Trypanorhynch Cestode Research Articles

An alternative classification of trypanorhynch cestodes considering the tentacular armature as being of limited importance

Based on a light- and scanning electron microscopical study of scolex morphology, tentacles and surface structures of 31 trypanorhynch species, an alternative classification of the trypanorhynch cestodes, adults, plerocerci and postlarvae, is presented. The arrangement of the tentacular armature is no longer used as a distinguishing feature for four different superfamilies. Instead, the presence or absence of ciliated pits and prebulbular organs is used to define three superfamilies: Tentacularioidea Poche, 1926; Otobothrioidea Dollfus, 1942; and Eutetrarhynchoidea Guiart, 1927. A total of 12 families are defined by the characters: the presence/absence of blastocysts, the number of bothridia and the reduction of the rhyncheal apparatus, together with a new character, complete rows of tentacular hooks (homeoacanth and heteroacanth typica) versus rows of hooks partly reduced (heteroacanth atypica and poeciloacanth). Of the 19 families previously accepted, 10 are retained (Eutetrarhynchidae, Gilquiniidae, Lacistorhynchidae, Mixodigmatidae, Otobothriidae, Paranybeliniidae, Pterobothriidae, Shirleyrhynchidae, Sphyriocephalidae and Tentaculariidae, all sensu nov.); one family is reinstated (i.e. Aporhynchidae Poche, 1926 sensu nov.) and a new one is added (i.e. Pseudotobothriidae n. fam.). Advantages of this alternative classification of trypanorhynch cestodes are: (i) the resolution of incongruities and questions caused by the use of the tentacular armature to distinguish superfamilies; (ii) the criteria for the establishment of higher taxa, superfamilies and families are clearly defined; (iii) with the findings of new species with different character combinations, this system can be enlarged up to 4 superfamilies and 48 families without loosing its stability; and (iv) all existing genera are easily re-assigned to the superfamilies and families.

Trypanorhynch Cestodes of Commercial Fishes from Northeast Brazilian Coastal Waters

A large scale investigation on trypanorhynch cestode infestation of tropical marine fishes was carried out along the Northeast Brazilian coast in the summer of 1991 and 1993. A total of 798 fish specimens belonging to 57 species and 30 families were examined. Metacestodes of 11 different trypanorhynchs were found: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Dasyrhynchus giganteus, Grillotia sp., Nybelinia edwinlintoni, N. indica, N. senegalensis, Nybelinia c.f. lingualis, Otobothrium cysticum, Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti, Pseudotobothrium dipsacum and Pterobothrium kingstoni. Scanning electron microscopy was used to clarify details of the tentacular armature of some species. Rose-thorn shaped hooklets, regularly arranged like microtriches, are described from the bothridial surface of N. edwinlintoni. Of the 57 fish species, 15 harboured trypanorhynch cestodes. Of these the mullid Pseudupeneus maculatus was the most heavily infested fish species, harbouring 5 different trypanorhynch species. P. noodti in P. maculatus had the highest prevalence (87%) and intensity (maximum = 63) of infestation. C. gracilis was the parasite with the lowest host-specificity. It could be isolated from 10 fish species. The cestode fauna of the Northeast Brazilian coast appears to be similar to that of the West African coast. Five of the trypanorhynch cestodes found during this study are common to both localities. The two single cases of intra musculature infestation in Citharichthys spilopterus and Haemulon aurolineatum by trypanorhynch cestodes indicate that marketability of the investigated commercially exploited fish species is inconsequential.

Revision of the family Pterobothriidae Pintner, 1931 (Cestoda : Trypanorhyncha)

