Trust In Others Research Articles

Social Trust in China

This article provides a comprehensive examination of social trust in China. It addresses ongoing debates about how much people trust, whether there is a trust crisis, and where trust comes from. Analyzing extensive harmonized data from the Chinese General Social Survey (2003–2021) and the World Values Survey (1990–2018) spanning three decades, we find that Chinese people have high levels of general trust in others; this high social trust has been largely stable over the last three decades; and political confidence and perceived fairness are two key drivers of trust. On the other hand, we see marked low trust toward several groups, such as strangers, businessmen, and religious individuals. Potential explanations are discussed. This study contributes to key trust debates and identifies novel trust patterns that can serve as valuable subjects for future research.

Peran Regulasi Emosi dalam Perilaku Mencari Bantuan pada Korban Kekerasan dalam Pacaran

The stage of early adulthood in human development is to establish romantic relationships with the opposite sex. Therefore, having a romantic relationship is important for individuals at that age. Out of these four types of violence, emotional violence is the one that cannot be seen in real life, and even the victims don't really feel that what they are experiencing is a form of emotional violence. In emotional violence, the perpetrator will play a role by manipulating the victim, so that the victim does not even realize what he is experiencing, but gradually the impact of the violence is felt in everyday life. Meanwhile, the position of victims who are manipulated and unaware of the violence they experience, makes them feel that their perception of the situation they are experiencing is unrealistic, victims usually do not recognize or recognize emotional violence, and they develop coping mechanisms such as denial and minimize the violence they experience. With this condition it is difficult for victims to seek help for what they are experiencing. There are predictors that can influence the behavior of seeking help, including the regulation of the victim's emotions, the intensity of the search for help itself, and so on. In order to seek help from a manipulative, emotionally abusive state, the victim must have trust in others. Conditions that are astonishing and difficult to understand and believe are like victims of natural emotional abuse, forcing them to only want to open up to people they truly trust.

“It’s a Battle You Can’t Win”: Domination and Class Differences in Real-World Trust among Black Families

How does class affect one’s propensity to trust? Previous research finds higher-status actors express less trust than lower-status actors in interpersonal and institutional contexts. Scholars explain this finding as an outcome of structural dependence—when people have few alternative means for accessing valuable resources. In contrast, I find dependence inadequate to explain the relationship I observe between class and institutional trust among black families whose children were recommended for special education and other remedial program placement in an affluent, predominantly white school district. Drawing on retrospective interviews from a community ethnography, findings show that real-world trust decision processes also involve domination. Empirical studies of trust have overlooked the ways trustees—those being given trust—exercise power to achieve deference in trust exchanges, and how trustors—those placing trust in others—deploy their power to withstand trustees’ influence. I argue that trust might best be conceptualized as a two-part decision process, because class and other status resources affect trustors’ freedom to choose at two key junctures: (1) in weighing options and costs of trust errors, and (2) in communicating distrust in face-to-face interactions, where the potential for domination is high. Focusing on intersecting systems of power in authentic trust exchanges, this study shows how middle-class black trustors use symbolic resources to “go up against” the institutional power of educational experts and refuse placement, whereas working-class trustors consent to placement.

Effect of parenting centers on caregiver mental health ——Evidence from a large scale randomized controlled trial in rural China

In the context of economic development, the escalating prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress poses substantial challenges, not only impacting individuals' physical and mental well-being but also exerting a profound influence on future human capital. This study conducts an exploratory analysis of the effects of a center-based early childhood development intervention on the mental health of the caregivers, utilizing data from a cluster randomized controlled trial involving 1652 caregivers in rural China. Over the course of two years, caregivers and children in 50 villages received individualized parenting training, one-on-one parenting classes, and access to open play spaces in village parenting centers. Our findings reveal sustained and significant intervention effects on caregivers' anxiety and stress symptoms. The primary mechanisms driving these effects include increased parenting time investment, alterations in parenting styles, and changes in the level of trust in others. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that the positive treatment effects on mental health outcomes are more pronounced among caregivers of children who initially lower development skills. The intervention exhibits a stronger impact on caregivers with lower educational attainment, particularly when the caregivers are grandmothers. These results underscore the importance of governmental attention to mental health issues in rural China, suggesting avenues for intervention through the provision of parenting knowledge and spaces facilitating caregiver-child interactions. This research contributes valuable insights into addressing mental health challenges in rural settings, promoting effective strategies for future policy implementation.

