Trunk Pipelines Research Articles

Changes in magnetic characteristics of pipes during hydraulic and pneumatic tests of trunk pipelines

To identify the zones with the highest tensile stresses and deformations, a two-parameter magnetic method based on the measurement of coercive force and residual magnetic induction was applied. For realization of the method a mobile hardware and software complex DIUS-1.21M with an electromagnetic U-transducer was used, which was located along the pipe axis and along the pipe ring. Measurements were carried out on three pipes: in the first one magnetic characteristics were measured in the absence and under the influence of internal pressure; in the second and third ones — before the test and after the pipe fracture. It was revealed that internal pressure leads to the growth of residual magnetic induction in all zones both along the axis and along the ring, which indicates the occurrence of axial and circular tensile stresses in these zones, and the change of coercivity occurred ambiguously. It was found that fracture significantly increases the scatter of magnetic characteristics, which is explained by the complex nature of the stress-strain state of the fractured object.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OIL TRUNK PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT: A SCENARIO APPROACH

The article is devoted to the development of a scenario approach in assessing the effectiveness of a main oil pipeline construction project. A pressing issue is the formation of an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of the oil trunk pipeline construction project, in connection with the impact of various types of risks and uncertainties of the external environment (technical, economic, environmental). Based on this, a particularly important aspect is to study the impact of these various risks on the project and take into account the scenario approach in this (taking into account both the pessimistic scenario and the optimistic scenario for project implementation), which will improve the efficiency of the entire oil trunk pipeline construction project. The methodology proposed by the author, used when assessing the effectiveness of a main oil pipeline construction project, allows us to take into account the predictable uncertainty of the project's effectiveness. Unified integral indicators of the economic effect of the project for all three scenarios were developed on the basis of standardized indicators and their weighted significance. The most effective project for implementation has been identified, taking into account three scenarios, which, depending on one of the three implementation scenarios, will provide the best values of project performance indicators: net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return and payback period.

Use of fibre optic systems for detection of small leaks on trunk pipelines

This paper is devoted to the issue of efficiency of application of fibre optic leak detection systems for identification of small leaks on trunk pipelines. The main methods of leak detection currently in use have been considered, and parametric and fibre optic LDS have been selected for comparative analysis. In the course of the research a model of product leakage from an underground oil pipeline equipped with a fibre-optic LDS was built in the COMSOL Multiphysics software package. The result of the simulation was the estimated time of leak identification by the fibre-optic system, which turned out to be much shorter than that of the parametric LDS. Compensable environmental damage for each type of system was then calculated, confirming the effectiveness of fibre optic LDS for detecting small leaks on trunk pipelines due to the significant reduction in compensable damage.

APPLICATION OF AUTOMATED SOFTWARE FOR OPERATIONAL HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS OF A FIELD TRUNK PIPELINE

The article discusses the issues of improving the accuracy and efficiency of initial data preparation, as well as carrying out technical calculations when planning the route of field trunk pipelines (FTP) by automating the solution of tasks for: choosing the pipeline route according to a topographic map, constructing the profile of the pipeline route, conducting hydraulic calculation of the pipeline, determining the locations of pumping stations on the route and their operating modes. The results of the research carried out on the development of a software module for hydraulic calculation of field trunk pipelines for special software of the automated control system of the MTO «Palas» are presented.

Incident during construction of an underwater passage by directional drilling

Relevance. This paper considers the issue of construction of underwater passages of trunk pipelines by the directional drilling method using concrete weight coated pipes. This issue is relevant, since at the present moment there is no standards and technical documentation regulating the calculation procedure of the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with concrete coating in a well. There are situations when design institutes made incorrect design decisions as a result, the pipe string got stuck during works. Those incidents led to unnecessary economic expenditures and a delay in the work implementation plan. Aim. To study the issues which related with the sticking of the pipe string during the construction of the underwater passage of the main pipeline by the method of directional drilling; calculate the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with concrete coating and the actual parameters of the pilot drillhole. Objects. An underwater passage of a trunk pipeline constructed by the method of directional drilling. Methods. Study of standards and technical documents on the construction of underwater crossings of main pipelines and an analysis of the incident in which a pipeline with concrete weight coating got stuck. Results. The authors substantiate the calculation of the minimum allowable elastic bend radius of a pipeline with a concrete coating based on the requirements of domestic standards and technical documentation. The authors have calculated this value by an analytical method, based on studies of the bending stiffness of concrete structures by foreign scientists, as well as actual parameters of the pilot drillhole. The obtained results of the studied values were analyzed and a conclusion was given about the causes of the incident associated with the sticking of the pipe string.

ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING HYDROCARBON LEAKS IN PIPELINE TRANSPORT WITH INTERMEDIATE REMOVAL OF PART OF HYDROCARBON

Currently, the main part of hydrocarbons consumed both in the Russian Federation and in the world as a whole is transported through pipelines. This type of transport has many advantages, however, despite this, problems arise during operation related to ensuring the integrity of the pipelines themselves and providing settlements located along the linear part with fuel using intermediate branches to local oil depots. It is worth noting that in this case there is a problem of ensuring constant and highquality monitoring of the state of the oil product pipeline-branch pipeline system, for which constant monitoring methods based on mathematical modeling are often used to solve, which make it possible to investigate the integrity without changing the pumping mode. However, in order to improve the accuracy of these methods, it is necessary to constantly improve existing or develop new mathematical models of pipeline systems.The main aim of the research. Improvement of mathematical modeling methods for detecting leaks or unauthorized tie-ins during intermediate scheduled discharges of hydrocarbons on the linear part of the main pipeline.Mathematical modeling of the operating mode of the technological section of the main pipeline, taking into account the discharge on the linear part, the need to regulate the operating modes of pumping stations.An algorithm has been developed to determine the location of a leak or illegal tie-in on a trunk pipeline with an intermediate branch to a local oil depot. A graph of the hydraulic slope line is constructed in the presence of damage to the integrity of the pipeline. A preliminary economic assessment of the damage to the supplier company from the loss of the pumped product was carried out.

INVESTIGATION OF OIL PIPELINE EQUIPMENT FAILURE-FREE PERFORMANCE DEPENDING ON INTRODUCED QUALITY MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS

The industry system for assessing the conformity of the main types of products used by Transneft has been operating since 2004 and is implemented on the basis of the Research Institute of Pipeline Transport of Transneft Research Institute. Conformity assessment shall be carried out for products of producers ensuring the technological processes of oil and petroleum products transportation and safety of facilities of oil trunk pipelines and petroleum product pipelines, including products operated under excess pressure of oil and petroleum products.As part of the implementation of this area of activity, the institute solves the following tasks:— expert examination of technical documentation of products;— participation in factory tests of products;— conducting tests of products on their own at the Research and Development Center of NII Transneft LLC (Ufa);— participation in the inspection of the production of products. In turn, Transneft has defined a list of the main types of products that are subject to mandatory conformity assessment and inclusion in the ORP Register, after which they are allowed to be used at Transneft’s hazardous production facilities, as well as developed its own industry regulatory documents of the type general technical requirements that take into account the uniqueness of the operating conditions of the equipment. Management of equipment reliability at different stages of the life cycle in an oil transportation enterprise represents a complex multilevel system of interrelated scientific, methodological and organizational and technical measures that directly or indirectly affect the reliability of equipment.Within the framework of the studies carried out by the specialists of Transneft Research Institute, more than thirty such measures were analyzed for direct or indirect impact on the reliability of equipment, including incoming control of equipment, factory, bench, resource, laboratory tests, production inspections, technical supervision of manufacturing, construction control of installation, diagnostics, maintenance, repairs, development of industry standards and other procedures. The variety of such processes makes up the system reliability of hazardous production facilities for pipeline transport of oil and petroleum products. The heterogeneity and sometimes redundancy of such processes negatively affect both operating organizations and equipment manufacturers.

