A probiotic with this strain isolated from food products has antioxidant properties and stimulates the normal intestinal microflora. In this article, a number of studies were conducted that confirmed the effect of L.reuteri on the immune system. Based on the studies, positive effects were found on the stimulation of B-cell production in the intestine of macroorganisms and a beneficial effect on metabolism and intestinal microflora. Despite a number of positive effects, the risks of autoimmune diseases were found due to the use of probiotics with L. Reuteri without regulating the intake of tryptophan into the body. Currently, there is a wide realization of the worldwide supply of probiotics used for therapeutic treatment. Against this background, numerous studies are conducted to identify possible risks, features and confirm the beneficial effects on the body of various strains. Therefore, this review article reveals the relevance of the study of the characteristics of this strain, its effect on the immune system and possible risks in its use, in the treatment and prevention of strengthening immunity in veterinary medicine and medicine. The analysis of the sources under consideration, based on the scientific achievements of foreign researchers, allows us to form a modern idea of the presence of immunotropic features in Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains in the field of veterinary medicine and medicine.

A Reduced Tryptophan Diet in Patients with Diarrhoea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Improves Their Abdominal Symptoms and Their Quality of Life through Reduction of Serotonin Levels and Its Urinary Metabolites.

(1). An essential component of any treatment for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an adequate diet. Currently, a low FODMAP diet is recommended as a first-line therapy, but it does not relieve abdominal discomfort in all patients, and alternative nutritional treatment is required. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a tryptophan-lowering diet (TRP) on abdominal and mental symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D). (2). The study included 40 patients with IBS-D, and 40 healthy subjects served as a baseline for IBS-D patients, after excluding comorbidities. The TRP intake was calculated using the nutritional calculator. The severity of abdominal symptoms was assessed using the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS-IBS). Mental state was assessed using the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A), the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D), and the insomnia severity index (ISI). The serum levels of serotonin and melatonin and the urinary excretion of their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6) were determined by the ELISA method. The severity of symptoms and laboratory data were analyzed before and after a 12 week diet with tryptophan restricted to a daily dose 10 mg per kilogram body weight. (3). Compared to the control group, patients with IBS-D had a higher serum level of serotonin (198.2 ± 38.1 vs. 142.3 ± 36.4 ng/mL; p < 0.001) but a similar level of melatonin (8.6 ± 1.1 vs. 9.4 ± 3.0 pg/mL; p > 0.05). The urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was also higher in patients with IBS-D patients (7.7 ± 1.5 vs. 6.0 ± 1.7 mg/24 h; p < 0.001). After nutritional treatment, both the serum serotonin level and the urinary 5-HIAA excretion significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The severity of the abdominal symptoms and anxiety also decreased, while the HAM-D score and the ISI score remained unchanged (4). Lowering the dietary intake of tryptophan may reduce abdominal complaints and does not alter the mental state of IBS-D patients.

Essential Roles of Nutrient Factors in Learning and Memory.

Essential nutrient factors, including water- and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids, play an important role in brain function. We have investigated the roles of these nutrients in learning and memory in mice. Interestingly, we found that dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 or magnesium, inhibition of the vitamin A signaling pathway, and restricted intake of tryptophan impair hippocampus-dependent memory. Furthermore, magnesium deficiency causes neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Conversely, dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus species enhance hippocampus-dependent memory. These results suggest that the nutrient factors investigated in our studies have strong influences on hippocampus-dependent memory performance.