The impacts of combining incentives on carpooling for commuting in the Paris region

Carpooling is one solution to help reduce the negative externalities of solo driving. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of incentives on solo drivers’ intention to carpool. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 1,329 participants, including 590 (38.39%) residents of the Paris metropolitan area who use a car to get to work. Modal choice estimates were modeled using multinomial logit and binomial logit econometric models for car drivers only. First, we analyzed the effect of non-financial incentives, such as nudges and trust in others during the carpooling trip. Second, we analyzed the effect of the combination of nudges with employer subsidies for sustainable mobility on the intention to carpool as a driver or passenger for the home-to-work (or home-to-school) commute. The results show that people aged 18–49, employees, and those with higher levels of education are more receptive to behavioral interventions such as nudges. Applying nudges in isolation is more effective at encouraging carpooling for commuting than combining nudges with employers’ subsidies for sustainable mobility.

Trust predicts compliance with COVID-19 containment policies: Evidence from ten countries using big data

We use Twitter, Google mobility, and Oxford policy data to study the relationship between trust and compliance over the period March 2020 to January 2021 in ten, mostly European, countries. Trust has been shown to be an important correlate of compliance with COVID-19 containment policies. However, the previous findings depend upon two assumptions: first, that compliance is time invariant, and second, that compliance can be measured using self reports or mobility measures alone. We relax these assumptions by calculating a new time-varying measure of compliance as the association between containment policies and people's mobility behavior. Additionally, we develop measures of trust in others and national institutions by applying emotion analysis to Twitter data. Results from various panel estimation techniques demonstrate that compliance changes over time and that increasing (decreasing) trust in others predicts increasing (decreasing) compliance. This evidence indicates that compliance changes over time, and further confirms the importance of cultivating trust in others.

Social network effect on land transfer willingness of the rural elders: Evidence from China

The elders in China’s rural areas are facing challenges in maintaining agricultural production due to the outflow of rural laborers. The Transfer of land could alleviate the burden of land-based livelihoods for rural elders, but their decisions regarding land transfer are influenced by their social networks within the context of Chinese rural society. This study investigates how social networks impact the willingness of rural elders to transfer land. Using survey data from 782 rural elders in 32 villages across 11 provinces in China, this paper applies multilinear and binary logistic regression models. The results indicate that the willingness of rural elders to transfer land is affected by their social neteork: (1) Internal network scale, network heterogeneity, and frequency of external network relationships have a significantly positive influence on rural elders’ willingness to transfer land, while frequency of internal network relationships has a significantly negative influence. (2) There are group differences in the above impacts, and these significant impacts occur only among male elderly individuals aged 60–69 years old or living in central and western regions. (3) Social networks primarily influence rural elders’ willingness to transfer land through three mechanisms: information consultation, interpersonal trust, and material resource acquisition. A larger internal social network scale, higher heterogeneity within the network, and more frequent interactions with members of external networks lead to greater access to useful information, higher levels of trust in others, increased material resources availability, and an increased likelihood of transferring land. These findings can inform government policies aimed at improving practices related to land transfers and old age security for rural elders.

Respect and Asylum

ABSTRACTAsylum seekers are rarely treated with respect. This is perhaps especially true of institutions that adjudicate the extension of refugee status. In asylum interviews, those seeking refuge are sometimes asked to reveal deeply upsetting stories of their persecution while facing hostility and distrust from their interviewers. I argue that this arises from a failure to properly balance respect with fairness. A maximally fair scheme may not promote respect because ‘fairness‐first’ systems require extensive information to make their judgements. A maximally respectful system might be unfair: without any questioning, some may free‐ride on the trust of others. This article argues that we often place too much emphasis on fairness to the detriment of respect, with a particular focus on the asylum interview. First, I outline the limited discussion of asylum interviews in political philosophy. Second, I consider striking a ‘dynamic balance’ between fairness and respect, as set out by Jonathan Wolff. Third, I argue that a highly idealised version of contemporary asylum interviews puts fairness first at the cost of respect. This fairness‐first model leads to respect deficits in how asylum seekers are treated. Finally, I consider what a respectful asylum determination system might look like, offering three possible routes: civility, humility, and abolition.