Opportunities for rail in the transport of carbon dioxide in the United States

The deployment of carbon management strategies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) at scale will require significant investments in transport infrastructure to deliver CO2 to reliable storage. While pipeline transport has dominated the conversation due to economic reasons, there is increasing evidence that other modes may become viable alternatives when considering scale, regional opportunities, and social acceptance. This paper assesses the viability of rail for CO2 transport in the United States using market analysis, techno-economic assessment and geographic information systems mapping. We believe rail presents many advantages, notably in existing infrastructure with established right-of-ways, but also as an instrument to address unwanted effects of our energy transition, particularly in coal communities. We find that the strategic replacement of coal as a freight commodity could translate into 100 Mt/yr of CO2 movement by rail by 2050, and support up to 60,000 jobs in that industry. Further, we find that while rail pricing is notoriously volatile, there is strong support for rail being the least cost option over pipeline for volumes under 2 Mt CO2 per year, which aligns well with smaller, more risk-averse, and distributed carbon management projects that are scheduled to deploy over the next decade. Rail can also be an alternative in regions where CO2 pipeline projects have had limited success, like in the Midwest, where CO2 is captured from ethanol plants that are already serviced by rail networks. Likewise, rail can service roughly 25% of point-source CCS opportunities that are not proximal to projected trunk pipeline networks, of which 94% are located 1-mile from railroad. Finally, rail may be an integral part of CDR development in regions that are not coterminous with geologic storage, particularly in the Western and Northern US.

ANALYSIS OF EXTREME VALUES FOR DATA PROCESSING OF IN-LINE TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTICS

The pipeline system plays an important role in the structure of enterprises engaged in the transportation of significant volumes of oil and gas over long distances. However, steel pipelines are subject to corrosive factors, which can lead to defects and a reduced service life. Statistical analysis methods have recently been increasingly used to maintain structural reliability and ensure safe operation of equipment, both in the oil and gas industries. One method of statistical modeling is extreme value analysis, which can be used to extrapolate data from random inspection checks to non-investigated areas. The article is devoted to the assessment of the possibility of using statistical methods for analyzing data of in-line technical diagnostics (ITD) to ensure the integrity of trunk pipelines. The ITD results of one section of the export pipeline were used to determine the maximum corrosion rate of the entire length of the pipeline by extrapolating the Gumbel statistical distribution. The algorithm for constructing the Gumbel distribution is given. Plotting the autocorrelation function was used as a method for determining the independence of measurements. The belonging of the analyzed sample to the Gumbel distribution was confirmed by calculating the Anderson-Darling consent criterion. The ITD results of the remaining sections of the oil export pipeline confirmed the possibility of using extreme analysis to determine the maximum corrosion rate and increase the efficiency of pipeline inspection measures. Thus, it was concluded that statistical modeling is able to provide an estimate of the maximum corrosion rate during partial pipeline ITD and, therefore, savings in financial and time resources.

Criminal Responsibility for Pipeline Thefts: Legislative, Theoretical and Practical Aspects

The paper is devoted to the problems arising in the theory of criminal law and court and investigative practice when classifying a theft under paragraph «b« of Part 3 of Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. According to the results of the study, the authors present their recommendations as to improvement of the classification of a theft committed from other pipelines (not normatively fixed in Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The physical essence of the object of theft and its different interpretation in the legal literature are analyzed. The paper considers mandatory elements of a theft in the form of stealing and using hydrocarbons in their favor, committed by the so-called illegal tapping. Special attention is given to the issues of differentiation of planning and attempt in the analyzed body of theft, assessment of the actions of the coauthor and accomplice in the theft from the oil pipeline, oil product pipeline and gas pipeline. The category of «place» of a criminal act, i.e., theft from pipelines of various types, including trunk pipelines, is systematized, and the classification of the deed is proposed. The author’s position on the classification of other forms of theft (in particular, robbery and plundering) committed from an oil pipeline, oil product pipeline or gas pipeline is highlighted. The law enforcement practice is analyzed, the issues of distinguishing the theft of oil, petroleum products or gas from the pipeline from causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust are touched upon. The authors conclude that theft of oil (petroleum products) and theft of gas represent two types of theft within the same body of the crime. The authors have studied over 400 court decisions (sentences, rulings, resolutions) on crimes in the form of theft of oil, petroleum products or gas from pipelines for the period from 2007 to 2022, in more than 20 regions of Russia. The results of the study are reflected in the presented conclusions.

