Truthful Responses Research Articles

The diagnostic accuracy of strategies used to identify early pregnancy: a systematic review.

Review question/objective The objective of this review is to summarise and synthesise the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of screening strategies used to identify early pregnancy in patients in the health care setting More specifically, the objectives are to identify the diagnostic accuracy of: 1. patient history to identify early pregnancy; including verbal questioning, written questionnaires and use of last menstrual period dates, and 2. pregnancy testing in identifying early pregnancy. Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies that include adolescent and adult female patients in the health care setting of childbearing age. Focus of the review The focus of the review is the correct identification of early pregnancy. This review will consider studies that compare the diagnostic accuracy of screening strategies to identify early pregnancy compared to HCG pregnancy test. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that report on the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of medical history and/or physical examination (index test), and urine or serum HCG pregnancy test (reference test) to identify early stage pregnancy. Likelihood ratios and/or predictive values will be generated to further describe the diagnostic test accuracy.

The diagnostic accuracy of strategies used to identify early pregnancy: a systematic review.

The diagnostic accuracy of strategies used to identify early pregnancy: a systematic review.

Learning to Lie: Effects of Practice on the Cognitive Cost of Lying

Cognitive theories on deception posit that lying requires more cognitive resources than telling the truth. In line with this idea, it has been demonstrated that deceptive responses are typically associated with increased response times and higher error rates compared to truthful responses. Although the cognitive cost of lying has been assumed to be resistant to practice, it has recently been shown that people who are trained to lie can reduce this cost. In the present study (n = 42), we further explored the effects of practice on one’s ability to lie by manipulating the proportions of lie and truth-trials in a Sheffield lie test across three phases: Baseline (50% lie, 50% truth), Training (frequent-lie group: 75% lie, 25% truth; control group: 50% lie, 50% truth; and frequent-truth group: 25% lie, 75% truth), and Test (50% lie, 50% truth). The results showed that lying became easier while participants were trained to lie more often and that lying became more difficult while participants were trained to tell the truth more often. Furthermore, these effects did carry over to the test phase, but only for the specific items that were used for the training manipulation. Hence, our study confirms that relatively little practice is enough to alter the cognitive cost of lying, although this effect does not persist over time for non-practiced items.

Evidence of mnemonic ability selectively affecting truthful and deceptive response dynamics

Evidence of mnemonic ability selectively affecting truthful and deceptive response dynamics

Interpretation of a cross-cultural usability evaluation: A case study based on a hypermedia system for rare species management in Namibia

We present the results of a usability evaluation of a locally developed hypermedia information system aiming at conservation biologists and wildlife managers in Namibia. Developer and end user come from different ethnic backgrounds, as is common to software development in Namibia and many developing countries. To overcome both the cultural and the authoritarian gap between usability evaluator and user, the evaluation was held as a workshop with usability evaluators who shared the target users’ ethnic and social backgrounds. Different data collection methods were used and results as well as specific incidences recorded. Results suggest that it is difficult for Namibian computer users to evaluate functionality independently from content. Users displayed evidence of a passive search strategy and an expectation that structure is provided rather than self generated. The comparison of data collection methods suggests that questionnaires are inappropriate in Namibia because they do not elicit a truthful response from participants who tend to provide answers they think are “expected”. The paper concludes that usability goals and methods have to be determined and defined within the target users’ cultural context.

The functional anatomical distinction between truth telling and deception is preserved among people with schizophrenia

A recently emergent functional neuroimaging literature has described the functional anatomical correlates of deception among healthy volunteers, most often implicating the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. To date, there have been no such imaging studies of people with severe mental illness. To discover whether the brains of people with schizophrenia would manifest a similar functional anatomical distinction between the states of truthfulness and deceit. It is hypothesised that, as with healthy people, persons with schizophrenia will show activation in the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices when lying. Fifty-two people satisfying Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T while responding truthfully or with lies to questions concerning their recent actions. Half the sample was concurrently experiencing delusions. As hypothesised, patients exhibited greater activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortices while lying. Truthful responses were not associated with any areas of relatively increased activation. The presence or absence of delusions did not substantially affect these findings, although subtle laterality effects were discernible upon post hoc analyses. As in healthy cohorts, the brains of people with schizophrenia exhibit a functional anatomical distinction between the states of truthfulness and deceit. Furthermore, this distinction pertains even in the presence of delusions.