Political Loyalty, Justice, and Trust

The Qur’ān emphasizes many virtues, including the ethics of covenant, justice, community trust, and institutional loyalty. In the Qur’ān, individuals and groups are obliged to uphold moral commitments, honour agreements, and foster justice and trust. On the other hand, Qur’ānic ethics provide an opportunity for repentance and behaviour modification for individuals who have violated the trust of others. Because Qur’ānic political ethics view moral responsibility for righteousness and self-redemption as remedies to betrayal rather than imposing punishment as the only option, it is conceivable to argue that Qur’ānic political ethics can be corrective, providing avenues for change for the treacherous. This article examines the sixteen instances of the root kh-w-n (to betray), in the Qur’ān and provides a contextualized, theme-based ethical analysis of each verse. It seeks to define the Qur’ānic corpus on betrayal (kh-w-n) and classify the latter into political betrayal, betrayal of justice, and betrayal of trust. It is concluded that this corpus describes betrayal as a consequence of a lack of moral responsibility.

Individual and social-environmental factors among young drivers informing decisions to ride with an impaired driver and drive impaired: A sequential mixed methods assessment

Objective To contextually examine facilitators of young driver decisions to ride with an impaired driver (RWI) or drive while impaired (DWI). Methods Data were from the NIH’s NEXT Generation Health Study (NEXT), a 7-year longitudinal nationally representative study with a U.S. probability cohort of 10th graders starting in 2009–2010. Using a multistage sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, we conducted latent class analysis (n = 2,783) to identify RWI/DWI trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood (Stage-1). We then conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with purposively sampled young adults (N = 105, 26.30 ± 0.43 y/o) from four identified RWI/DWI trajectory classes (Stage-2): 31 Abstainers (consistently low probability), 33 Escalators (low-to-high probability), 14 Decliners (high-to-low probability), and 27 Persisters (consistently high probability). In Stage-2, the qualitative interview guide was informed by Stage-1 findings and Ecodevelopmental Theory. Using directed content analysis, we applied inductive and deductive theory-grounded codes to interview transcripts. With data immersion, reflexivity, and team dialogue, we derived themes from the code, “Facilitators of RWI and/or DWI”. Demographics and validated measures of resiliency, health-related quality of life, Timeline Follow Back for alcohol and marijuana, and recent engagement in RWI/DWI were collected during the interviews. Results Based on the interview transcripts, five themes emerged around RWI/DWI facilitators during and after high school: (1) beliefs about alcohol/drug effects; (2) trust of others; (3) trust of self; (4) parental disapproval; and (5) transportation factors. Participants who RWI confidently placed their trust in their assessment of the driver’s impairment and their own in the context of close relationships. Those who DWI described desire to maintain simple/easy vehicle access while avoiding tickets/towing. The joint display of the quantitative and qualitative data is presented. Conclusions Notable misperceptions exist about how alcohol/drugs impact driving in the RWI/DWI context, particularly regarding the subtle signs of impairment. Youth commonly relied on their own assessment of impairment before driving themselves or riding with a potentially impaired driver, sometimes to avoid parental disapproval. Some engage in RWI/DWI to avoid discord with parents. DWI may relate to needing easy/immediate vehicle access. Pragmatic remedy considerations could include educating youth and young drivers about impairment, enhancing safe public transportation, and expanding ride-share programing.

The impact of social cohesion and risk communication on excess mortality due to COVID-19 in 213 countries: a retrospective analysis

BackgroundTools for assessing a country’s capacity in the face of public health emergencies must be reviewed, as they were not predictive of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social cohesion and risk communication, which are related to trust in government and trust in others, may have influenced adherence to government measures and mortality rates due to COVID-19.ObjectiveTo analyse the association between indicators of social cohesion and risk communication and COVID-19 outcomes in 213 countries.ResultsSocial cohesion and risk communication, in their dimensions (public trust in politicians, trust in others, social safety nets, and equal distribution of resources index), were associated with lower excess mortality due to COVID-19. The number of COVID-19-related disorder events and government transparency were associated with higher excess mortality due to COVID-19. The lower the percentage of unemployed people, the higher the excess mortality due to COVID-19. Most of the social cohesion and risk communication variables were associated with better vaccination indicators, except for social capital and engaged society, which had no statistically significant association. The greater the gender equality, the better the vaccination indicators, such as the number of people who received all doses.ConclusionPublic trust in politicians, trust in others, equal distribution of resources and government that cares about the most vulnerable, starting with the implementation of programs, such as cash transfers and combating food insecurity, were factors that reduced the excess mortality due to COVID-19. Countries, especially those with limited resources and marked by social, economic, and health inequalities, must invest in strengthening social cohesion and risk communication, which are robust strategies to better cope with future pandemics.

