Trust Behavior Research Articles

Trustworthiness perception is mandatory: Task instructions do not modulate fast periodic visual stimulation trustworthiness responses

Although it is often assumed that humans spontaneously respond to the trustworthiness of others' faces, it is still unclear whether responses to facial trust are mandatory or can be modulated by instructions. Considerable scientific interest lies in understanding whether trust processing is mandatory, given the societal consequences of biased trusting behavior. We tested whether neural responses indexing trustworthiness discrimination depended on whether the task involved focusing on facial trustworthiness or not, using a fast periodic visual stimulation electroencephalography oddball paradigm with a neural marker of trustworthiness discrimination at 1 Hz. Participants judged faces on size without any reference to trust, explicitly formed impressions of facial trust, or were given a financial lending context that primed trust, without explicit trust judgement instructions. Significant trustworthiness discrimination responses at 1 Hz were found in all three conditions, demonstrating the robust nature of trustworthiness discrimination at the neural level. Moreover, no effect of task instruction was observed, with Bayesian analyses providing moderate to decisive evidence that task instruction did not affect trustworthiness discrimination. Our finding that visual trustworthiness discrimination is mandatory points to the remarkable spontaneity of trustworthiness processing, providing clues regarding why these often unreliable impressions are ubiquitous.

Corrupt third parties undermine trust and prosocial behaviour between people.

Corruption is a pervasive phenomenon that affects the quality of institutions, undermines economic growth and exacerbates inequalities around the globe. Here we tested whether perceiving representatives of institutions as corrupt undermines trust and subsequent prosocial behaviour among strangers. We developed an experimental game paradigm modelling representatives as third-party punishers to manipulate or assess corruption and examine its relationship with trust and prosociality (trust behaviour, cooperation and generosity). In a sequential dyadic die-rolling task, the participants observed the dishonest behaviour of a target who would subsequently serve as a third-party punisher in a trust game (Study 1a, N = 540), in a prisoner's dilemma (Study 1b, N = 503) and in dictator games (Studies 2-4, N = 765, pre-registered). Across these five studies, perceiving a third party as corrupt undermined interpersonal trust and, in turn, prosocial behaviour. These findings contribute to our understanding of the critical role that representatives of institutions play in shaping cooperative relationships in modern societies.

The "beauty premium" effect of voice attractiveness of long speech sounds in outcome-evaluation event-related potentials in a trust game.

Previous research suggested that people with attractive voices had an advantage in economic games, even if the voices were only presented for 400 ms. The present study investigated the influence of voice attractiveness on the cooperative trust behavior with longer exposure times to the voices. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the feedback outcome evaluation. Participants heard a voice of the partner for 2,040 ms and decided whether to invest to the partner for a possibility to gain more money. The results showed that participants made more invest choices to the attractive partners, replicating the “beauty premium” effect of the attractive voices. Moreover, participants were more likely to invest to male partners. The ERP analysis for the outcome showed that the difference waves of feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude were smaller in the attractive voice condition than in the unattractive voice condition, suggesting that the rewarding effect of attractive voices weakened the frustrating feelings of the loss. In sum, the present study confirms that attractive voices with longer presentation durations facilitate cooperative behavior and modulate the processing of feedback evaluations.

The effect of risk on trust attitude and trust behavior in interaction with information and decision automation

Situational risk has been postulated to be one of the most important contextual factors affecting operator’s trust in automation. However, experimentally, it has received only little attention and was directly manipulated even less. To close this gap, this study used a virtual reality multi-task environment where the main task entailed making a diagnosis by assessing different parameters. Risk was manipulated via the altitude, the task was set in including the possibility of virtually falling in case of a mistake. Participants were aided either by information or decision automation. Results revealed that trust attitude toward the automation was not affected by risk. While trust attitude was initially lower for the decision automation, it was equally high in both groups at the end of the experiment after experiencing reliable support. Trust behavior was significantly higher and increased during the experiment for the decision automation supported group in the form of less automation verification behavior. However, this detrimental effect was distinctly attenuated under high risk. This implies that negative consequences of decision automation in the real world might have been overestimated by studies not incorporating risk.