A comparison of responses to single and repeated discrete choice questions

According to neoclassical economic theory, a stated preference elicitation format comprising a single binary choice between the status quo and one alternative is incentive compatible under certain conditions. Formats typically used in choice experiments comprising a sequence of discrete choice questions do not hold this property. In this paper, the effect on stated preferences of expanding the number of binary choice tasks per respondent from one to four is tested using a split sample treatment in an attribute-based survey relating to the undergrounding of overhead low-voltage electricity and telecommunications wires. We find evidence to suggest that presenting multiple choice tasks per respondent decreases estimates of expected willingness to pay. Preferences stated in the first of a sequence of choice tasks are not significantly different from those stated in the incentive compatible single binary choice task, but, in subsequent choice tasks, responses are influenced by cost levels observed in past questions. Three behavioural explanations can be advanced – weak strategic misrepresentation, reference point revision, and asymmetric value learning. The evidence is contrary to the standard assumption of truthful response with stable preferences.

Brain cortical patterns of deception

Event Abstract Back to Event Brain cortical patterns of deception Igor S. Dikiy1* and Pavel N. Ermakov1 1 Southern Federal University, Russia People sometimes call a polygraph a lie detector but this title is misleading. A polygraph does not detect lies, but only physiological activity that is assumed to accompany telling a lie. More recently attempts have been made to investigate alternative or additional measures, for example, brain function with the help of such method as Event-related potentials (ERP). The goal of our research is to study cortical patterns of deception. Method: 36 participants were asked to make truthful and deceptive responses about perceptual events and items in memory in a series of tasks. In the present research the form of the guilty knowledge test along with ERP in the oddball paradigm was used. For statistical analysis we used post hoc analysis to compare the features of the frequency-spatial organization of cortical bio-potentials in experiment participants making deceptive and truthful responses. Results: ERP effects were found in different brain areas and in different temporal intervals (p < 0.05). It has allowed us to create the neurocognitive deception model which is including next components: 1) Regulatory components (fronto-parietal attentional network), 2) Perception of relevant stimulus (higher level of P300 wave amplitude in left frontal brain cortical region), 3) Processing of the perceived information (higher level of N400 wave amplitude in the region of Anterior Cingulate Cortex, a brain area that plays a vital role in cognitive control) and 4) Decision-making on realisation of the false answer (Occurrence of the expressed late component P540 wave in parietal cortical region). Conclusion: Studies measuring ERPs in cognitive paradigms help to increase our understanding of the inter-relations between the cognitive and brain aspects of deception. Funding: Supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation SC 14.740.11.0675. Keywords: decision-making, EEG Conference: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI), Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 25 Sep - 29 Sep, 2011. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Sessions: Decision Making, Reward Processing & Response Selection Citation: Dikiy IS and Ermakov PN (2011). Brain cortical patterns of deception. Conference Abstract: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2011.207.00394 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 24 Nov 2011; Published Online: 28 Nov 2011. * Correspondence: Dr. Igor S Dikiy, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, dikayapsy@aaanet.ru Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Igor S Dikiy Pavel N Ermakov Google Igor S Dikiy Pavel N Ermakov Google Scholar Igor S Dikiy Pavel N Ermakov PubMed Igor S Dikiy Pavel N Ermakov Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Some Optimality Issues in Estimating Two-Stage Optional Randomized Response Models

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTGupta, Gupta and Singh (2002) introduced an optional randomized response (ORR) model for estimating the mean and the sensitivity level of a sensitive variable. In an ORR model the respondent is asked to provide a scrambled response only if the respondent considers the question sensitive and a truthful response otherwise. The researcher does not know which type of response is provided. The idea is that a question that is sensitive for one person may not be sensitive for another person. Gupta, Shabbir and Sehra (2010) extended this model to a two-stage ORR model where in the first stage a randomly selected proportion (T) of the respondents is asked to provide a truthful response. The rest of the respondents are asked to go to Stage-2 where they respond according to the ORR model. The main focus of this paper is on finding an optimal value of T for which the two-stage model performs better than the corresponding one-stage model.