The trypanorhynch cestode family Pterobothriidae Pintner, 1931 is revised. Valid species of the genus Pterobothrium Diesing, 1850 are defined. Ten species of pterobothriid cestodes, including five new species, are described from elasmobranchs taken in waters off Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic coast of North America, and in the S Atlantic off Senegal, West Africa. Six of the species, P. acanthotruncatum, P. lintoni, P. lesteri, sp. nov., P. pearsoni, P. southwelli, sp. nov., and P. australiense, sp. nov., are described from fishes in Australian waters and the Indian Ocean. The armature of Pterobothrium heteracanthum Diesing, 1850 is redescribed using light and scanning electron microscopy. New intermediate hosts, locality records, and synonyms are provided for P. crassicolle Diesing, 1850 from Atlantic coastal waters of North and South America. Details of the entire armature of Pterobothriurn crassicolle Diesing, 1850 from Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest) from Rio de Janiero are included. Two new species of Pterobothrium, P. kingstoni, sp. nov., and P. senegalense, sp. nov., are described from dasyatid rays in waters of the Atlantic Ocean. P. kingstoni, sp. nov., from dasyatid rays taken in coastal waters off New England and Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, is distinguished by the presence of a wide band of hooks on the external face of the tentacle, a single row of 4 intercalary hooks, absence of a basal swelling and special armature and by a transverse base on hooks 4(4′) of each principal metabasal row. Pterobothrium senegalense, sp. nov., is described from Dasyatis centroura from Gorbe, Senegal, West Africa, and is distinguished by 3 intercalary rows of hooks that run over onto the external tentacular face but never occupy the midline, by the size and position of hooks in the first intercalary row, and position of the first intercalary row relative to the second and third rows. Pterobothrium southwelli, sp. nov., P. lesteri, sp. nov., and P. pearsoni are described from teleosts in the Indian Ocean. P. southwelli, sp. nov., is distinguished from congeners by a distinctive basal armature and prominent band of hooks on the external surface, a single intercalary row, uncinate hooks l(1′) in all metabasal principal rows, and absence of dentate hooks from the metabasal rows. P. lesteri, sp. nov., is unique in the combination of a basal row of 3 small hooks, a band of hooks, a single intercalary row of 3–4 hooks and in the possession of hooks 4(4′) with dentate tips and hooks 5(5′) with filamentous tips. P. pearsoni differs in possessing a band of hooks and 2 rows of intercalary hooks per principal row, basal armature restricted to the external surface, and uncinate hooks l(1′) combined with dentate hooks 4(4′)–5(5′) in all metabasal rows. Three species from Australian waters, P. lintoni (MacCallum, 1916), P. australiense, sp. nov., and P. acanthotruncatum, lack a well-developed band of hooks on the external face of the metabasal armature. P. lintoni (MacCallum, 1916), the senior synonymn of P. malleum MacCallum, 1916) and P. dasybati Yamaguti, 1934, is described from types and compared with new specimens from the Woods Hole region (USA) and Australia. New host records for adults and plerocerci of P. lintoni are reported from Australian waters off Queensland and South Australia. Pterobothrium chaeturichthydis (Yamaguti, 1952) is considered a synonym of P. lintoni. P. australiense, sp. nov., from Pristis zijsron near Townville, Queensland, differs from congeners in the possession of slender falcate hooks 1(1′), notched tips of hooks 5(5′), a single intercalary row of 3 hooks, and total absence of a band of hooks on the external tentacular face. P. australiense, sp. nov., is similar to P. acanthotruncatum but has falcate hooks at the start of each principal row, lacks the pairs of satellite microhooks on the external face adjacent to the principal rows and possesses a band of microhooks in the basal region of the external face of the tentacle. P. acanthotruncatum is reported from new hosts in Australia and from Sri Lanka and India. A key to the 12 currently recognised species of pterobothriids is provided.

No evidence for seasonality in the ectoparasitic fauna of slimy mackerel, Scomber australasicus

Fifteen (or sixteen) species of ectoparasites-6 monogeneans, 4 (or 5) trematodes, 2 copepods, 1 isopod, 1 cestode, and unidentified cysts -were collected from 428 Scomber australasicus individuals caught at Eden, New South Wales, Australia, between November 1988 and June 1992. Neither common nor rare parasites of slimy mackerel showed seasonal variation in abundance or prevalence. Only the copepod Brachiella magna occurred more frequently on larger (older) fish than smaller (younger fish). Two monogeneans (Kuhnia scombri, Pseudokuhnia minor), 2 didymozoids, and unidentified cysts occurred more frequently on smaller than larger fish. The intensities of the remaining monogeneans (Kuhnia scombercolias, Kuhnia sprostonae and Grubea australis), 1 didymozoid, 1 copepod (Peniculus sp.), the isopod (Ceratothoa imbricata) and a trypanorhynch cestode were not significantly correlated with fish length.