Correlation between Tryptophan Daily Intake and Occupational Factors with Stress Outcome Scores among Offshore and Onshore Workers

Introduction. Offshore and onshore workers have a higher risk of psychological stress related to their job. Stress reactions vary depending on the type of stressor, the duration or severity of the stressor, their genetics, their coping styles, and their nutrition. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid precursor of serotonin and melatonin, which have an antidepressant effect and roles in stress perception and management. This study assessed the correlation of daily tryptophan intake and occupational factors with stress outcome scores based on the Indonesian Short Version New Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (SV-NBJSQ) among offshore and onshore workers.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 14 offshore workers and 20 onshore workers. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted to obtain demographic data, dietary intake, occupational factors, and stress outcome scores. Tryptophan daily intake was measured through a single 24-hour dietary recall and a one-day-weighted food record. Data of average daily intake for two days were analyzed using the NutriSurvey software based on the food composition table from The United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for calculating tryptophan intake.Results. The median (min-max) tryptophan daily intake of offshore workers was 5.5 (1.9–9.9) mg/kg, and 4.5 (1.4–7.5) mg/kg among onshore workers. There was no difference in tryptophan daily intake between offshore and onshore workers (p = 0.064). There was no significant difference between occupational factors except for the shorter tenure of offshore workers (12.5 vs 3, p &lt; 0.001). There was no significant correlation between tryptophan daily intake and each of the stress outcome scores. There was a significant correlation between occupational factors and stress outcome scores among offshore and onshore workers, specifically between workload and fatigue (r = 0.35, p =0.04), workload and depression (r = 0.4, p = 0.02), interpersonal conflict and anxiety (r = 0.47, p = 0.005), role conflict and anxiety (r = 0.47, p = 0.005), as well as between tenure and physical reaction stress (r = -0.42, p = 0.02).Conclusion. Adequate tryptophan daily intake and high stress outcome scores among offshore and onshore oiland gas workers are observed in this study, and no correlation was found between the two. Similar food sources, homogeneous occupational stressors, the selection bias of the “healthy worker effect” or other factors that were not studied may influence the findings. There is a correlation between occupational factors and stress outcome scores, namely workload and fatigue, workload and depression, interpersonal conflict and anxiety, role conflict and anxiety, and tenure and stress physical reactions.

Protein Quality and Sensory Perception of Hamburgers Based on Quinoa, Lupin and Corn.

The need for partial or total substitution of animal protein sources by vegetable sources of high protein quality with good sensory acceptance is a promising alternative. The objective was to develop a hamburger with vegetable protein using a mixture design based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), Peruvian Andean corn (Zea mays) and Andean lupine (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). The design of these mixtures allowed obtaining eleven formulations, three of which were selected for complying with the amino acid intake for adults recommended by FAO. Then, a completely randomized design was applied to the selected samples plus a commercial product. Proximal composition was measured on a dry basis (protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash), calculation of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and a sensory analysis was carried out using the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) method with acceptability in 132 regular consumers of vegetarian products. Protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents ranged from 18.5-24.5, 4.1-7.5, 65.4-72.1 and 2.8-5.9%, respectively. The use of Andean crops favored the protein content and the contribution of sulfur amino acids (SAA) and tryptophan from quinoa and lysine and threonine from lupin. The samples with Andean crops were described as easy to cut, soft, good, healthy, legume flavor, tasty and light brown, however the commercial sample was characterized as difficult to cut, hard, dark brown, uneven color, dry and grainy. The sample with 50% quinoa and 50% lupin was the most acceptable and reached a digestibility of 0.92. It complied with the lysine, threonine, and tryptophan intake, with the exception of SAA, according to the essential amino acid pattern proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Tryptophan intake is related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid wholly derived from diet. While the majority of tryptophan is degraded through the kynurenine pathway into neuroactive metabolites like quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid, a small proportion of ingested tryptophan is metabolized into the neurotransmitter serotonin. The current cross-sectional study in Japan examined the association between tryptophan intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Study subjects were 1744 pregnant women. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as a score ≥ 16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, employment, household income, education, body mass index, and intake of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, calcium, vitamin D, and isoflavones. The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.2%. After adjustment for confounding factors, higher tryptophan intake was independently inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms during pregnancy in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of tryptophan intake were 1 (reference), 0.99 (0.76-1.28), 0.94 (0.71-1.25), and 0.64 (0.44-0.93), respectively (p for trend = 0.04). Higher estimated tryptophan intake was cross-sectionally independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japanese women.

