Reciprocal Trust Research Articles

Trust, Fear, Reciprocity, and Altruism: Theory and Experiment

This paper describes central topics in our research program on social preferences. The discussion covers experimental designs that discriminate among alternative components of preferences such as unconditional altruism, positive reciprocity, trust (in positive reciprocity), negative reciprocity, and fear (of negative reciprocity). The paper describes experimental data on effects of social distance and decision context on reciprocal behavior and male vs. female and group vs. individual differences in reciprocity. The exposition includes experimental designs that provide direct tests of alternative models of social preferences and summarizes implications of data for the models. The discussion reviews models of other-regarding preferences that are and are not conditional on othersA¢?? revealed intentions and the implications of data for these models.

Network learning and trust: A case study of a benchmarking network

AbstractWhen organizations engage in learning from each other through self‐governed networks, they may encounter challenges regarding confidentiality. This is particularly true if external accountability needs of the network participants conflict with internal accountability among participants and/or network‐level objectives. This study shows how important it is to have specific agreements about not using findings for accountability outside the network. Empirical evidence comes from a longitudinal case study of a benchmarking project involving six independent public sector companies. Based on reciprocal trust among the participants, the promise of confidentiality was made up front and enforced throughout the network collaboration by the participants themselves.

The Importance of Truth Telling and Trust

Few principles influence success as fundamentally as truth. Truthfulness is the foundation upon which human relationships are built. Truth is the antecedent to trust and trust is the antecedent to cooperation. Without truth, sustainable success is impossible in human dealings. Hence, the importance of truth has been the subject of theological and scholarly pursuit for centuries. Since the latter part of the 20th century, the burgeoning fields of applied ethics has joined in this pursuit. In a 1992 essay, Stanford Business Professor Ronald A. Howard observed: “[t]he ethical dilemmas which my students and business associates seem to face evolve around issues of truth telling.” From Wells Fargo’s creation of over 2 million fake accounts, to GM’s deadly ignition switches, to the ten-billion-dollar fraud that was the healthcare and life-science company Theranos, Inc., today’s ethical dilemmas continue to evolve around issues of truth telling. How truthful we choose to be with others has a significant bearing upon reciprocal truthfulness and trust. Adherence to truthfulness and the subsequent development of trust are vital for meaningful interpersonal relationships, healthy organizational cultures, and prosperous societies. Successful leaders recognize that the organizational cost of institutionalized deceit, in both financial and human terms, is too expensive to condone. In the past seven decades, we have seen an erosion of trust in many of our institutions. Only 3% of Americans trust the federal government to do what is right “just about always” while just 14% trust the federal government to do what is right “most of the time” for a combined 17% of Americans expressing trust in the federal government. In 1958, the combined percent of Americans expressing such trust was 73%. A foundation built on a first-order principle of truth telling will better equip our students with the skills to effectively deal with the moral dilemmas that evolve around truth telling and build trust with those in their professional and personal lives.

Learning person-centredness interprofessionally: an uneasy student journey

ABSTRACT Patient- or person-centered care is a discourse embraced by most clinicians involved in interprofessional care but generally overlooks thepersons of the practitioners and students involved. This paper explores students’ developing perceptions of person-centered care during participation in an interprofessional education program where interprofessional pairs of students partner with patients living with a long-term condition or life-changing event. Weekly focus groups with students and educators over the 7 weeks of the program revealed a rich evolving understanding of person-centredness amongst participant students as they built relationships with both their patient and student partner. Students and educators identified shifts in students’ interprofessional person-centered perspectives and practices, growing awareness of patient personhood and of stories as key to creating and maintaining space for listening and dialogue, and conscious attention to thoughtful, non-judgmental listening and responses. Although initially uncomfortable, uncertain and “stuck” students came to value working in a holistic relational partnership to explore what mattered to the patient, looking beyond the diagnosis to the multi-faceted nature of living with a life-changing condition or event. Importantly, students’ growing self-awareness and participation as persons enhanced person-centredness, leading to questioning of previous healthcare practice experiences where mutual person-centredness was overlooked. Uncertainty about student capability led some educators to reassert control of the process, which students perceived as counterproductive usurping of their personhood and professional autonomy. The research findings suggest that an interprofessional program focused on person-centered relationship building develops student awareness and understanding of mutual personhood but requires high levels of reciprocal trust.

