Trust Attitudes Research Articles

A Model of Trust

Trust is central to a large variety of social interactions. Different research fields have empirically and theoretically investigated trust, observing trusting behaviors in different situations and pinpointing their different components and constituents. However, a unifying, computational formalization of those diverse components and constituents of trust is still lacking. Previous work has mainly used computational models borrowed from other fields and developed for other purposes to explain trusting behaviors in empirical paradigms. Here, I computationally formalize verbal models of trust in a simple model (i.e., vulnerability model) that combines current and prospective action values with beliefs and expectancies about a partner’s behavior. By using the classic investment game (IG)—an economic game thought to capture some important features of trusting behaviors in social interactions—I show how variations of a single parameter of the vulnerability model generates behaviors that can be interpreted as different “trust attitudes”. I then show how these behavioral patterns change as a function of an individual’s loss aversion and expectations of the partner’s behavior. I finally show how the vulnerability model can be easily extended in a novel IG paradigm to investigate inferences on different traits of a partner. In particular, I will focus on benevolence and competence—two character traits that have previously been described as determinants of trustworthiness impressions central to trust. The vulnerability model can be employed as is or as a utility function within more complex Bayesian frameworks to fit participants’ behavior in different social environments where actions are associated with subjective values and weighted by individual beliefs about others’ behaviors. Hence, the vulnerability model provides an important building block for future theoretical and empirical work across a variety of research fields.

KEBENARAN ILMIAH DALAM HUKUM

According to Michael Williams, there are five theoretical formulations of truth: Correspondence Truth, Coherence Truth, Pragmatic Truth, Performative Truth, and Propositional Truth. In the history of Western philosophy, actual knowledge corresponds to reality, while in Eastern philosophy, proper knowledge is the knowledge that saves. There are three Institutes of Truth, namely: Science, Philosophy, and Religion, all of which have points of similarity on the one hand and issues of difference on the other. The topics of similarity include: Neither Science nor Philosophy nor Religion aim at least the same thing: Truth. With their respective characteristics, Science, philosophy, and Religion seek the truth about nature and include humans and God. The points of difference, including Both Science and Philosophy, both result from the same source, namely human reason, while Religion comes from divine revelation. Both Science and Philosophy begin with an attitude of doubt or disbelief. Religion begins with an attitude of trust and faith. Both the truth of Science, and the fact of Philosophy, are relative (relative). At the same time, the reality of Religion is absolute (absolute) because Religion is a revelation sent down by the One Who is True, Absolute, and Perfect.

Lender Trust and Bank Loan Contracts

We examine the contractual implications of a lender’s trust for corporate loans. We measure how trusting a lender is using the average trust attitude in the chief executive officer’s ancestral country of origin. We find that banks with trusting CEOs charge lower interest rates in U.S. syndicated loans. This effect is identified within existing lender–borrower relationships and similar types of loans. Further analyses indicate that trust reduces the cost of credit by boosting the perceived credibility of borrower information and by mitigating contracting problems. We corroborate our findings by conducting a survey of loan officers with experience in loan syndication. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. Supplemental Material: The internet appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4371 .

Control in the work of the head of nursing service

The aim of the study is to study the control system in the work of the head of the nursing service of the dental clinic. Results. Patients of the dental clinic note a significant improvement in their health after receiving a dentist, a trusting attitude towards the medical staff of the clinic, and the high qualifications of the clinic staff. Conclusion. The organization of the control process lies in the fact that the results of the activity of a medical organization become optimal if deficiencies and emerging problems in labor and professional activity are detected and eliminated before they become too serious. The characteristics of the control process in the work of the head of the nursing service include: the correctness of performing certain nursing manipulations for caring for patients, carrying out some types of anesthesia, adherence to the rules of asepsis and antiseptics in procedural and dressing and operating rooms, etc.

Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination campaign in New Zealand: trust, affective and cognitive attitudes, and COVID-19 vaccine intention

ABSTRACT Building public trust and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 is as important as developing a safe and effective vaccine to contain the pandemic. Based on the theory of planned behaviour and trust heuristic, this study tests factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination intentions using a national sample survey of the New Zealand public (N = 1040). Results show that while trust in health experts, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, and mass media are significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine intention, affective attitude, and cognitive attitude partly mediate this relationship. Findings can help inform theory and practice of health campaigns to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Trusted sources communicating information that addresses prevailing vaccine concerns are likely to increase public enthusiasm for COVID-19 vaccination.

The Effect of Risk on Trust Attitude and Trust Behavior in Interaction with Information and Decision Automation

The Effect of Risk on Trust Attitude and Trust Behavior in Interaction with Information and Decision Automation

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛИЧНОСТНОЙ ЗРЕЛОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ СРЕДНЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ С РАЗНЫМ УРОВНЕМ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА

The article is devoted to a topical problem of personal maturity and emotional intelligence of students of secondary vocational education. Personal maturity is understood as an integral characteristic that ensures the success of adaptation and self-realization of a person in society on the basis of self-fulfillment and self-organization of one's own life. Emotional intelligence is seen as the ability to recognize and understand one's own emotions and the emotions of others. The purpose of the study: to study and identify the characteristics of the personal maturity of students of secondary vocational education with different levels of emotional intelligence. Research hypothesis: students with a high level of emotional intelligence, in contrast to students with low levels of emotional intelligence, have more developed flexibility of behavior, self-acceptance, The study was conducted in the Republic of Khakassia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It was attended by 170 students of the A. S. Pushkin Minusinsk Pedagogical College and the school of the Olympic reserve, aged 16–20, 92 girls and 78 boys, from 1 to 3 courses. Participants took part in the study on a voluntary basis. The following methods were used: Emotional intelligence test (N. Hall), Personal maturity test questionnaire (Yu.Z. Gilbukh), E. Shostrom's self-actualization test (CAT self-actualization test). The features of personal maturity of students with different levels of emotional intelligence were revealed. Students with a high level of emotional intelligence, compared with students with a low and medium level of EI, have a greater degree of flexibility and spontaneity of behavior. They demonstrate responsible behavior, a trusting attitude towards the world, a predisposition to mutually beneficial and pleasant contacts with other people.

Reproductive health education: a qualitative study of health seeking behaviour of in-school female adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Adolescents in developing countries are often vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. It is estimated that about 13 million adolescent girls have unplanned births each year in developing countries. This study examined the scope of the School Health Education Programme (SHEP) and health-seeking behaviours of female adolescents in Junior High School (JHS). METHODS: this qualitative research used the narrative approach. Group discussions were conducted among 100 female adolescents aged 12-19 years. Interviews were conducted among five community health workers in five health centres that provide reproductive health services. The in-depth interviews and group discussions were documented, transcribed and analyzed using NVivo 11, whilst thematic analysis was used in analyzing data. RESULTS: the mean age of adolescents was 15.5 years, with 74% reporting having knowledge of STDs. It was observed that the SHEP offers various information on health issues such as menstrual hygiene, STDs, personal hygiene, contraceptives, personal development and unsafe abortion practices. Adolescent reproductive health services were also available in the health centres but patronage was low as a result of perceived negative attitude of health workers and trust. Knowledge on issues of reproductive health is insufficient among JHS female adolescents, with many of them relying on the media and peers for reproductive health support. CONCLUSION: in this study, female adolescents are generally involved in risky sexual behaviour due to their low level of knowledge on reproductive issues and their unwillingness to patronize available reproductive health services because of the health system and cultural barriers.