Deformation features of trunk pipelines with composite linings under static loads

This paper considers the deformation process of a typical section of a steel trunk pipeline with a defective zone, strengthened with a carbon fiber composite lining, under the influence of stationary internal pressure. Defects in the form of thinning of the pipe thickness and cracks were investigated. The stressed-strained state of the structure at critical pressure was analyzed. The thickness of the composite lining was determined, at which the bandage compensates for the effect of internal pressure on the damaged section of the pipeline. Research was carried out numerically based on finite element modeling in the ANSYS software package. When studying the stressed-strained state of a pipe with a defect of an arbitrary complex shape under the influence of critical pressure, a compensating value was obtained. The result showed that a carbon fiber lining with a thickness of 17 % of the rated thickness of the pipe could completely compensate for the effects of internal pressure in the defect area. In this case, the stresses in the carbon fiber lining were close to minimal. When studying the stressed-strained state of a pipe with a large crack of arbitrary shape at critical pressure, a compensating value was also obtained. It has been established that to compensate for the concentration of internal pressure in the crack zone, the thickness of the composite lining should be at the level of 34 % of the rated thickness of the pipe. In this case, the deformation of the steel pipe in the area of the crack occurs in the elastic region. The exception is the crack tips, where plastic deformations are observed, and stresses arise up to 93 % of the ultimate strength of the pipe steel. At the same time, the stresses in the carbon fiber lining remain close to minimal. Thus, it is recommended to use carbon fiber linings with a thickness of 17 % or more of the rated pipe thickness to bandage damage constituting up to 75 % of the thickness of a steel pipe. To bandage cracks, it is recommended to use carbon fiber linings with a thickness of at least 34 % of the rated pipe thickness

China's CO2 pipeline development strategy under carbon neutrality

Under China's goal of carbon neutrality, there is a huge demand for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, utilization, and storage technology (CCUS). CO2 transport, as a crucial link in the CCUS industrial chain, will inevitably rely on the construction of long-distance CO2 pipelines and infrastructure. Due to the late start and small scale of China's CO2 pipeline construction, and the relative lag in related technologies and policies, it is urgent to make systematical planning and achieve relevant technological breakthroughs for the future construction of CO2 pipeline network as a public infrastructure. Therefore, a three-stage pipeline development path is proposed based on the analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics and the temporal pattern of large-scale commercial development of CO2 carbon sources and storage in China. Moreover, solutions and suggestions are proposed upon the developments analysis in China from the perspectives of pipeline transportation technology, safety evaluation, materials and equipment, and integrity. The results show that the construction of CO2 pipeline network as an important CCUS infrastructure will accelerate with the development of the global CCUS industry; the spatial distribution of CO2 emission sources and storage is unbalanced in China, with 65.8% from the eastern and central China, and CO2 flooding and geological storage contributing to most of large-scale CO2 pipeline transportation. The conclusions are as follows. First, the three-stage development path is a million-ton demonstration project of supercritical CO2 transmission pipeline before China peaks carbon emissions. After the achievement of carbon peak, a 10 million-ton regional network architecture of CO2 pipeline network centered on basins will be built, and trunk pipelines between regions will be formed before achieving carbon neutrality, establishing the national carbon transmission network with a transportation capacity of 10 × 108 ton, and a total mileage of approximately 6 × 104 km. Second, we should carry out research on the technology and equipment for the full phase CO2 pipeline transportation onshore and offshore, improve the domestic pipeline transportation technology, and promote the continuous improvement of the regulatory system in the pipeline transportation industry, so as to facilitate the implementation of demonstration projects.