Pengaruh Teori Perilaku Yang Direncanakan untuk Menyelidiki Peran Kepercayaan Dalam Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Terkait Dengan Rantai Pasok Makanan Pendek

This study aims to explore the principles of behavioral theory towards customers, the influence of purchasing decisions, the role of trust in customers. This research is quantitative research using survey method. In taking the sample using purposive sampling technique. Collecting data using a questionnaire method that has been tested for validity and reliability. This study uses a sampling technique by distributing questionnaires for sampling as many people as possible so that they can be tested for validity and reliability. Behavioral theory shows that it is a potentially effective tool in planning the behavioral outcomes of union members in the workplace and the level of union identification considering decision making. defines behavioral theory as a social category that exemplifies the process of social behavior and its use affects the level of communication, interaction and cooperation between members. According to the theory of planned behavior trust has been neglected in retail. More details in retail marketing show aspects of customer trust are limited. The role of trustworthiness, such as reducing perceived problems and as a motivator of purchase satisfaction, plays an important role in customer trust in the product. Purchasing decisions refer to several organizations that carry out aspects of the decision-making process, until at the last moment the decision determines the point at which the decision is made. Decision making developed for business is used to describe how the company achieves purchasing synergies across its PCs. This approach can also be adopted in organizations with a high level of fragmentation in spending.
 Keywords: subjective norm, Trust towards the behavior (trust), Purchase decision (PD), customer.

Motivated to "roll the dice" on trust: The relationships between employees' daily motives, risk propensity, and trust.

Models of trust have focused on the notion that an employee's trust in a coworker is based on that coworker's trustworthiness and the employee's trust propensity-a generalized tendency to believe others are trustworthy. Although these models capture the general assessment of risk associated with trusting a particular coworker, they provide insufficient insight into why an employee might take the risk associated with trust on a particular day. Bringing the concept of risk propensity-the tendency to accept or avoid risk-from the decision-making literature into the trust literature, we build a model of trust that suggests employees' trusting behaviors stem from both their calculated assessment of risk (encapsulated in trustworthiness and trust propensity) and their tendency to take those risks. We draw on motivated reasoning theory (Kunda, 1990) and the decision-making literature to suggest that employees' daily strivings for achievement, affiliation, stimulation, and security induce a biased reasoning process that influences employees' risk propensity that day. Our test of this theoretical model demonstrates that generalized work motives have an indirect effect on employees' trust in their coworkers, through risk propensity, that goes above and beyond established bases of trust. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Variability in repeated economic games: comparing trust game decisions to other social trust measures.

Economic games are well-established tools that offer a convenient approach to study social behaviour. Although widely used, recent evidence suggests that decisions made in the context of standard economic games are less predictive of real-world behaviour than previously assumed self-reported questionnaires. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that economic games decisions in the laboratory are more likely to be influenced by the current situation, while questionnaires are specifically designed to measure people's average behaviour across a long period of time. To test this hypothesis, we performed a longitudinal study where 275 respondents played 16 Trust games every two days within a three-week period, and filled out a questionnaire that measures social trust. This study confirmed the instability of our measure of trust behaviour over time and the substantial stability of questionnaire responses. However, we found a significant association between self-reported social trust and participants' average behaviour in the trust game measured across sessions, but also with participants' behaviour measured only in Session 1. Nevertheless, analysis of behavioural changes in the Trust games over time revealed different behavioural profiles, highlighting how economic games and questionnaires can complement each other in the study of social trust.