Is anybody in there? Towards a model of affect and trust in human–AI information interactions

Advancements in search engines that utilize machine learning increase the likelihood that users will perceive these systems as worthy of trust.Methods. The nature and implications of trust in the context of algorithmic systems that utilize machine learning is examined and the resulting conception of trust is modelled. While current artificial intelligence does not meet the requirements of moral autonomy necessary to be considered trustworthy, people may still engage in misplaced trust based on the perception of moral autonomy. Users who place their trust in algorithmic systems limit their critical engagement with, and assessment of, the information interaction. A preliminary high-level model of trust’s role in information interactions adapting Ingwersen and Jarvelin’s Integrative Model for Interactive Information Seeking and Retrieval is proposed using the Google search engine as an example. We need to recognize that is it possible for users to react to information systems in a social manner that may lead to the formation of trust attitudes. As information professionals we want to develop interventions that will encourage users to stay critically engaged with their interactions with information systems, even when they perceive them to be autonomous.

Representation of the Phenomenon “Trust” in Medical Advertising Discourse

The problem of creating institutional trust in modern Russian society is considered on the example of advertising activities of companies that produce and promote drugs on the consumer market. In order to identify techniques that contribute to the effective impact on the recipient – the formation of a trusting attitude towards the advertised product, the commercials shown on Russian television from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed. Using the methods of content analysis, discourse and stylistic analysis, elements of component and distributive analysis, it has been established that professional participants in medical advertising discourse use such techniques as the use of toponyms, lexical units borrowed from military discourse, terms, words with positive or negative connotations, presentation of statistical data, construction of a first-person statement, rhetorical questions. It was found that the mention of the country of origin of the drug, which is authoritative for the Russian consumer, has a positive effect on the confidence of patients in this drug; military vocabulary evokes associations with speed, accuracy, direction, strength and testifies to the effectiveness of the drug; medical, chemical, biological terms, statistical data objectify the transmitted information; rhetorical questions, self-narrative and others contribute to the establishment of close contact with the consumer.

Факторы психологического благополучия российской молодежи

The article presents the results of studying the characteristics of psychological well-being of young people in Russia with the PERMA-Profiler questionnaire adapted for the Russian-speaking sample by O.M. Isaeva, A.Yu. Akimova, E.N. Volkova. The study involved 11811 young people living in the central part of Russia. The results of the study suggest that family characteristics (official marriage, having children, living together with a family), income level, life goals (strong family, good education, high earnings, power over others), attitude towards one’s future, following global trends (preservation of the environment, protection of animals), a trusting attitude to modern innovative technologies, including Russian ones, are factors of well-being in Russian youth aged 18 to 35 years. Young people who are positive about their future prospects, focused on strong family and good education, expressing trusting attitude to modern technologies, following world trends in environmental and humanistic orientation, have higher scores of general well-being and its components as compared to those who are focused on increasing material wealth and power over other people, are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, dissatisfaction with the financial situation, and having low confidence in modern technologies. The results of the study can be used in programs aimed to improve well-being of young people.

Self-reported & revealed trust: Experimental evidence

I study the relationship between self-declared trust attitudes – using a well-recognised and established personality questionnaire — and trust choices in an induced infinitely repeated trust game. I find that self-reported trust measures are significantly related with trust choices as long as trust is part of equilibrium strategies. I find that questions regarding others’ intentions is a missing component in previous work that studies self-reports of trust. An important aspect of the design is that first movers are not privy to the choices made by their partners. This design feature, coupled with an uncertainty element introduced in determining the first mover’s final payoff, allows me to analyse how first movers react to bad outcomes. Trusting individuals are more likely to give the benefit of doubt to others. Analysis of the incentivised subjective beliefs reveals that the effect of personality traits on trust choices is not through the formation of beliefs.

