Trust Maintenance Research Articles

Dynamic and quantitative trust modeling and real-time estimation in human-machine co-driving process

The development of automated vehicles (AVs) will remain in the stage of human–machine co-driving for a long time. Trust is considered as an effective foundation of the interaction between the driver and the automated driving system (ADS). Driver’s trust miscalibration, represented by under-trust and over-trust, is considered to be the potential cause of disuse and misuse of ADS, or even serious accidents. The estimation and calibration of trust are crucial to improve the safety of the driving process. This paper mainly consists of the following two aspects. Firstly, a dynamic and quantitative trust estimation model is established. A framework for trust estimation is constructed. Driver’s perceived risk and behavior features were monitored and a Kalman filter was used to dynamically and quantitatively estimate the driver’s trust. We conducted a driver-in-the-loop experiment and generated model parameters through a data-driven approach. The results demonstrated that the model exhibited precision in trust estimation, with the highest accuracy reaching 74.1%. Secondly, a reminder strategy to calibrate the over-trust of the driver is proposed based on the model from the first part. A scenario with four risky events was designed and the ADS would provide voice reminders to the driver when over-trust was detected. The results demonstrated that the reminder strategy proved to be beneficial for safety enhancement and moderate trust maintenance during the driving process. When the driver is over-trusting, the accident rates of the reminder group and the non-reminder group were 60.6% and 13.0%, respectively. Our contribution in this paper can be concluded by four points: (1) A real-time trust estimation model is proposed, which is dynamic and quantitative, considering the evolution pattern of driver’s trust and the perceived risk; (2) Mathematical modeling and machine learning methods are combined; (3) A trust-based reminder strategy that aims to enhance the safety of human–machine co-driving is designed; (4) Driver-in-loop experiment validates the effectiveness in enhancing the safety, maintaining driver’s trust and reducing trust biases in human–machine co-driving.

Healthcare Worker's Satisfaction Assessment for a Healthcare Adverse Event Reporting Framework and the Management Approach for Such Reporting in the Emergency Department of Rural Government Hospitals.

The healthcare adverse event (HAE) reporting framework is more than just a tool. It is a crucial pillar in our pursuit of patient safety, quality improvement, trust maintenance, regulatory compliance, and ethical standards in healthcare delivery. To assess healthcare workers' satisfaction with the HAE reporting framework and the management approach towards such reporting in the emergency department of rural government hospitals by conducting a satisfaction survey. This prospective observational research was conducted in the Department of Emergency Medicine of the Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, and adjoining district hospitals from November 2023 to January 2024. The study involved 320 healthcare professionals working in the emergency department. The quantitative survey research used a questionnaire and a quality Likert scale response.The data were analyzed on an ordinal measurement scale using nonparametric statistical methods. The sample data were analyzed using frequency tables, percentage pie charts, and comparison bar graphs. In nonparametric statistical tests, the one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to infer the population's central tendency, and the Kruskal-Wallis testwas used to make inferences about the population categories. The satisfaction of healthcare professionals with the HAE reporting framework and the management approach was diverse. When surveyed about the HAE reporting framework in the emergency department, out of the 320 healthcare professionals,50% (161) expressed dissatisfaction,47% (149) were satisfied, and 3% (10) did not comment. Paramedics were most dissatisfied (61% of 133). When asked about the management approach while dealing with such reporting, 50% (159) were satisfied, 46% (147) were unsatisfied, and 4% (14) did not comment. On comparingprofessions, 43% (29) of 33 doctorsand 62% (83) of 133 paramedics were unsatisfied, giving a poor response. Additionally, 61% (72) of the 119 nursing staff were satisfied. The non-parametric inferential tests yielded a p-value of less than 0.001 for both questions, indicating a notable difference in the population's response to the HAE reporting framework and management approach. On pairwise comparison, there was a significant difference in perception (p<0.001) between the occupation groups, except for doctors and paramedics (p = 0.638) in the HAE reporting framework. By encouraging reporting, standardizing processes, analyzing incidents thoroughly, and using data-driven insights to inform improvement efforts, healthcare organizations can enhance patient safety, improve quality of care, and prevent future adverse events. The management approach to HAE reporting involves fostering a culture of safety and transparency, implementing standardized reporting systems, providing education and training to healthcare staff, establishing feedback mechanisms, conducting robust analysis of reported events, promoting continuous improvement, and ensuring transparency and accountability.