Evidence of mnemonic ability selectively affecting truthful and deceptive response dynamics

In the executive model of deception, the telling of a lie necessitates the inhibition of a veridical prepotent response (the truth), and such inhibition incurs a temporal penalty, manifest as a longer response time. If memory processes are engaged in generating such truths, then memory function should affect truthful and deceptive response times. To investigate this we examined the relationship between performance on a semantic knowledge deception task and a test of verbal memory in 40 college students. We found that verbal memory performance differentially affects the temporal parameters of truth and deception.

Research Note—Applying the Randomized Response Technique to Elicit Truthful Responses to Sensitive Questions in IS Research: The Case of Software Piracy Behavior

Research on software piracy often relies on self-reports by individual users and thus suffers from possible response distortion attributable to a variety of human motivations. Conclusions drawn directly from distorted self-reports may misguide managerial and policy decisions. The randomized response technique (RRT) was proposed as a remedy to response distortion. In this paper, a model based on RRT was used to illustrate how truthful responses to sensitive questions can be empirically estimated. The model was tested in two empirical studies on software piracy. Consistent with our expectations, respondents responding to RRT were more willing to disclose sensitive information about their attitudes, intentions, and behaviors on software piracy. Nontrivial distortions were demonstrated in causal relationships involving sensitive and nonsensitive variables. The study extends RRT to multivariate analysis and illustrates the feasibility and usefulness of the method in studying sensitive behavioral issues in the information systems (IS) domain.

Attempting to hide our real thoughts: Electrophysiological evidence from truthful and deceptive responses during evaluation

This study seeks to investigate neural activity during a deceptive evaluation process. Attractive and unattractive facial photos were presented to participants who were then asked to evaluate and respond to these photos according to different cues (truthfulness or deceptiveness). Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) activities were recorded while participants offered their truthful or deceptive responses based on their evaluations. Consistent with previous results on the old/new paradigm, deceptive responses required greater cognitive endeavor, as indicated by a larger later positive component (LPC). Meanwhile, deceptive responses on attractive items were more easily offered than deceptive replies on unattractive items, as indicated by smaller LPCs. Truthfulness towards attractive items was more easily conveyed than truthfulness towards unattractive items, as indicated by the smaller contingent negative variation (CNV). The potential reasons for these results are discussed.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex specifically processes general – but not personal – knowledge deception: Multiple brain networks for lying

Despite intensive research into ways of detecting deception in legal, moral and clinical contexts, few experimental data are available on the neural substrate for the different types of lies. We used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function and to assess its influence on various types of lies. Twenty healthy volunteers were tested before and after tDCS (anodal and sham). In each session the Guilty Knowledge Task and Visual Attention Task were administered at baseline and immediately after tDCS ended. A computer-controlled task was used to evaluate truthful responses and lie responses to questions referring to personal information and general knowledge. Dependent variables collected were reaction times (RTs) and accuracy. At baseline the RTs were significantly longer for lies than for truthful responses. After sham stimulation, lie responses remained unchanged ( p = 0.24) but after anodal tDCS, RTs decreased significantly only for lies involving general knowledge ( p = 0.02). tDCS left the Visual Attention Task unaffected. These findings show that manipulating DLPFC function with tDCS specifically modulates deceptive responses for general information leaving those on personal information unaffected. Multiple cortical networks intervene in deception involving general and personal knowledge. Deception referring to general and personal knowledge probably involves multiple cortical networks.