Verstörung und Vertrauen

AbstractProceeding from a philosophical interpretation of negative theology as performatively undermining our seeming understanding of the absolute and thereby evoking a transformative experience, this paper emphasises the philosophical significance of negative theology by linking it to Karl Jaspers’ notion of the universal limit situation of existence. Against this background, an analysis of mystical and psychotic experiences shows how certain similarities between the two can be understood as constituting a particular mental state in which the universal limit situation is experienced personally. Moreover, experiencing the limit situation, be it through this mental state or through certain moods or feelings, can be transformative and may lead to an attitude of groundless trust that acknowledges the incomprehensibility of the human condition. The paper argues that this reading of negative theology provides a better understanding of the parallels between mysticism and psychosis and may be fruitfully applied in therapy.

Kant on thinking for oneself and with others—the ethical a priori, openness and diversity

Immanuel Kant famously wants us to think for ourselves. However, thinking collaboratively is often preferable to solitary thinking, especially in educational contexts. In this paper, I argue that Kant does not advocate a problematic form of epistemic or pedagogical individualism. For my argument, I focus on the area that, one might suspect, lends itself the least to collaborative reasoning on Kant's framework: morality founded in rational a priori structures. I show that Kant is aware of both the prospects and limits of reasoning on one's own and with others. According to Kant, openness, rooted in an attitude of mutual trust, is required to reason well with others. Kant, however, does underestimate the significance of diversity for collaborative reasoning.

Bosses without a heart: socio-demographic and cross-cultural determinants of attitude toward Emotional AI in the workplace.

Biometric technologies are becoming more pervasive in the workplace, augmenting managerial processes such as hiring, monitoring and terminating employees. Until recently, these devices consisted mainly of GPS tools that track location, software that scrutinizes browser activity and keyboard strokes, and heat/motion sensors that monitor workstation presence. Today, however, a new generation of biometric devices has emerged that can sense, read, monitor and evaluate the affective state of a worker. More popularly known by its commercial moniker, Emotional AI, the technology stems from advancements in affective computing. But whereas previous generations of biometric monitoring targeted the exterior physical body of the worker, concurrent with the writings of Foucault and Hardt, we argue that emotion-recognition tools signal a far more invasive disciplinary gaze that exposes and makes vulnerable the inner regions of the worker-self. Our paper explores attitudes towards empathic surveillance by analyzing a survey of 1015 responses of future job-seekers from 48 countries with Bayesian statistics. Our findings reveal affect tools, left unregulated in the workplace, may lead to heightened stress and anxiety among disadvantaged ethnicities, gender and income class. We also discuss a stark cross-cultural discrepancy whereby East Asians, compared to Western subjects, are more likely to profess a trusting attitude toward EAI-enabled automated management. While this emerging technology is driven by neoliberal incentives to optimize the worksite and increase productivity, ultimately, empathic surveillance may create more problems in terms of algorithmic bias, opaque decisionism, and the erosion of employment relations. Thus, this paper nuances and extends emerging literature on emotion-sensing technologies in the workplace, particularly through its highly original cross-cultural study.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00146-021-01290-1.

Measurement of Trust in Automation: A Narrative Review and Reference Guide.

With the rise of automated and autonomous agents, research examining Trust in Automation (TiA) has attracted considerable attention over the last few decades. Trust is a rich and complex construct which has sparked a multitude of measures and approaches to study and understand it. This comprehensive narrative review addresses known methods that have been used to capture TiA. We examined measurements deployed in existing empirical works, categorized those measures into self-report, behavioral, and physiological indices, and examined them within the context of an existing model of trust. The resulting work provides a reference guide for researchers, providing a list of available TiA measurement methods along with the model-derived constructs that they capture including judgments of trustworthiness, trust attitudes, and trusting behaviors. The article concludes with recommendations on how to improve the current state of TiA measurement.

In Bureaucrats we Trust? Good Governance and Trust in Civil Servants

While a sizeable literature exists that examines individuals’ trust in government, far less attention has been paid to analyzing trusting attitudes in civil servants - the agents of government with whom citizens have the most contact and interaction. Previous studies have found a noticeable link between public sector performance and the level of trust citizens have in public institutions. However, questions remain as to whether it is the outcomes that the public sector produces or otherwise the process that is used that most influences trusting attitudes. The data used in the analysis comes from the 2016 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) module “Role of Government V.” Data from national samples drawn from 23 OECD countries are examined using multilevel logistic regression. The results indicate that individuals living in countries characterized by better governance indicators are more trusting of civil servants than those in countries where procedural performance is poorer.