Effects of cooperative and uncooperative narratives on trust during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experimental evidence

To help contain the COVID-19 pandemic, many policymakers and health experts and the media have promoted responsible health behavior by using public narratives highlighting uncooperative behavior, including the lack of social distancing and resistance to various pandemic restrictions and COVID-19 vaccination. However, whether these uncooperative narratives may have detrimental consequences on trust is unclear. Hence, we conducted an online experiment to explore how the exposure to uncooperative and cooperative pandemic narratives affects people's trust in each other. We hypothesized that providing individuals with narratives depicting behaviors that violate (uncooperative narratives) and support pandemic social norms (cooperative narratives) would decrease and increase their trust in others, respectively. We showed that neither of the narratives had any effect on trust.

BUILDING TRUST IN UNIVERSITY-LEVEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN INDONESIA: A MIXED METHODS STUDY

Trust in others is shown when an individual is prepared to prioritize their well-being without considering potential risks, driven by their unwavering belief in the moral integrity of others. The research investigates the degree of trust between students and teachers in English language instruction. It examines the underlying factors contributing to this trust and investigate the strategies teachers and students use to establish trust. The researcher used a mixed methods approach by integrating questionnaires and interviews to gather data for this study. The surveys were provided to 265 students using convenient sampling, while the interviews were purposefully conducted with ten lecturers and 18 students. The researcher used descriptive statistics to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Given that 63.7 % of students express trust in their instructors, the findings suggest that the degree of trust between students and professors is typically positive in the context of university-level English instruction. The interview data were examined using open, axial, and selective coding techniques. The study's findings indicate a reciprocal trust between students and teachers, with students demonstrating a solid foundation for this trust. In response, lecturers possess effective strategies for cultivating students' trust

Oxytocin and its links through scientific lineage

Scientific inquiry and methodology are based on third person objectivity. Yet, as humans we experience everything through our first-person lens and second-person relational learning. The purpose of this review is to share the journey of discoveries about science and oxytocin from this author's unique and diverse perspective. Hormones are signaling molecules and long distant messengers required to regulate an organism's physiology and behavior. Oxytocin has taken the lead as the most investigated neurohormone that modulates social cognition, influences parenting behaviors, facilitates within or across-species bonding, and even biologically buffers against stressors such as isolation. Our increasing understanding that social connection, community belonging, and trust in others influence both physical and mental health outcomes, has led to numerous intervention and treatment oxytocin studies across a myriad of conditions. No longer just a way to facilitate female reproduction and lactation, oxytocin is now viewed as the “social influencer” that affects not just women but also men along with its closely related neurohormone, vasopressin. This review uses the narrative lens to illustrate how scientific lineage shapes what we study and how investigating oxytocin has been a microcosm to macrocosm metaphor for our collective social learning as a scientific community.

1인가구의 행복에 영향을 미치는 심리사회적 요인

This study examined the level of happiness and verified the effect of psycho-social factors on happiness of single person households by life cycle. Data from the Wave 2 of the Korean Happiness Study was used. The final sample for the analyses included data from 1,452 adults aged 20 or older who responded as a single-person household and multiple regression analyses were conducted for each life cycle of youth, middle age, and old age. The main results of this study are as follows. The happiness level of all single-person households was found to be average and decreased from youth to old age. In particular, the level of happiness in middle-aged and old age was found to be relatively low compared to youth. In addition, psychosocial factors affecting the happiness of single-person households were different by the life cycle. Satisfaction with standard of living, satisfaction with future stability, depression and social support were common predictive factors that affected the happiness of single-person households in all life cycles. On the other hand, only a sense of safety in youth, trust in others, social equality, self-rated health status, and stress in middle-aged age, and volunteer activities and satisfaction with neighborhood environment and community belonging in old age were the only new predictive factors that affected the happiness of single-person households. Based on this, policy and practical implications for improving the happiness of single-person households were suggested.

Bullying fosters interpersonal distrust and degrades adolescent mental health as predicted by Social Safety Theory.

Social Safety Theory predicts that socially threatening experiences such as bullying degrade mental health partly by fostering the belief that others cannot be trusted. Here we tested this prediction by examining how peer bullying in childhood impacted adolescent mental health, and whether this effect was mediated by interpersonal distrust and several other commonly studied mediators-namely diet, sleep and physical activity-in 10,000 youth drawn from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study. Youth bullied in childhood developed more internalizing, externalizing and total mental health problems in late adolescence, and this effect was partially mediated by interpersonal distrust during middle adolescence. Indeed, adolescents who developed greater distrust were approximately 3.5 times more likely to subsequently experience clinically significant mental health problems than those who developed less distrust. Individual and school-based interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of bullying on mental health may thus benefit from bolstering youths' sense of trust in others.