Impact of cry wolf effects on social preparedness and the efficiency of flood early warning systems

Abstract. To improve the efficiency of flood early warning systems (FEWS), it is important to understand the interactions between natural and social systems. The high level of trust in authorities and experts is necessary to improve the likeliness of individuals to take preparedness actions responding to warnings. Despite many efforts to develop the dynamic model of human and water in socio-hydrology, no socio-hydrological models explicitly simulate social collective trust in FEWS. Here, we develop the stylized model to simulate the interactions of flood, social collective memory, social collective trust in FEWS, and preparedness actions responding to warnings by extending the existing socio-hydrological model. We realistically simulate the cry wolf effect in which many false alarms undermine the credibility of the early warning systems and make it difficult to induce preparedness actions. We found that (1) considering the dynamics of social collective trust in FEWS is more important in the technological society with infrequent flood events than in the green society with frequent flood events; and (2) as the natural scientific skill to predict flood events is improved, the efficiency of FEWS gets more sensitive to the behavior of social collective trust, so that forecasters need to determine their warning threshold by considering the social aspects.

Trust and psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Impaired trust in other humans is commonly seen in psychosis and it leads to poor societal functioning. However, examining trust behavior in an experimental setting is challenging. Investigators have used the trust game, a neuro-economic game to assess trust behavior in psychosis. However, the findings are inconsistent. Hence, we systematically reviewed the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis to examine trust behavior in patients with psychosis, their relatives, and those at high risk for psychosis. We searched electronic databases for studies that have examined trust game in patients with psychosis, published up to November 2021. The primary outcome measure was the baseline trust in a trust game by patients and controls. The meta-analysis was performed if at least three data sets of control and patient groups were available for that measure/design. We conducted meta-analyses with a random-effects model. The results were described narratively wherever meta-analysis was not possible due to paucity of studies. The searches across the databases including cross-references yielded 465 publications of which 10 studies were included in the final analysis. Baseline trust in the trust game was significantly lower in patients with psychosis compared to controls (SMD 0.39, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.64, p -0.002). However, a similar decrease in baseline trust was not present in relatives of patients (SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.36, p -0.58). The current meta-analysis suggests significant trust deficits in patients with psychosis. Future studies with a bigger sample size are required to understand the nature of trust deficits and factors affecting this impairment.

A Novel Trust Evaluation Mechanism for Edge Device Access of the Internet of Things

The purpose of this paper is to build a novel trust evaluation mechanism model for edge devices of the Internet of Things (IoT). First, we use the SM9 authentication mechanism to authenticate the identity of the terminal device. Authentication includes both single-domain and cross-domain authentication of devices, reducing the time overhead of the authentication process. Then, we use the satisfaction function and the time degradation factor to improve the direct trust in the behavioural trust of Bayesian equations. Next, the weight of indirect trust of each device is calculated to improve the gray association method, and the accuracy of indirect trust is improved. Finally, the trust value of the edge device is obtained by combining the authentication result and the behaviour trust. Simulation results verify that the trust evaluation model proposed in this paper has certain advantages for the reliability, accuracy, and efficiency of trust evaluation.

Costly reputation building still promotes the collective trust within the networked population

Trust is of vital importance to economic development, social harmony, political stability and cultural succession in the real world, and then understanding how trust emerges and evolves in a selfish population has long been a significant and challenging issue. From the perspective of trustees, we investigate how reputation building and cost for trustees with dynamic adaptive reputation affect the evolution of trust. Trustees can spend specific funds or costs to build or maintain their reputation, which then enhances their own social competitiveness during the trust evolution. Considering the heterogeneity of individual cost, sigmoid function is used to describe the relationship between reputation and cost. It is found that trust and trustworthiness could still emerge and persist even if reputation building is costly. Meanwhile, the moderate level of willingness to build the reputation or the middle reputation cost is more conducive to the evolution of trust, otherwise it could result in the deterioration of trust behaviors among agents. The current results are helpful to illustrate the evolution of trust and cooperation within the networked population.