Consumer Trust in Digital Banking: A Qualitative Study of Legal and Regulatory Impacts

The shift towards digital banking has significantly transformed the financial landscape, necessitating a deeper understanding of the factors influencing consumer trust. This study aims to explore how legal and regulatory frameworks, coupled with perceived security measures, impact consumer trust in digital banking services. A qualitative research design was employed, using semi-structured interviews to gather data from 30 participants who use digital banking services. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to cover a broad demographic range. Data were collected to achieve theoretical saturation and analyzed using NVivo software to identify emerging themes and patterns. The analysis revealed three main themes: Regulatory Impact, Perceived Security, and Consumer Trust Dynamics. Regulatory Impact included categories such as Compliance Standards, Consumer Protection Policies, Transparency, and Enforcement and Penalties. Perceived Security was detailed through Technological Safeguards, Risk Management, User Experience, and Data Management. Consumer Trust Dynamics comprised Initial Trust Formation, Trust Maintenance, Impact of Negative Experiences, Role of Peer Influence, and Long-term Relationship Building. The study concluded that a robust legal and regulatory framework, effective security measures, and dynamic trust-building practices are pivotal in fostering consumer trust in digital banking. Transparent regulations, advanced security technologies, and proactive customer relationship management are essential for banks to maintain and enhance trust among users.

A review of experimental research on organizational trust

ABSTRACT Trust profoundly shapes organisational, group, and dyadic outcomes. Reflecting its importance, a substantial and growing body of scholarship has investigated the topic of trust. Much of this work has used experiments to identify clear, causal relationships. However, in contrast to theoretical work that conceptualises trust as a multi-faceted (e.g. ability, benevolence, integrity), multi-level (e.g. interpersonal, intergroup), and dynamic construct, experimental scholarship investigating trust has largely investigated benevolence-based trust in dyadic relationships. As a result of the relatively limited set of paradigms experimental scholars have used to investigate trust, many questions related to different forms and types of trust remain un- and under-explored in experimental work. In this review, we take stock of the existing experimental trust scholarship and identify key gaps in our current understanding of trust. We call for future experimental work to investigate ability-based and integrity-based trust, to advance our understanding of the interplay between relationship history and trust, to study trust as a multi-level construct, to focus on the consequences of trust including the hazards of misplaced trust, and to study trust maintenance. To support these lines of inquiry, we introduce an ideal-typical process model to develop or adapt appropriate trust experiments.

Artificial agents’ explainability to support trust: considerations on timing and context

Strategies for improving the explainability of artificial agents are a key approach to support the understandability of artificial agents’ decision-making processes and their trustworthiness. However, since explanations are not inclined to standardization, finding solutions that fit the algorithmic-based decision-making processes of artificial agents poses a compelling challenge. This paper addresses the concept of trust in relation to complementary aspects that play a role in interpersonal and human–agent relationships, such as users’ confidence and their perception of artificial agents’ reliability. Particularly, this paper focuses on non-expert users’ perspectives, since users with little technical knowledge are likely to benefit the most from “post-hoc”, everyday explanations. Drawing upon the explainable AI and social sciences literature, this paper investigates how artificial agent’s explainability and trust are interrelated at different stages of an interaction. Specifically, the possibility of implementing explainability as a trust building, trust maintenance and restoration strategy is investigated. To this extent, the paper identifies and discusses the intrinsic limits and fundamental features of explanations, such as structural qualities and communication strategies. Accordingly, this paper contributes to the debate by providing recommendations on how to maximize the effectiveness of explanations for supporting non-expert users’ understanding and trust.