Reciprocity of trust between managers and team members

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose that the manager’s perception of the service quality delivered by his/her team acts as a precursor of his/her trust in team members. In turn, the manager’s trust in team members is related to team members’ trust in the manager. Furthermore, engagement and burnout at the individual level are considered outcomes of trust reciprocity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors test this trust-mediated multilevel model with a sample of 95 managers and 754 team members working in services for people with intellectual disability. These services are delivered by team-based structures of workers who perform coordinated tasks.FindingsThe findings suggest that service quality delivered by team members is positively and significantly related to the manager’s trust in them. The results also suggest that the manager’s trust in team members leads to the trust that managers received by team members. Finally, team members who trust their managers show less burnout and high engagement.Research limitations/implicationsPrevious literature has neglected the reciprocity of trust. In contrast, this research study considered the perspective of both managers and team members and how this reciprocity of trust is related to service quality and well-being at work.Practical implicationsThe current study highlights the critical role of service quality and achieving high-quality relationships between managers and team members.Originality/valuePerformance and well-being are compatible because team members’ efforts are compensated by forming relationships with managers based on trust, and the quality of these relationships, in turn, prevents burnout and stimulates engagement among employees.

El fútbol callejero como herramienta educativa de transformación social en la comuna de Pedro Aguirre Cerda: organización Pac Gol

El artículo analiza cómo la metodología del fútbol callejero (MFC) fortalece la construcción identitaria de los jóvenes participantes de la organización comunitaria Pac Gol, ubicada en la comuna de Pedro Aguirre Cerda, desde un modelo de educación popular que confronta la reproducción de estereotipos sexuales, raciales y de clase presente en el modelo de educación formal y en dimensiones del fútbol tradicional. Se emplea una metodología cualitativa y de corte trasversal, que combina la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas con observación participante. Se logró, por un lado, identificar el arraigo de sus miembros respecto de la organización —expresado tanto en lazos afectivos de confianza recíproca entre sus actores como en la apropiación territorial y el bienestar subjetivo de los sujetos— y, por otro, la evidencia sobre cambios de pautas, normas y actitudes en los jugadores participantes, en torno a valores relativos a la inclusión social y la no discriminación.

Co-creating app-based policy measures for mobility behavior change: A trigger for novel governance practices at the urban level

In the framework of “smart city” strategies, cities worldwide are exploiting information and communication technologies to support their efforts in reducing car use. Recent understandings of smart cities suggest to put people at the core, by actively engaging citizens in co-creating innovative urban services. However, notwithstanding the benefits of participatory processes in urban governance are well-known, low receptiveness towards them is still widespread, which can largely hinder the effectiveness of smart city interventions.In this paper we present the experience of a Swiss city, where, against a past background of resistance to participatory processes, a “living” lab experiment was set for the co-creation of a behavior change app targeting a reduction in car-based traffic. Motivated by the opportunity to overcome limitations of such apps, the lab turned out to deliver wider benefits than initially expected. In fact, the concrete experience of new mobility behaviors stimulated by the app activated a collective learning process among lab participants. Discussions in the lab thus spontaneously scaled-up to far-reaching and potentially conflicting topics about future mobility scenarios. Furthermore, the protected space of the lab favored strengthening of reciprocal trust between citizens and policy-makers, opening-up possibilities for adoption of participatory practices also in future decision-making.

Beyond reciprocity: the role of empowerment in understanding felt trust

ABSTRACTTo date, social exchange theory has been the central framework for explaining the positive benefits of trusting relationships at work. We examine whether psychological empowerment theory may further explain the relation between subordinates’ felt trust and work attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction, work engagement, and turnover intentions) – as well as the relation between subordinates’ felt trust and well-being – beyond the variance solely explained by a social exchange process (i.e., reciprocal trust between a subordinate and their supervisor). We tested our hypotheses in two studies across two distinct employee samples: employees from a large multinational organization and an online cross-section of employees spanning multiple industries. Both studies provided consistent support for our central propositions. Specifically, we found that both subordinates’ empowerment (i.e., meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact) and their trust in their supervisors each uniquely mediated the relation between subordinates’ felt trust and their work attitudes and well-being. Our research findings extend our theoretical understanding of felt trust and highlight the practical importance of building trust in the workplace.