Baseline differences may impact on relationship between dietary tryptophan and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Recently, we read with great interest an article reporting a relationship between dietary tryptophan and the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, baseline characteristics differed among tertiles of cumulative dietary tryptophan intake in that study, which may be a confounding factor for the relationship between dietary tryptophan and the risk of obesity and T2D.

Impact of Gut Microbiota on the Association between Diet and Depressive Symptoms in Breast Cancer.

Little is known about the relationship between diet and depression through the gut microbiota among breast cancer patients. This study aimed to examine the dietary intake differences between depressed breast cancer (DBC) and non-depressed breast cancer (NBC) patients, and whether the differences could lead to gut microbiota changes that affect depressive symptoms. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and 24 h dietary recall. Fecal samples of 18 DBC patients and 37 NBC patients were collected for next-generation sequencing. A total of 60 out of 205 breast cancer patients reported significant depressive symptoms suggested by a CES-D score ≥ 16, which might be related to lower intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, selenium, manganese and tryptophan, and a poor diet quality indicated by a lower total Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) score. Additionally, NBC patients demonstrated greater gut microbiota diversity and a healthier composition, in which the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella were both lower than in the DBC patients (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity was a significant mediator between diet quality and depression, while calcium, phosphorus and selenium significantly regulated depression independent of the gut microbiota. Breast cancer-related depressive symptoms might be associated with a poor diet quality via gut microbiota-dependent pathways and lower micronutrient intake via microbiota-independent pathways.

Branched chain and other amino acid intakes are inversely associated with sarcopenia among community elders in Qingdao, China.

The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary amino acid intakes are associated with the risk of sarcopenia through a community-based observational study. A total of 1,140 participants (72.7±6.3 y) were recruited from an annual health check-up program in Qingdao, China. Skeletal muscle mass, muscle mass functions and biochemical parameters were measured by standard methods. Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day, 24-hour food records. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of sarcopenic risk across quartiles of amino acid intakes were calculated using a multivariable- adjusted logistic regression model. Generalized linear models were used to assess the associations between dietary amino acid intakes and muscle mass functions. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 4.1%. Compared with the lowest category intake, the highest category of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) (OR=0.11; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.90; p for trend=0.119), isoleucine (OR=0.11; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.89; p for trend=0.122) and tryptophan (OR=0.10; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.87; p for trend=0.176) was negatively correlated with sarcopenic risk with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Generalized linear model analysis showed that gait speed was positively correlated with dietary intakes of lysine, threonine, leucine, valine, tryptophan, BCAAs and aromatic amino acids (p<0.05). Higher intakes of BCAAs were associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia, which might beneficially protect against sarcopenia and improve physical function of the elderly.

A192 CONSUMPTION OF FOOD LOWER IN TRYPTOPHAN IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT ANXIETY IN PATIENTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE

BackgroundTryptophan, an essential amino acid found in many protein-based foods, has been involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and celiac disease (CeD). However, dietary tryptophan consumption has not been investigated in CeD.AimsTo estimate 1) differences in tryptophan content in food consumed in CeD patients compared to matched healthy controls (HC), and 2) whether consumption of tryptophan is associated with the presence of anxiety and depression in patients with CeD.MethodsThis prospective observational study examined adult patients with a diagnosis of CeD, based on positive specific serology and confirmed by duodenal biopsies, enrolled in the Celiac Registry at McMaster University. A group of sex matched HC were recruited from within the community. Participants completed several questionnaires to evaluate, gastrointestinal symptoms (GSRS), Anxiety and Depression (HADS), and dietary intake of tryptophan (Modified Food Frequency Questionnaire). In addition, CeD patients were assessed for celiac disease activity (CSI), gluten-free diet (GFD) adherence (CDAT) and nutritional status. HADs >11 denoted significant anxiety or depression. Cut-off for low vs high amount of tryptophan content in food was established based on the median tryptophan food content in the HC population.ResultsA total of 443 participants were enrolled in the study; 222 with CeD and 221 controls. The majority of participants were female (74.3%) and the adherence to the GFD was very good (Median CDAT=13; IQR 11–15). The CeD patients were older than HC (Median age, yrs. CD= 40 vs HC= 35; p<0.01). Patients with CeD consumed higher amount of tryptophan compared with HC (Median tryptophan g/day CeD=4.41 vs HC=3.31; p<0.01). There were 157 active CeD patients (CSI ≧ 30). There was no difference in tryptophan consumption between patients with and without active CeD (OR=1.021; 95%CI 0.86–1.21; p=0.88). There was no association between tryptophan consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms or depression scores. Fifteen % of the overall population and 18% of the CeD population had anxiety. There was an increased risk of anxiety in the overall population that consumed low amount of tryptophan (OR=1.87; 95%CI 1.01–3.11; p=0.04), and the risk was greater in the CeD population (OR=4.57; 95%CI 1.26–16.41; p<0.01).ConclusionsConsumption of food with lower amounts of tryptophan in patients with CeD is associated with significant anxiety, which may influence disease management. Future studies should evaluate whether increasing tryptophan in the diet compared to supplements improves outcomes in CeD population, especially in those with anxiety.Funding AgenciesNone