Pengaruh Teori Perilaku Yang Direncanakan Untuk Menyelidiki Peran Kepercayaan Dalam Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Terkait Dengan Rantai Pasok Makanan Pendek

This study aims to explore the principles of behavioral theory towards customers, the influence of purchasing decisions, the role of trust in customers. This research is quantitative research using survey method. In taking the sample using purposive sampling technique. Collecting data using a questionnaire method that has been tested for validity and reliability. This study uses a sampling technique by distributing questionnaires for sampling as many people as possible so that they can be tested for validity and reliability. Behavioral theory shows that it is a potentially effective tool in planning the behavioral outcomes of union members in the workplace and the level of union identification considering decision making. defines behavioral theory as a social category that exemplifies the process of social behavior and its use affects the level of communication, interaction and cooperation between members. According to the theory of planned behavior trust has been neglected in retail. More details in retail marketing show aspects of customer trust are limited. The role of trustworthiness, such as reducing perceived problems and as a motivator of purchase satisfaction, plays an important role in customer trust in the product. Purchasing decisions refer to several organizations that carry out aspects of the decision-making process, until at the last moment the decision determines the point at which the decision is made. Decision making developed for business is used to describe how the company achieves purchasing synergies across its PCs. This approach can also be adopted in organizations with a high level of fragmentation in spending.
 Keywords: subjective norm, Trust towards the behavior (trust), Purchase decision (PD), customer

Conditional investment strategy in evolutionary trust games with repeated group interactions

It has a long tradition to study trust behavior among humans or artificial agents by investigating the trust game. Although previous studies based on evolutionary game theory have revealed that trust and trustworthiness can be promoted if network structure or reputation is considered, they often assume that interactions among agents are one-shot and investors do not consider the investment environment before making decisions, which collide with many realistic situations. In this paper, we introduce the conditional investment strategy into the repeated N-player trust game, in which conditional investors decide to invest or not depending on their assessment of the trustworthiness level of the group. By using the approach of the Markov decision process, we study the evolutionary dynamics of trust in repeated group interactions with the conditional investment strategy. We find that conditional investors can form an effective alliance with trustworthy trustees, hence they can sweep out untrustworthy trustees. Moreover, we verify that such alliance can exist in a wide range of model parameters. These results may explain why trusting in others and reciprocating them with trustworthy actions can be sustained in game interactions among intelligent agents.

Lower social status predicts greater behavioral trust in social exchanges

The motivated attributions model of trust development suggests that trustors ameliorate the anxiety associated with dependence by perceiving others as trustworthy and then engage in seemingly irrational acts of trust, despite these acts being extremely risky. Accordingly, I predicted that individuals with lower social status would demonstrate more trusting behavior than would higher status individuals, and that this tendency would be explained by the lower sense of power of people with a lower social status. I tested the hypotheses using both correlational and experimental designs, with samples representing people from a diverse range of social class backgrounds and controlling for plausible alternative explanations. The results have theoretical and practical implications for understanding how inequality and hierarchy mold actions.

Institutional Ownership Volatility and Investment Behavior of REITs

We find that the volatility of institutional ownership affects the investment behavior of real estate investment trust (REIT) managers. REITs exhibit stronger growth in real estate assets when they experience more volatility in institutional ownership. Debt is the likely source of financing these investments, whereas institutional ownership volatility does not explain for the equity issuance decisions of REITs. The effect of ownership dynamics on the investment decisions of REITs is mostly driven by institutions that hold highly diversified portfolios, which are classified as quasi-indexers and transient investors. The contribution of ownership volatility emerging from individual trading decisions of institutional stakeholders matters more than the ownership volatility of the institutional sector as a whole. Our findings suggest that REITs may cater their portfolios to the preferences of certain institutional investors.

Personality impressions predict intergroup trust behaviour of Southern Chinese.