Revision of the Family Gilquiniidae Dollfus (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) From Elasmobranch Fishes

The trypanorhynch cestode family Gilquiniidae Dollfus, 1942 is revised. The existing genera Gilquinia Guiart, 1927 and Aporhynchus Nybelin, 1918 are redescribed, and two new genera, Plesiorhynchus, gen. nov., and Deanicola, gen. nov., are added. Gilquinia squali (Fabricius, 1794) is redescribed, and G. robertsoni, sp. nov., and G. stevensi, sp. nov., are added. G. nannocephala (Pintner, 1930) is unrecognisable from the description and the only extant types are in a macerated condition, preventing redescription. Plesiorhynchus etmopteri, sp. nov., and P. campbelli, sp. nov., differ from related genera in having an elongate pars post-bulbosa. Deanicola protentus, sp. nov., and D. minor, sp. nov., differ from related genera in having a prominently craspedote scolex. Aporhynchus norvegicus (Olsson, 1868) is redescribed, and A. tasmaniensis, sp nov., added.

S.E.M. observations on plerocercus larvae of Floriceps saccatus Cuvier, 1817 and Molicola horridus (Goodsir, 1841) (Cestoda; Trypanorhyncha) from sunfish (Mola mola)

A topographic description of the plerocercus larva of Floriceps saccatus is given. The larva was found to be covered by palmate or paw-like microtriches, not only on the adherent surface of the bothridia as earlier described from adult trypanorhynch cestodes, but all over the plerocercus down to the region of pars proliferus. In the latter region ‘normal’ cestode microtriches were observed. On the surface of the plerocercus larva of Molicola horridus, however, no structure or microtriches were observed due to a true invagination of the scolex part of the larva.

Observations on some conspicuous parasites of the southern African kingklipGenypterus capensis

The most conspicuous parasites of the kingklip Genypterus capensis are the nematode Anisakis sp. and the trypanorhynch cestode Hepatoxylon trichiuri (both endoparasites) and the ectoparasitic copepod Sphyrion laevigatum. The incidence and the degree of infestation of kingklip by all these parasites are given, but in terms of pathological destruction, all can be classified as minor enemies of the species. Although kingklip co-occur with the Cape hakes and both endoparasites are found in both species, the degree of infestation varies substantially between them. The possible reasons for this difference and also the economic effects of the ectoparasite are discussed.

Major endoparasites of the Cape hakesMerluccius capensisandM. paradoxus, with brief notes on some conspicuous ectoparasites

The major endoparasites of Cape hake are larvae of the nematode Anisakis sp. and the trypanorhynch cestode Hepatoxvlon trichiuri. Incidence and degree of infestation by Anisakis sp. were high and similar in both species, and the parasite is one of the most important natural enemies of hake. H. trichiuri was not as common or apparently pathologically destructive as Anisakis and infected Merluccius capensis more frequently and intensively than M. paradoxus. Other parasites of Cape hake, both internal and external, are listed.

Larval trypanorhynch cestodes from peravian Teleost Fishes, with descriptions of two new species

Examination of 60 teleost fishes (9 spp.) for cestodes from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean off Paita (5° 7´S, 81° 11´W) and Salaverry (8° 15´S, 78° 59´W) Peru, resulted in the recovery of eight species of trypanorhynchs, two of which are new. The new species are Pterobothrium acanthotruncatum and Pseudogrillotia peruviana. New host and distribution records are: Dasyrhynchus pacifiais Robinson in Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi); Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (Diesing) from Sciaena gilberti Abbott; Floriceps saccatus Cuvier from Centropomus nigrescens Günther; Tentacularia coryphaena Bosc from Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) and Centropomus nigrescens: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rudolphi) in Sciaena deliciosa, Polyclemus peruanus (Steindachner) and Hemilutjanus macrophtalmos (Tschudi); Lacistorhynchus tenuis (Van Beneden) from Odontesthes regia (Humboldt).

Activities of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory During Fiscal Year 1977-78: A Summary Report