Mean and sensitivity estimation in optional randomized response models

Optional randomized response models were introduced by Gupta et al. (2002). These models are based on the basic premise that a question may be sensitive for one respondent but may not be sensitive for another. In an optional RRT (randomized response technique) model, a respondent is asked to provide a scrambled response only if the respondent considers the question sensitive. Otherwise, the respondent provides a truthful response. The researcher does not know which type of response is provided. The proportion of respondents who provide a scrambled response is known as the sensitivity level of the question. In this paper, we estimate simultaneously the mean and the sensitivity level of a quantitative-response sensitive question using a two stage optional RRT model. The estimators are unbiased and asymptotically normally distributed. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using additive and multiplicative scrambling.

The presentation order of cue and target matters in deception study

BackgroundTwo experimental procedures (cue-target and target-cue) were used in studying the processes of deception. How the task will affect participants' performances is not clear. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the order of presentation of cue and target on the processes of deception.MethodsA face evaluation task was employed to test and compare the order effect of the deception-indicating cue and the target stimulus in studying deception (i.e., which research procedure is more sensitive in distinguishing different experimental conditions and which is more likely to represent the deception process in daily life). Behavioral responses and event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded while participants made truthful and deceptive responses about their evaluation.ResultsResponse-locked ERP showed that both deceptive conditions in cue-target and target-cue procedures elicited medial frontal negativities. However, the results in the ERP distribution regions, the ERP amplitudes and source estimation results were different in the two procedures. The cue-target procedure elicited a more negative ERP deflection between 40 ms and 90 ms over the central-frontal scalp regions than the target-cue procedures. Source localizations in cue-target were identified in three clusters, namely, medial frontal gyrus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral medial frontal gyrus. In the target-cue procedure, the sources were identified in the frontal areas.DiscussionDifferent presenting orders of the cue and target stimuli induced different neural activities. Further, the cue-target procedure could represent the process of deception better than the target-cue procedure.

The effect of deception on motor cortex excitability

Although a number of recent neuroimaging studies have examined the relationship between the brain and deception, the neurological correlates of deception are still not well understood. The present study sought to assess differences in cortical excitability during the act of deception by measuring motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Sports fanatics and low-affiliation sports fans were presented with preferred and rival team images and were asked to deceptively or honestly identify their favored team. Hemispheric differences were found including greater excitability of the left motor cortex during the generation of deceptive responses. In contrast to current physiological measures of deception, level of arousal was not found to differentiate truthful and deceptive responses. The results are presented in terms of a complex cognitive pattern contributing to the generation of deceptive responses.

Thirty-site P300 scalp distribution, amplitude variance across sites, and amplitude in detection of deceptive concealment of multiple guilty items

Previous tests of P300 in deception detection have focused mainly on amplitude analysis. Since countermeasures for such tests have been reported, we looked here at other possible variables as deception indices: P300 scalp distribution and amplitude variance, both across 30 sites. We were also concerned, for the first time, in testing for recognition of more than one guilty item in a mock crime scenario. There were three groups: (1) two-probe group, two of six items were guilty knowledge (GK) items; (2) three-probe group, three of six items were GK items; (3) control group, zero of six items were GK items. In group analyses, in the two-probe group, P300s for lies were significantly greater than P300s for truthful responses. There were significant interactions of condition (Lie vs Truth) by site, suggesting different scalp profiles for deceptive versus truthful responding. Amplitude variance across sites was also greater in Lie than in Truth blocks. These results did not obtain in the three-probe and control groups. In terms of amplitude variances in probe conditions across groups, two-probe group was larger than three-probe and control groups. Regarding individual diagnostics, the variance method yielded a greater-than-chance detection rate of 71% versus 28% false positives. Regarding amplitude at multiple nonfrontal sites, 71% of guilty subjects were detected versus 14% false positives. Grier's (1971) A′ indices of various test discrimination efficiencies varied from .76 to .87. Results of the present study suggested further investigation of the variance method as a diagnostic tool for lie detection.