Dietary tryptophan and the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Total effect and mediation effect of sleep duration.

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of tryptophan consumption on obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and whether sleep duration mediates these effects. Overall, data of 7,908 participants were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2011). A total of 6,373 and 4,398 participants who reported sleep duration and had blood samples, respectively, were incorporated into subgroup analyses. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between tertiles of tryptophan intake with obesity and T2D. General linear regression models were used to evaluate the effect of tryptophan on sleep time and plasma biomarkers. Dietary tryptophan was significantly associated with decreased risk of obesity and T2D risk (hazard ratio tertile 3 to tertile 1 : 0.602 [95% CI: 0.500-0.724]; 0.693 [95% CI: 0.565-0.850]). Sleep duration was significantly higher, and hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B-100 (APO-B) were lower in the high tertile of tryptophan compared with the low tertile (p < 0.05). In addition, mediation effects on the associations of tryptophan intake with obesity and T2D risk were observed for sleep duration (estimated mediation percentage: 31.902% and 37.391%). Dietary tryptophan showed advantageous effects on obesity and T2D risk. Furthermore, sleep duration potentially mediated for these effects.

Роль незаменимой аминокислоты триптофана в возникновении нарушений сна и тревожно-депрессивных расстройств

Sleep is one of the most important and vital physiological processes in the human body. In addition to the length of daylight hours, the nature of work activity, bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse, excessive consumption of caffeine-containing drinks, psychostimulants), the factors that violate the duration and quality of sleep include the nature and style of nutrition, as well as eating habits that affect daily intake vital nutrients (vitamins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc.). Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids associated with sleep disturbance. Given the high clinical significance of sleep disorders in the development of neurological diseases and mental disorders, the interest of researchers in the study of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for sleep disorders is growing. Objective: to analyze and systematize the results of fundamental and clinical studies of recent years on the role of tryptophan in the development of sleep disorders and anxiety-depressive disorders in adults. Materials and methods. This thematic review included available full-text publications obtained as a result of a literary search in the domestic (E-Library) and foreign databases (PubMed, Scopus, Oxford University Press, Springer, Web of Science Core Collection). Results. The role of tryptophan as a key link in the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin in the occurrence of sleep disorders and anxiety-depressive disorders is significant and can be used for further study. Conclusion. Based on the review of the literature, it can be concluded that one of the important mechanisms of sleep disturbance and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive disorders is insufficient intake of tryptophan in the body. This pattern is a consequence of the consumption of food with a low content of this essential amino acid. Considering the consequences that tryptophan depletion can lead to in the human body, competent nutritional support is a necessary measure.