Eleuterius, Charles K. 1978. Classification of Mississippi Sound as to estuary type by vertical salinity structure. Journal o j the Mississippi Academy of Sciences Eleuterius, Lionel N. 1978. Population variation in the salt 23(Sup.):9 1. marsh rush, Juncus roemerianus. Journal of the Mississippi Academy ojSciences 23(Sup.):6. . 1978. Observations on the red alga, Caloglossa Ieprieurii, in salt marshes. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 23(Sup.):7. Foster, Carolyn A. and T. G. Sarphie. 1978. Ectocommensal relationship of the peritrichous ciliate Zoothamnium sp. to Penaeid shrimp: electron microscopic observations. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences Fusco, Alan C. 1977. Hemoglobins of the nematode Spirocamallanus sp. and its piscine host ,Micropogon undulatus. Program and Abstracts of the American Society of Parasitologists 52ndAnnualMeeting, 14-1 9August 19 77, p. 63. Higgins, George G. and Charles K. Eleuterius. 1978. Mississippi Sound: volume, surface area and bathymetric statistics. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences Hossler, F. E., J . R. Ruby and T. D. McIlwain. 1978. Surface morphology of the gill filaments of the mullet, Mugil cephalus. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Texas Society of Electron Microscopy-Louisiana Society of Electron Microscopy Symposium 7( 1):40. Lofton, S. R. and D. W. Cook. 1978. Evaluation of the 48hour IMViC plate procedure for identification of Escherichia coli from seafoods. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 23(Sup.):77. Lukens, Ron. 1978. Notes on Stenopus scutellatus and S. hispidus (Decapoda, Stenopodidae) from Mississippi. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 23(Sup.):113. McGraw, Katherine A. 1977. Oyster growth and survival study in Mississippi Sound. University of Washington (Seattle), College of Fisheries, 1977 Research in Fisheries. Contribution No. 470:75. Ogle, John T. 1978. Predator prey relationship betwecn blue crabs and cultchless oyster seed. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 23(Sup.): 112. Otvos, E. G. and Wade Howat. 1978. Surface and nearsurface Pleistocene littoral-marine deposits, Mississippi coast. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences Overstreet, Robin M. 1977. Infections of the trypanorhynch cestode Poecilancistrium caryophyllum in flesh of a marine fish. Program and Abstracts of the American Society of Parasitologists 52nd Annual Meeting, 14-1 9 August 1977, p. 52. Snazelle, Theodore E. and David W. Cook. 1978. Carbohydrate inhibition of pigment formation in a pigmented, asporogenous mutant of Bacillus cereus. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences 53(2):61. Stapp, Dennis S. 1978. A method of thermal structure prediction for estuaries. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 23(Sup.):90. 23(Sup.): 1 11.

Some Trypanorhynch Cestodes from Hawaiian Fishes, with Descriptions of Four New Species

Examination of teleost and elasmobranch fishes for cestodes from the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands resulted in the recovery of 7 species of trypanorhynchs, 4 of which are new. The new species are Pseudogrillotia basipunctata, Pterobothrium hawaiiensis, Prochristianella micracantha, and Nybelinia basimegacantha. Tentacularia coryphaena Bosc 1797, Dasyrhynchus giganteus (Diesing 1859), and Parachristianella monomegacantha Kruse 1959 represent new host and distribution records. The family Pseudogrillotidae Dollfus 1969 is emended.

Two Tetraphyllidean Cestodes from Hawaiian Stingrays

Two new species, Acanthobothrium chengi and Rhinebothirum hawaiiensis (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), are described from the stingray, Dasyatis lata. Distinguishing characteristics of 24 definitive, and six tentative species of Rhinebothrium are reviewed and tabulated. This represents the first report of marine cestodes from Hawaii and one of the few recorded species of Rhinebothrium from beyond the Eastern Pacific. Examination of available literature indicates a paucity of studies concerning elasmobranch cestodes from the Central Pacific. Goldstein (1967) employed geographical criteria in differentiating species of Acanthobothrium and Campbell (1969) proposed that geographical distribution of intermediate hosts explained the presence or absence of this cestode from the same definitive host captured in different locations. The present study concerns collections of elasmobranch cestodes from 11 sharks and two stingrays taken off the Hawaiian islands of Nihau, Kauai, and Oahu during July and August 1967. Two large adult female stingrays (Dasyatis lata), measuring 127 to 140 cm in diameter, were caught on baited handlines off the northwest (windward) shore of Oahu. A sampling of helminths from the two spiral valves included two trypanorhynch cestode species (not identified at this time) and two new tetraphyllideans, Acanthobothrium chengi and Rhinebothrium hawaiiensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 2 stingrays were taken in approximately 20 fathoms of water about a mile offshore from Waimea Bay (21?35' N, 57?55' W). Worms were removed from the posterior third of the spiral valve and fixed without pressure in AFA. Whole mounts were stained with Mayer's paracarmine or Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin, counterstained with fast green, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, cleared in methyl salicylate, and mounted in Permount. Hematoxylin (Harris') and eosin stained serial sections of proglottids were prepared for further study in a routine manner. Illustrations were made with the aid of a microprojector. Measurements are in microns unless otherwise indicated. Important acanthobothriid morphological characters including the mean, standard deviation, and range are given as suggested by Goldstein (1964, 1967). Gosline and Brock's (1965) handbook was used in identification of the hosts. Received for publication 3 June 1974. * Present address. Acanthobothrium chengi sp. n.