Mother–infant bonding in the first nine months postpartum: the role of mother’s attachment style and psychological flexibility

ABSTRACT Introduction Mother’s bond to the infant in the postpartum period plays an important role in the subsequent mother–infant relationship and the infant’s socio-emotional functioning. Several maternal characteristics, such as attachment style and psychological flexibility, may contribute to the quality of mother–infant bonding, though literature examining these variables is still scarce. The present study aimed to examine the impact of mother’s attachment on mother–infant bonding in the first month postpartum and the mediating role of psychological flexibility on that association. Methods Participants were 226 mothers of an infant up to 9 months old, who reported on their own attachment style (in terms of anxiety, comfort with proximity, trust in others), psychological flexibility (in terms of openness to experience, behavioural awareness, valued action) and mother–infant bonding. Results Results showed that mother’s attachment anxiety predicted a bond with the infant directly and indirectly via mother’s psychological flexibility, specifically through behavioural awareness and valued action. Trust in others had an impact on mother–infant bonding through behavioural awareness, whereas comfort with proximity influenced mother–infant bond indirectly, via valued action. Finally, mothers’ civil status, schooling and number of children were relevant to better understand the variance of our mediating and dependent variables. Discussion Our findings highlight the importance of mother’s attachment and psychological flexibility in promoting the quality of mother–infant bonding, which can inform future intervention programmes targeting modifiable factors, such as psychological flexibility, to promote early positive parent–infant relationships, particularly for single, first-time mothers, with higher levels of education.

How Should an AI Trust its Human Teammates? Exploring Possible Cues of Artificial Trust

In teams composed of humans, we use trust in others to make decisions, such as what to do next, who to help and who to ask for help. When a team member is artificial, they should also be able to assess whether a human teammate is trustworthy for a certain task. We see trustworthiness as the combination of (1) whether someone will do a task and (2) whether they can do it. With building beliefs in trustworthiness as an ultimate goal, we explore which internal factors (krypta) of the human may play a role (e.g., ability, benevolence, and integrity) in determining trustworthiness, according to existing literature. Furthermore, we investigate which observable metrics (manifesta) an agent may take into account as cues for the human teammate’s krypta in an online 2D grid-world experiment ( n = 54). Results suggest that cues of ability, benevolence and integrity influence trustworthiness. However, we observed that trustworthiness is mainly influenced by human’s playing strategy and cost-benefit analysis, which deserves further investigation. This is a first step towards building informed beliefs of human trustworthiness in human-AI teamwork.

The world turned upside down: Can international student mobility contribute towards democratization and human development? Evidence from the Eurograduate pilot survey

AbstractPolitical, social, environmental, and health challenges have questioned the relevance and sustainability of international student mobility (ISM). Strong critiques towards ISM stem from current global challenges but are also rightfully prevalent among scholars of internationalization. In response to the sustained critique of ISM, this article makes the case that—despite its limitations—ISM can contribute towards important public good outcomes and serve broader institutional and higher education sector aims. Public good is operationalized as referring to markers of democratization—trust in others and political participation—and markers of human development—self-reported competency levels and happiness. Data from eight European countries collected through the Eurograduate 2018 pilot survey is used to test the association between study abroad and democratization and human development markers. By doing so, the paper aims to understand if ISM can help address some of the democratization and human development challenges faced at national, regional, and global levels. The paper also observes how these outcomes vary between international, migrant, and domestic graduates. In this article, the juxtaposition of migrant graduates—an under-researched group in internationalization studies—with international graduates highlights how migrant students and graduates can be better supported. Results offer a complex picture of inequality between international, migrant, and domestic graduates. Findings also show that studying abroad is positively associated with trust in others, political participation, higher self-reported competency levels, and happiness, underlining the public good value of ISM.

CONFIANÇA SOCIAL, DESIGUALDADE E INSTITUIÇÕES ESTATAIS NO BRASIL

Abstract How does interpersonal trust relate to trust in public institutions, people’s willingness to contribute to redistributive actions, and the strong bonds of social cohesion in society? This article presents how Brazilians’ trust in others and in various state institutions has varied since the 1990s and how the interaction between interpersonal and institutional trust affects social cohesion. Also, we examine how widespread social perceptions of institutional corruption and different levels of inequality affect the levels of interpersonal social. Using the analytical concept of social responsibility, we argue strategies centered on the design and performance of public institutions contribute to breaking the vicious circle of lack of trust and its social costs. We used descriptive statistics and regression analysis based on data extracted from the Latinobarómetro World Values Survey as well as interview data with different social classes in Brazil.