Trust in Automation: Comparison of Automobile, Robot, Medical, and Cyber Aid Technologies

The adoption and appropriate utilization of automated subsystems is dependent on the acceptance, trust, and reliance in the automated subsystem and the systems as a whole. The differences in trust attitudes between vehicle, robot, medical devices, and cyber aids, as affected by dispositional and learned factors has not been studied. As such this paper employs an anonymous online survey to evaluate the contribution of these factors to trust by technology. The results indicate automation in medical devices are ranked as the most trusted, and the automation trust index is highest for automation in cyber aids, followed by medical devices. Vehicle automation and robot automation are the least trusted technologies by both measures. Furthermore, the largest contributors to trust index included familiarity with the technology, perceived importance and usefulness of the technology, and propensity to trust automation. This study illustrates the importance of considering demographics, attitudes, and experience in trust studies.

Political trust in a multilevel polity: patterns of differentiation among more and less politically sophisticated citizens

Differentiation in political trust attitudes occurs when citizens distinguish between different political institutions in terms of their trustworthiness. This article explores patterns of citizens’ (non-)differentiation between the local, national and European Union governance levels with regard to political trust. With unique Dutch data, we find that trust evaluations of each pair of governments (local–national/national–European Union/local–European Union) follows a distinct pattern. This suggests that citizens: (1) form more than one political trust attitude; and (2) use different cognitive mechanisms (like cognitive proximity and subjective rationality) to make sense of the political complexities in multilevel governance systems. Although general patterns found at the population level were largely reproduced at the subgroup level, that is, low and high political sophistication groups produced similar patterns of (non-)differentiation, highly politically sophisticated citizens tended to differentiate more – they are more likely to evaluate each governance level ‘on its own merits’. Our results are especially relevant in an era of declining trust, where governments want to regain citizens’ trust but are very much in the dark about which government level (if any) is the main culprit. Points for practitioners Citizens, particularly those with higher political interest, more exposure to political information and higher education, tend to differentiate in their trust orientations towards different governments. This suggests that citizens, to some extent, judge different governments in the multilevel system ‘on their own merits’. Therefore, politicians and public managers confronted with declining trust in their jurisdiction should seriously consider whether such a negative trend might not reflect citizens’ dissatisfaction with their governments’ lack of responsiveness to the specific demands of its citizens.

Effects of Relationship Marketing of Skincare Shop on the Customer Trust and Relationship Continuity Intention

This study researched the effects of relationship marketing of skincare shop on the customer trust and relationship continuity intention. For this, a survey was conducted from December 1 st to December 15 th 2020, targeting the women in their 20s-50s with experiences of using skincare shop in Seoul and capital area for three months or more. Total 327 questionnaires were used for the final analysis, and the results of this study are as follows. First, in the effects of relationship marketing of skincare shop on the customer trust, the subfactors of relationship marketing such as communication, customer orientation, and professionalism were the important factors on the experience and ability, honesty, discomfort, trust, benefit, position, and sincere attitude of customer trust. Second, in the effects of relationship marketing of skincare shop on the relationship continuity intention, the subfactors of relationship marketing such as communication, customer orientation, and professionalism were the important factors on the continuity, positiveness, recommendation, priority, use intention, price, and revisit of relationship continuity intention. In order to provide valuable service to customers and also to maintain relationships with customers, such results of this study could be utilized as the basic data for improving the service and establishing the differentiation strategies as managerial elements contributing to the stable operation as the service providers maintain the long-term relationships by getting equipped with professionalism and response ability through education. Keywords: Customer Trust; Relationship; Relationship Marketing; Skincare Shop