Observations on the Ecology and Life Cycle of Prochristianella penaei Kruse (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha)

Examinations of Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus from the Galveston Bay area show Prochristianella penaei plerocerci to be common in these shrimp, thus extending the known range of this tapeworm to the western Gulf of Mexico. Two years of repeated sampling of shrimp from Clear Lake, a secondary bay in the Galveston Bay system, showed patterns of infection which provided useful leads both to the ecological area where infection of shrimp occurs and the identity of the parasite's definitive host. The relationship found between shrimp size and incidence of infection, when considered with the known migratory habits of Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus, suggests that these decapods are uninfected when they enter the bay and are usually infected by the time they leave. Since this pattern showed a rather brackish bay (1%o to 10%o) to be a probable site in which infection of shrimp takes place, it was assumed that (1) the first intermediate host of ProchristianeUa penaei also inhabits such areas and (2) the range of the elasmobranch final host includes low salinity areas, permitting completion of this cestode's life cycle. The latter point postulates a broad salinity tolerance range for the final host. Discovery of the adult tapeworm in Dasyatis sabina, a ray noted for the extent of its salinity tolerance, lends support to these assumptions. Despite our long acquaintance with penaeid shrimp (e.g., Linnaeus provided the first description of the white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus), and the continually increasing commercial importance of these animals during the last 40 years, thorough examinations of shrimp for parasites have not been reported prior to the Florida studies of Hutton et al. and Kruse, both in 1959. As a result, our present knowledge of the ecology and life cycles of shrimp parasites is slight. This situation is particularly true in the western Gulf of Mexico, one of the most productive shrimp habitats in the world. In 1959, Dr. Edward Chin brought to me for identification a small, white cyst in the digestive gland of a shrimp collected from Galveston Bay. The cyst proved to be the plerocercus stage of a trypanorhynch cestode identical to that described by Kruse (1959) as Prochristianella penaei. Since no information is available on the incidence of this parasite except in Florida waters, a survey was undertaken to determine the frequency with which the worm occurred in shrimp from the Galveston area. In addition, the dearth of information on trypanorhynch life cycles coupled with the need for a better understanding of shrimp ecology suggested a search for the undescribed Received for publication 2 December 1964. *Contribution No. 194, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas. stages in the life history of P. penaei. The results of the survey work showed seasonal pa terns of infection which proved useful in ascertaining both the ecological area where inf ction of shrimp occurs and the identity of the parasite's definitive host. MATERIALS AND METHODS In selecting possible sites for regular sampling stations, consideration was given to the fact that both Penaeus aztecus, the brown shrimp, and P. setiferus, the white shrimp, are migratory in habit. T available life cycle information on these locally abundant species (Viosca, 1920; Weymouth, Lindner, and Anderson, 1933; and Burkenroad, 1934, 1939) indicates that spawning and larval development occur only offshore, the resulting postlarvae (about 0.5 inch in length) moving shoreward to bays, where they spend several months of rapid growth to subadult size (3 to 5 inches long) before migrating offshore again to attain adulthood and spawn. Thus, bays appear to provide important pasture areas for these animals prior to their return to the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico where they were spawned. Since Clear Lake, a secondary bay in the Galveston Bay complex (Fig. 1), was being sampled for shrimp fairly regularly by other workers at this lab ratory, and had been shown to harbor an abundance of both P. aztecus and P. setiferus (Chin, 1961), it was selected as an area for regular sampling. Monthly mean bottom temperatures for Clear Lake range from 10 to 30 C, and bottom salinity is usually between 1%o and 10%o. Offatts Bayou, another secondary bay in the Galveston Bay system, has a comparable temperature regime but a higher salinity range (15%o

UREASE ACTIVITY IN TRYPANORHYNCH CESTODES

1. Strong urease activity was measured in tissue preparations of two species of trypanorhynch cestodes; activity was not detected in seven species of tetraphyllids, nor in a third trypanorhynch. 2. Tissue activity of Lacistorhynchus tenuis homogenates was in excess of 3000 micromoles urea hydrolyzed per gram wet tissue per hour; that of Pterobothrium lintoni was about ten times greater. Tissue activity of intact Lacistorhynchus was about one-tenth that of homogenate preparations. 3. The worm activity was partially characterized in homogenate preparations. 4. Living worms retain full activity for at least 110 hours, but homogenates rapidly decline in activity; less than 10% of the original activity is measured after 24 hours. 5. Production of ammonia and of 14CO2 from [14C] urea was demonstrated using intact Lacistorhynchus.