The Potency of Tryptophan Compound in a Combination of Bali Green Banana (Musa acuminata Colla) and Java Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) Extract and Its Opportunities as a Suppressive Self-behavior from Natural Ingredient

The Bali green banana is commonly given as additional food for babies and the elderly, because of its high nutritional value and safe for digestion. While Java pineapple which is familiar as “nanas madu” has a sweet taste and is rich in an active compound associated with mood. A previous study found that adult people with and without intermittent explosive disorder with lowered serotonin bioavailability tend to selfaggressive behavior. Tryptophan depletion causing low serotonin precursor is associated with aggressive behavior. Adequate intake of tryptophan sourced from fruits is needed for physiological mechanisms, especially in the serotonergic system. The efficacy of antioxidant content in Java pineapples (Ananas comosus L. Merr) combined with tryptophan compound in Bali green banana (Musa acuminata Colla) has the potential to suppress an aggressive behavior through the serotonergic system homeostasis mechanism. This study aimed to find the tryptophan compound in an extract of Bali green banana which is a combination with Java pineapple. Methods: tryptophan compounds in this simplicia extract were analyzed by the Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Result: the extract of Bali green banana Bali combined with Java pineapple showed the tryptophan content was 0.316 mg/100gr simplicia. Conclusion: an extract of Bali green banana combined with Java pineapple contains 0.316 percent tryptophan. This combination of compounds has the potential as a new combination of natural sources of suppressive self-aggressive behavior.

Dietary Tryptophan and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Total Effect and Mediation Effect of Sleep Duration.

PurposeTryptophan affects energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and sleep. However, studies investigating the association between tryptophan and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) are rare. We aimed to investigate the associations of dietary tryptophan with MetSyn incidence and potential mediation via sleep duration.MethodsData of 7890 participants were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997–2011) (male: 49.9%; mean age=43.43 years;median follow-up=129.76 months; MetSyn incidence: 16.3%). A combination of individual 24-hour recall and household survey was used to assess dietary intake. In total, 6720 and 4474 participants who reported sleep duration and had blood samples taken, respectively, were incorporated into subgroup analyses. MetSyn was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III criteria (2004), and tryptophan consumption and sleep duration were assessed by self-report in each survey. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between tertiles of tryptophan intake and MetSyn. Generalized linear regression models were used to evaluate the effect of tryptophan on sleep duration and plasma biomarkers.ResultsDietary tryptophan showed a protective effect on the risk of MetSyn. The hazard ratio (95% CI) of MetSyn was 0.77 (0.65–0.90) for individuals with a high tertile of tryptophan. Sleep duration was significantly higher, and HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (APO-B) were lower in the high tertile of tryptophan compared to the low tertile (P<0.05). In addition, mediation effects on the association between tryptophan intake and MetSyn risk were observed for sleep duration (estimated mediation percentage: 26.5%).ConclusionOur study demonstrated a negative association between dietary tryptophan and MetSyn incidence, and the mediation effect of sleep duration on this association, after adjusting for numerous confounders such as nutrients and food patterns. These findings may have important public health implications for the improvement of cardiometabolic health.

Tryptophan-enriched diet or 5-hydroxytryptophan supplementation given in a randomized controlled trial impacts social cognition on a neural and behavioral level

Understanding of emotions and intentions are key processes in social cognition at which serotonin is an important neuromodulator. Its precursor is the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). Reduced TRP availability leads to weaker impulse control ability and higher aggression, while TRP supplementation promotes confidence. In a double-blind placebo-controlled fMRI study with 77 healthy adults, we investigated the influence of a 4 week TRP enriched diet and an acute 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) intake on two social-cognitive tasks, a moral evaluation and an emotion recognition task. With 5-HTP, immoral behavior without negative consequences was rated as more reprehensible. Additionally, during story reading, activation in insula and supramarginal gyrus was increased after TRP intake. No significant effects of TRP on emotion recognition were identified for the whole sample. Importantly, emotion recognition ability decreased with age which was for positive emotions compensated by TRP. Since the supramarginal gyrus is associated with empathy, pain and related information integration results could be interpreted as reflecting stricter evaluation of negative behavior due to better integration of information. Improved recognition of positive emotions with TRP in older participants supports the use of a TRP-rich diet to compensate for age related decline in social-cognitive processes.