Social Trust and Reciprocity Among Adolescent Girls Exposed to Interpersonal Violence.

Trauma research has traditionally focused on altered emotion regulation and its role in psychopathology, whereas mechanisms of social behavior remain comparatively unexplored, particularly among adolescents. It has been previously reported that adolescents with histories of interpersonal violence (IV) demonstrate disrupted social learning, and the degree to which they are impaired during social interactions requiring trustful behaviors may be associated with their levels of anxiety. In the present study, 52 adolescent females (n = 26 control; n = 26 IV-exposed) between ages of 11 and 17 completed a multi-round adaptation of the Trust Game in which they interacted with a confederate peer run by a computer program, alternating between the roles of investor and investee. The task was designed to operationalize the social behaviors of trust and trust reciprocity, where the magnitude of the participants' monetary investment in the confederate during the investor role represented trust while the proportion of investment returned to the confederate in the investee role represented trust reciprocity. IV-exposed and control participants did not differ in trust (i.e., as investors); however, IV-exposed participants without anxiety diagnoses demonstrated lower trust than those with anxiety diagnoses. For trust reciprocity (i.e., as investees), there were again no differences between IV-exposed participants and controls; however, IV-exposed participants with anxiety diagnoses had increased trust reciprocity compared with both other groups. Similarly, caregiver-reported anxiety symptoms were associated with trust reciprocity behaviors among the IV-exposed adolescents. Findings suggest that IV exposure and associated anxiety impacts adolescents' trust behaviors, demonstrating potential mechanisms for maladaptive social behavior among trauma-exposed youth.

Developing Psychological Contracts of Justice in Improving Employee's Satisfaction at Perum Damri

This study aims to examine the predictors and consequences of a fair psychology contract. There are relationships between the degree of reciprocal trust and fair psychological contracts, reward mechanisms for fair psychology contracts, assessment of actual performance to a psychological contract of justice, intrinsic motivation to equitable psychology contracts, equitable psychological contracts on job satisfaction and Intrinsic motivation and Job satisfaction. The population of this study is 205 staff at Perum Damri Regional Division II and data was collected using a purposive sampling technique. The criteria of the respondents chosen were staff or employees who had worked in Damri's general company for at least 1 year. Data analysis techniques in research using software smart PLS 2.0 M3. This study contains 6 hypotheses and from the research, the results of reciprocal degrees of trust influence the fair psychology contract, but the progressive reward mechanism, the assessment of actual performance and intrinsic motivation have no effect. While fair psychology contracts and intrinsic motivation affect employee job satisfaction.

Weird Exoskeletons: Propositional Politics and the Making of Home in Underground Bucharest

AbstractThe article explores the politics of life underground in Bucharest, Romania. It focuses on a tunnel passing under Bucharest's central train station, where a community of drug users and so‐called ‘homeless’ have made a long‐standing home, using a space that many others considered uninhabitable. Relying on extensive ethnographic observations and interviews undertaken within the tunnels, the article traces and illustrates the socio‐material entanglements characterizing life underground. It frames this assemblage of bodies, veins, syringes, substances and various relationships of power and affect, as a ‘propositional politics’ of home and life at the margins. Such a politics speaks of drug addiction and extreme marginalization, but also of a sense of belonging, reciprocal trust and care. In tracing such a politics, the article does not aim to romanticize the status of home in the underground or to treat it as the marginal antithesis of normative homeliness, but to reveal the ways in which an affirmative, self‐grounding politics of home emerges from the immanence of tunnel life within the fabric of the city. As such, the article contributes to debates around homing practices in conditions of uninhabitability and proposes a radical approach to the politics of life at the margins in the contemporary urban.

Why Physicians Should Trust in Patients

This Viewpoint discusses the importance of reciprocal trust between patients and physicians, identifies reasons physicians may not trust their patients, and proposes ways physicians can communicate their trust directly to patients.