Availability and Functionality of Physical Health and Resuscitation Equipment in an Inpatient Setting: A Closed Loop Audit Cycle

AimsTo ensure physical health and resuscitation equipment on all wards in a mental health hospital fulfil relevant standards. A closed-loop audit of this was performed on four acute adult inpatient wards after implementing interventions.MethodsData were collected from treatment rooms on each ward, with standards based on Physical Health in Mental Health; Final Report of a Scoping Group (Royal College of Psychiatrists) and Mental Health Inpatient Care Equipment and Drug Lists (Resuscitation Council UK) – parallel to the trust approved standards.Percentage of availability and functionality against audit standards were tabulated and interventions were carried out, including: 1.Awareness presentations at trust clinical governance meetings.2.Each ward to have own complete sets of physical health and resuscitation equipment.3.Policy for wards to register their physical health equipment and service details on the trust maintenance services database. The medical device engineering team to complete maintenance and repair as needed.4.Resuscitation equipment on each ward being checked weekly and replaced as needed (monthly before).A re-audit was performed one year post intervention on four acute adult inpatient wards in the mental health hospital using similar parameters.Results1.In general, 90.0% of the standards are met (out of 160 pieces of equipment, 144 are in stock and functional), similar to that of previous year (90.0%).2.Decrease in overall available and functional physical health equipment: 76.6% (49/64) compared to 83.8% last year.3.Increase in overall in overall available and functional resuscitation equipment: 99.2% (95/96) compared to 94.2% last year.ConclusionThere is a significant decrease in percentage of overall available and functional physical health equipment; while that of resuscitation equipment has significantly improved when checked and corrected weekly using the trust Resuscitation Check Form.Action plan: 1.All unavailable/ inadequate equipment to be reordered or sent for maintenance immediately.2.Discussion in the upcoming trust Physical Health Nurses Forum and Medical Devices Standards Group on audit recommendations below: . Allocation of named permanent staff member to check presence and functionality of medical equipment regularly.a. Creating a checklist similar to the Resuscitation Check Form for physical health equipment.3.Discussion in the trust Resus Standards Group on ‘My Kit Check’ (MKC), a centrally monitored electronic checking platform with alerts automatically sent for incomplete checks or expired resuscitation items (e.g., AED batteries, anaphylaxis kit) that are not replaced. A funding request has been submitted for this.

Trust maintenance as a function of construal level and attributions: The case of apologies

AbstractWhen do recipients of an apology (“trustors”) base their decision to trust a perpetrator (a “trustee”) on the attributional information embedded in an apology? Attributions provide a detailed account of the trustee's causal involvement in committing a transgression. We therefore argue that trustors in a low construal level mindset use this information in their trusting decision. However, trustors in a high construal level mindset likely consider all apologies as simple statements of regret, regardless of the attributional information they contain. We find support for this argument in four laboratory experiments. This research nuances the idea that to restore trust by means of an apology, the trustee must only use an effective attribution for a negative outcome. We also present a more realistic understanding of the process leading from apologies to trust than has been offered in previous work by simultaneously considering the role of the trustor and that of the trustee in the trust restoration process.

Trust Maintenance and Trust Repair

As an important social capital, construction and development of initial trust have been paid much attention. Trust violation, as a significant phenomenon, also begins to absorb many concerns. Studies of trust repair started late, and focused on sociology for analyzing trust crises during the social transition period in China, but seldom cared about individual and organizational levels. This paper, based on perspective of psychology, summarizes the definition, theoretical foundation and integrative model of trust, and discusses the trust violation, repair processes, repair strategies, the attribution model and dynamic bilateral model of trust repair, providing convenience for research in the individual or organizational level of trust repair.

Trust as a Mediator Between Affection and Relational Maintenance in the Grandparent-Grandchild Relationship

The purpose of this study was to test a mediated model of affection, trust, and relational maintenance behaviors in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. The participants (N = 227) were young adult (i.e., 18–25 years old) grandchildren who completed a series of instruments in reference to their relationship with a specific grandparent. The results of Pearson correlation and regression analyses provided support for the hypothesized positive relationships among grandchildren's received affection from their grandparents, grandchildren's trust in their grandparents, and grandchildren's use of relational maintenance behaviors with their grandparents. Moreover, nonparametric bootstrap analyses indicated that trust is, in most cases, a partial mediator between grandchildren's received affection from their grandparents and grandchildren's use of relational maintenance behaviors with their grandparents. These findings bolster the argument that trust is a central feature of interpersonal relationships.