This research aimed to investigate whether the personality impressions Southern Chinese formed on people who were from South China or North China predicted intergroup trust. Study 1 adopted the one-shot trust game to measure intergroup trust, in which the participant decided the amounts of money they would like to invest with the members of the ingroup and the members of the outgroup. After that, they assessed the personality traits of the two groups with a set of trait words. Results suggested that participants invested more average amounts of money with the outgroup than with the ingroup, and the investment in the northerners was significantly correlated with the trait impressions of the northerners. Study 2 conducted a survey to specify the positive and negative aspects of personality impressions made on the two groups. Results revealed that some untrustworthy and dislike traits were regarded as the negative traits in the ingroup rather than in the outgroup, though participants distinguished the positive personality traits between the two groups. The complexity-extremity theory was applied to explain the results of preferring to trust the outgroup over the ingroup in relation to the representation of personality impressions of the two groups.

Blockchain in education: the influence of trust on adoption and implementation

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the influence of trust on adopting and implementing blockchain technology in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach This study uses an exploratory qualitative approach to understand the construct of trust in the context of the educational sector. Data were collected through semistructured questionnaires and online interviews. Findings The research identified that, for most potential blockchain users, trust positively influences the HEIs, because benefits such as secure data sharing and transaction transparency could optimize the daily routine and avoid fraud in academic documents, providing a cooperative and reliable working environment. In addition, the results suggest that trust is needed to overcome challenges related to issues such as costs and privacy. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the advances in the emerging literature on blockchain in the educational sector as a system with the potential to generate trust, as well as the literature on the technology acceptance models. Practical implications For HEI managers and practitioners, this study highlights the need for a greater understanding of the influence of trust in the relationships between HEIs and other stakeholders. Social implications This work shows that adopting blockchain technologies would allow users to build social relationships of trust in a cooperative work environment and develop trusted behavior by sharing data securely and transparently. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies on the adoption and implementation of blockchain in the education sector in Brazil.

Betrayal, Trust and Loyalty

ABSTRACT I argue that while every betrayal is a breach of trust, not every breach of trust is a betrayal. I defend a conception of trust as primarily a feature of behaviour (i.e. trusting behaviour) and only secondarily a feature of a mental attitude. So it is possible to have the attitude of distrust towards someone while still trusting them in the way you behave. This makes sense of the possibility of Judas Iscariot breaching Jesus’ trust, and so betraying him, even though Jesus presumably knew that Judas would do just that. This conception of trust may be spelt out in terms of making oneself reliant on somebody in a collaboration with them. Such collaborations include relationships like friendships and love affairs, as well as political activities or defending one’s country against aggression. I argue that only when these collaborations involve a commitment to loyalty is a breach of trust a betrayal. And loyalty is a feature of those collaborations or relationships that exclude others – us/them collaborations.

TrIDS: an intelligent behavioural trust based IDS for smart healthcare system

TrIDS: an intelligent behavioural trust based IDS for smart healthcare system

A Model of Trust

Trust is central to a large variety of social interactions. Different research fields have empirically and theoretically investigated trust, observing trusting behaviors in different situations and pinpointing their different components and constituents. However, a unifying, computational formalization of those diverse components and constituents of trust is still lacking. Previous work has mainly used computational models borrowed from other fields and developed for other purposes to explain trusting behaviors in empirical paradigms. Here, I computationally formalize verbal models of trust in a simple model (i.e., vulnerability model) that combines current and prospective action values with beliefs and expectancies about a partner’s behavior. By using the classic investment game (IG)—an economic game thought to capture some important features of trusting behaviors in social interactions—I show how variations of a single parameter of the vulnerability model generates behaviors that can be interpreted as different “trust attitudes”. I then show how these behavioral patterns change as a function of an individual’s loss aversion and expectations of the partner’s behavior. I finally show how the vulnerability model can be easily extended in a novel IG paradigm to investigate inferences on different traits of a partner. In particular, I will focus on benevolence and competence—two character traits that have previously been described as determinants of trustworthiness impressions central to trust. The vulnerability model can be employed as is or as a utility function within more complex Bayesian frameworks to fit participants’ behavior in different social environments where actions are associated with subjective values and weighted by individual beliefs about others’ behaviors. Hence, the vulnerability model provides an important building block for future theoretical and empirical work across a variety of research fields.