A review and analysis of new Italian law 219/2017: \u2018provisions for informed consent and advance directives treatment\u2019

BackgroundIn December 2017, Law 219/2017, ‘Provisions for informed consent and advance directives’, was approved in Italy. The law is the culmination of a year-long process and the subject of heated debate throughout Italian society. Contentious issues (advance directives, the possibility to refuse medical treatment, the withdrawal of medical treatment, nutrition and hydration) are addressed in the law.Main textWhat emerges clearly are concepts such as quality of life, autonomy, and the right to accept or refuse any medical treatment – concepts that should be part of an optimal relationship between the patient and healthcare professionals. The law maximizes the value of the patient’s time to decide. Every patient is allowed to make choices for the present (consenting to or refusing current treatment) as well as for the future, conceived as a continuation of the present, and to decide what comes next, based on what he/she already knows. The law identifies three distinct but converging paths towards the affirmation of a care relationship based on reciprocal trust and respect: the possibility to consent to or refuse treatment, the shared care planning, and advance directives.ConclusionsThe fundamental point to emerge from the new Italian law is that consensus is an essential connotation of the treatment relationship. Consensus is not limited to the acceptance/rejection of medical treatment but is ongoing. It is projected into the future through shared care planning and advance directives which act as tools for self-determination and the manifestation of the beliefs and preferences of persons unable to express their will. These principles are in line with the idea of appropriate care as evaluated from two different perspectives, one of scientific adequacy and the other commensurate with the individual’s resources, fragility, values, and beliefs. Surely, however, the new law is not the end of the matter on issues such as conscientious objection, which is deeply rooted within the Italian cultural and political debate. In this regard, healthcare institutions and policymakers will be called upon to develop and implement organizational policies aimed at the management of foreseeable conscientious objection in this field.

Tackling multimorbidity in primary care: is relational continuity the missing ingredient?

The GP registration system in the NHS encourages a relationship between a primary care team and a local population over time. Historically, the small size of practice teams and the stability of communities created very strong personal continuity. However, as general practices have become increasingly larger and as people move around and commute more, the likelihood of a strong personal relationship between doctor and patient has been offset against factors such as appointment availability, lead clinicians being responsible for specific conditions, and patients’ choices and priorities. Good and lasting therapeutic relationships flourish when organisations offer sufficient opportunities for a patient to see the same clinician when requested.1,2 However, there is a need for more evidence about how prioritising relational continuity improves overall care outcomes, especially in patients in whom a combination of socioeconomic disadvantage and complex comorbidities prevent effective engagement with health and social services. The term ‘continuity of care’ refers to a complex and multifaceted concept that has been difficult to define.3 Three types of continuity of care are generally accepted: 1) informational continuity, which describes the sharing of patient information between professionals and service providers; 2) management continuity, which describes a timely and complementary delivery of services from different providers; and 3) relational continuity, which describes an ongoing therapeutic relationship between a patient and one or more providers. Relational continuity is associated with improved patient satisfaction, care coordination, and selected patient outcomes.4 It implies a sense of affiliation and mutual commitment between patient and clinician. This affiliation improves reciprocal trust and responsibility, and reduces the ‘collusion of anonymity’, where a succession of clinicians deals only with the most immediately pressing problem. Relational continuity is therefore not only seeing the same …

Conflict of interest. Why is it important?

Scientific publications are the main medium for distributing scientific contributions, be they original studies, reviews, clinical guidelines, editorials or consensus statements promoted by scientific societies, and they may be privately-, state- or industry-funded. The relationship between authors and sources of funding must be expressed transparently, truthfully and completely always ensuring a climate of reciprocal trust between journals and readers.

Conceptualization of the Chronic Care Model: Implications for Home Care Case Manager Practice.

One of the greatest challenges for healthcare systems is the management and prevention of chronic diseases. Wagner's Chronic Care Model aims to transform the daily care of patients with chronic illnesses from acute and reactive to proactive, planned, and population-based. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the available research relating to the Chronic Care Model and consider the implications for Home Care Case Management practice. A total of 18 research studies (5 qualitative and 13 quantitative) were reviewed. A thematic content analysis approach was used. The findings included three themes: Chronic Care Model and positive chronic illness health behaviors and outcomes; Chronic Care Model and delivery of quality chronic illness care; and the importance of the supportive role of the home care nurse in the role of Home Care Case Management. Gaps and limitations of the Chronic Care Model in relation to Home Care Case Management were identified and discussed in relationship to partnership building and reciprocal trust between patients, family caregivers, and the Home Care Case Manager. Finally, implications for the use of the Chronic Care Model in Home Care Case Manager practice, policy development, and future research were presented.