The Neural Circuitry of a Broken Promise

Promises are one of the oldest human-specific psychological mechanisms fostering cooperation and trust. Here, we study the neural underpinnings of promise keeping and promise breaking. Subjects first make a promise decision (promise stage), then they anticipate whether the promise affects the interaction partner's decision (anticipation stage) and are subsequently free to keep or break the promise (decision stage). Findings revealed that the breaking of the promise is associated with increased activation in the DLPFC, ACC, and amygdala, suggesting that the dishonest act involves an emotional conflict due to the suppression of the honest response. Moreover, the breach of the promise can be predicted by a perfidious brain activity pattern (anterior insula, ACC, inferior frontal gyrus) during the promise and anticipation stage, indicating that brain measurements may reveal malevolent intentions before dishonest or deceitful acts are actually committed.

Variations in the perception of trauma-related complications between attending surgeons, surgery residents, critical care nurses, and medical students

Background The morbidity and mortality conference (M&M) is a key component of the performance improvement process. The audience response system (ARS) has been shown to improve audience participation and promote more truthful responses in various settings. We implemented the ARS in our trauma M&M and evaluated the responses we received from different categories of participants. Methods This was a prospective observational study undertaken between November 2006 and July 2007. Cases were graded based on the American College of Surgeons scoring system. We evaluated the responses of attending surgeons, residents, critical care nurses, and medical students using the ARS. Results We had 695 responses for complications and 936 responses for deaths. Residents consistently scored complications as more severe than other groups ( P = .03). There was no difference in the scoring of deaths. Conclusions Surgical residents assign higher severity to trauma-related complications than other groups when using an anonymous automated scoring system.

In Brief: Adherence

1. Renata Arrington-Sanders, MD, MPH 1. Johns Hopkins Children's Center Baltimore, Md Interventions for Enhancing Medication Adherence . Haynes RB, Yao X, Degani A, Kripalani S, Garg A, McDonald HP. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;4 : CD000011 Enhancing Patient Compliance in Pediatrics . Liptak GS. Pediatr Rev. 1996;17 :128– 134[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Adherence to Medication . Osterberg L, Blaschke T. N Engl J Med. 2005;353 :487– 497[OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5][Web of Science][6] Telephone Reminders Improve Adolescent Clinic Attendance: A Randomized Controlled Trial . Sawyer SM, Zalan A, Bond LM. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38 :79– 83[OpenUrl][7][CrossRef][8][PubMed][9] Adherence to medication regimens by children who have any chronic medical condition is a complex process influenced by multiple factors, including demographics, health status, specific medications, and developmental and psychosocial characteristics of the child and family. Adherence to (or compliance with) a medical regimen is defined as the extent to which a person's behavior coincides with medical or health advice. The word “adherence” is preferred by many clinicians because “compliance” suggests that a patient is passively following the doctor's orders, while adherence suggests that the established treatment is based on a therapeutic relationship. A number of models have been developed to explain patient adherence, including the authoritarian, health belief, and ecological models. The authoritarian model, which is one of the earliest developed, results when the doctor gives an order and the patient follows. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%2Bin%2BReview%26rft.stitle%253DPediatr.%2BRev.%26rft.issn%253D0191-9601%26rft.aulast%253DLiptak%26rft.auinit1%253DG.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D128%26rft.epage%253D134%26rft.atitle%253DEnhancing%2BPatient%2BCompliance%2Bin%2BPediatrics%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8637819%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pedsinreview&resid=17/4/128&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F30%2F2%2Fe9.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DOsterberg%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%26rft.volume%253D353%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D487%26rft.epage%253D497%26rft.atitle%253DAdherence%2Bto%2BMedication%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMra050100%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16079372%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMra050100&link_type=DOI [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16079372&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F30%2F2%2Fe9.atom [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000230939000008&link_type=ISI [7]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bpaediatrics%2Band%2Bchild%2Bhealth%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BPaediatr%2BChild%2BHealth%26rft.aulast%253DSawyer%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D38%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D79%26rft.epage%253D83%26rft.atitle%253DTelephone%2Breminders%2Bimprove%2Badolescent%2Bclinic%2Battendance%253A%2Ba%2Brandomized%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1046%252Fj.1440-1754.2002.00766.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11869406%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00766.x&link_type=DOI [9]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11869406&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F30%2F2%2Fe9.atom