Review and Reputation based Trust Score Calculation for WLAN (RRTSC)

Wireless networks are becoming more and more popular nowadays. These are widely used because they are easy to deploy. As these networks are essentially decentralized in nature they enhance the resource sharing and collaboration. The anonymous and open nature of system offers an almost ideal environment for unauthorized access of resources and also prone to different attacks in the network. These systems have to challenge the attacks like man-in-the-middle, replay and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks by anonymous malicious peers. So these systems have to protect themselves from these malicious nodes. For this purpose, before communication happens node must determine whether other nodes are trusted and in turn authorized to access resources or functionalities i.e. nodes must establish the trust before their interactions. Hence there is a need to have an effective Trust Management System which will establish a trust between the nodes in a network will update it periodically. This paper presents novel trust management model for trust score calculations to achieve trusted communication in WLAN network. This paper proposes a Review and Reputation based Trust Score Calculation (RRTSC) scheme for wireless networks and independent ad-hoc networks. This presents the trust based model for WLAN as an example of scenario of central authority assisted network which compute the trust for a node based in WLAN. In this trust establishment and trust maintenance between the two peers in WLAN is achieved by trusted central authority.

Trust Mediates Conservation-Related Behaviors

In this article we explore the influence that a perceived connection between a natural resource management agency and individual citizens has upon conservation-related behaviors on public lands, offering an extension of psychology's examination of environmental behaviors. Our emphasis is upon perceived value similarity and resulting trust between citizens and the USDA Forest Service, defined through the salient values similarity model. On the basis of a retrospective analysis of four studies examining public views on threatened and endangered species management on forest lands, we explore the hypothesis that trust will influence public engagement in conservation-related behaviors. We offer evidence suggesting that trust influences perceptions of messages the USDA Forest Service provides regarding risks to habitat, perception of recommended approaches to addressing environmental risk, acceptance of management actions to reduce environmental risks, and engagement of publics in conservation efforts. Findings show that trust is associated with a range of attitudes and behaviors related to conservation, all suggestive of forms of engagement in conservation. We conclude that the relationship between individuals and natural resource management agencies is an underexplored area of inquiry in conservation-related research, one that merits attention given the demonstrated value of trust. Conservation-related organizations, natural resource management agencies, and related entities can benefit from the findings by ensuring that their efforts address trust building and trust maintenance as a part of their ongoing interactions with publics and endeavors to foster conservation-related behaviors.

The Neural Bases of Normal and Deviant Moral Cognition and Behavior

The Neural Bases of Normal and Deviant Moral Cognition and Behavior

Combining bases of trust development in virtual teams

In the setting of a virtual team where cooperating team members are not physically co-located and where technology is used as the major means of communication, trust plays a vital role the glue that holds the entire team together. We suggest that the key assumption in conceptualisation of trust is its dynamic nature, and analyse the formation and maintenance of trust. The purpose is to look holistically at a number of bases including calculative-, cognition-, value-norm-, affect-, and impersonal-based trust. Our conclusion is that most of the trust bases are important in making a decision to trust in the initial phases of the virtual group's life. However, as trust has a very dynamic nature, the bases of trust change their relative importance through time under the influence of people's interactions among themselves. We present a framework for further empirical research into trust formation and maintenance in virtual teams.

Examining Social Trust in Fuels Management Strategies

Abstract Surveys of homeowners in three different ecosystems with varying fuels management approaches reveal that homeowners' trust in natural resource agencies is significantly associated with perceived risks and benefits and with perceived agency competence. A weaker association between forest value orientation and agency trust is evident. Focus group interviews provide further contextual support that the characteristics of competence, care, and credibility associated with an agency are influential in shaping trust. The correlation between trust and acceptance of each fuels management strategy at each of the study sites suggests that trust-building and trust maintenance should be key goals of agency-citizen interactions.