Communication Huddles: The Secret of Team Success.

George Bernard Shaw once said, "The single biggest problem with communication is the illusion it has taken place." Health care continues to move toward a stronger team-based culture, but in many instances, team members lack basic communication skills needed to build organized, agile, and empowered teams. When teams lack reciprocal trust, a sense of safety, and collaboration skills, communication becomes limited. Limited communication leads to poor patient outcomes. This is the fourth article in this series, which focuses on interprofessional teams, and will address one of the single, simplest tools for team communication designed to improve both patient outcomes and employee satisfaction-the huddle. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2018;49(10):451-453.

\u2018Telling our story... Creating our own history\u2019: caregivers\u2019 reasons for participating in an Australian longitudinal study of Indigenous children

BackgroundImproving the wellbeing of Indigenous populations is an international priority. Robust research conducted with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is key to developing programs and policies to improve health and wellbeing. This paper aims to quantify the extent of participation in a national longitudinal study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous Australian) children, and to understand the reasons why caregivers participate in the study.MethodsThis mixed methods study uses data from Wave 6 of Footprints in Time, the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. We conducted descriptive analysis of quantitative variables to characterise the sample and retention rates. We applied conventional content analysis to 160 caregivers’ open-ended responses to the question, ‘Why do you stay in the study?’, identifying themes and overarching meta-themes.ResultsThe study has maintained a high retention rate, with 70.4% (n = 1239/1671) of the baseline sample participating in the study’s 6th wave. We identified seven themes related to why participants stay in the study: telling our story, community benefit, satisfaction, tracking Study Child’s progress, study processes, receiving study gifts, and valuing what the study stands for. These related to two meta-themes: reciprocity, and trust and connection. Caregivers reported that participation was associated with benefits for their family and community as well as for the study. They identified specific features of the Footprints in Time study design that built and maintained trust and connection between participants and the study.ConclusionsOur findings support the assertion that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people want to be involved in research when it is done ‘the right way’. Footprints in Time has successfully recruited and retained the current-largest cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Australia through the use of participatory research methodologies, suggesting effective study implementation and processes. Participants indicated ongoing commitment to the study resulting from perceptions of reciprocity and development of trust in the study. Footprints in Time can serve as a successful model of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research, to promote good research practice and provides lessons for research with other Indigenous populations.

Birthplace in Australia: Antenatal preparation for the possibility of transfer from planned home birth

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to explore how women and midwives prepare, during the antenatal period, for the possibility of intrapartum transfer from planned home birth. DesignA Constructivist Grounded Theory approach was taken in order to focus upon the social interactions and processes that emerged. SettingUrban and regional areas in four states of south eastern Australia. ParticipantsThirty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with women and midwives. FindingsThere were three sub-categories relating to preparation for the possibility of transfer. These were 'Building the midwife–woman partnership', 'Fostering professional connections' and 'Reducing uncertainty'. The reciprocal trust inherent in the midwife–woman partnership helped women feel safe in relation to the possibility of intrapartum transfer to hospital. Midwives who had positive transfer experiences spoke about their commitment to fostering professional connections with hospitals and health professionals as a part of building the capacity for collaboration if, and when, a transfer occurred. Reducing uncertainty involved preparation that included not only providing information and emotional support to the woman around the possibility of transfer, but also arranging for her to book in to a back-up hospital.

EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT: APPEARANCE AND PREFERENCES FOR FULFILLMENT

The European Seascape of the Restricted Area (ERA) and the decision of the Council of Europe of the European Union (2002/584 / TAC) from 13 June 2002, was published in the Official Gazette of the European Community for 18 July 2002. European arrest warrant is in charge of the European Union before the moment of the convention for extradition, (без attach ) between the European Union and the formal nationality Extradition procedure (без from the procedure ) for the betrayal among the EU Member States and the EU based on European arrest warrant. The problem is based on the principle of reciprocal trust between the body on the burdens-members and on the reciprocal recognition of the publication of the act of the assembly from the punishable body on the one-year-old member and addressing it to the authorities so that the body is a member of the EU member-state.