ОЦЕНКА СТЕПЕНИ УЩЕРБА ПРИ АВАРИЯХ МАГИСТРАЛЬНЫХ ТРУБОПРОВОДОВ МЕТОДОМ АНАЛИЗА ИЕРАРХИЙ

The increase in the number of objects of the economy of the oil and gas complex on the territory of the Russian Federation entails an increase in the number of accidents at these objects. One of the most emergency facilities of the oil and gas complex are trunk pipelines. Accidents on main pipelines lead to various types of damage, the totality of which increases the severity of the consequences of accidents. In this regard, there is a need to assess the main pipelines in order to determine their most emergency type. For this purpose, the work carried out such an assessment of trunk pipelines by the method of hierarchy analysis. This assessment made it possible to identify priority areas for strengthening safety requirements in the main pipeline transport.

Optimization of the cathodic protection system for the main pipelines

This study investigated the multi-criteria task of optimizing the operating modes of cathodic protection stations (CPS), considering monitoring data, geological conditions at the pipeline installation site, climatic or seasonal changes, and other factors. The relevance of this research is associated with a comprehensive solution to the problem of increasing the durability and reliability of trunk pipelines to reduce accidents at their facilities by ensuring the efficiency of electrochemical protection (EChP) systems. The problems of existing EChP systems are analyzed, where the elimination of anode zones ("lack of protection") due to cathodic polarization is carried out without operational consideration of environmental conditions, as a rule, with a margin in terms of protective potential, which often leads to "overprotection", resulting in increased power consumption, gas formation on the metal surface, and detachment and wear insulation of pipelines. The aim of this research is to create a method for optimal regulation of the operation modes of the main pipelines and an adaptive electrochemical protection system that provides control and parameter management of cathodic protection stations, considering changes in external conditions on individual linear sections of main pipelines. Tasks: to develop an adjustment method for finding the effect of the CPS on the value of potentials at control points along the pipeline route; to develop a multicriteria optimization model for regulating the operation modes of the CPS; and to provide an example of testing the method of optimal regulation on the objects of the linear part of the existing main gas pipeline. The following results were obtained. A method is proposed for determining the effect of CPS operating modes on the value of potentials at control points in the mode of interrupting the protection current of other stations. An optimization model was formed according to the criterion of uniformity of the distribution of the protective potential "pipe-ground" along the pipeline route and according to the criterion of the minimum total protective current of all CPSs on a given section of the main pipeline. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is associated with the development of an original optimization method that allows scientifically determining the operation modes of the CPS to ensure the protection of the main pipeline both in time and length with reduced operating costs and adaptability to changes in climatic, seasonal, and geological conditions at the pipeline installation site. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by the regulation of the parameters of the CPS based on the monitoring data of the section of the main gas pipeline of the oil and gas complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

A method for importance and risk assessment of main pipeline facilities

The issues of creating a method for solving a multi-criteria task of the importance and risk (hazard) assessment of trunk pipeline objects (sections) are considered. The method is developed on the basis of the analytic hierarchy process. Each object (section) of trunk pipelines is characterized by a set of particular criteria that have their own scale of possible values of different physical nature and different dominance in determining the overall object importance. In this regard, there is a problem of transition from estimates by physical parameters to dimensionless assessment using some membership function. The study proposes an approach to automating the process of assessing objects by particular parameters in the analytic hierarchy process. For this purpose, a method is proposed that allows experts to be excluded from the process of filling in the paired comparison matrix based on the formation of a system of rules. Having a vector of criteria importance and guided by a system of rules, it is enough to specify the actual values of criteria for each alternative to compare objects. Based on this method, a model has been developed that allowed experimental studies to be carried out in the developed software. This method, as well as the developed importance assessment and decision-making software, is used in the automated system of electrochemical protection of main pipelines. The results of evaluating the importance of criteria for the task of risk assessment of gas pipeline sections are presented. The results obtained and their practical implementation in the management of main gas pipelines confirmed the effectiveness of the developed method. This allows you to make decisions in situations where it is necessary to carry out a multi-criteria selection of currently effective solutions and management strategies, assess risks, prioritize elements and coordinate actions for modernization or development

AUTOMATED PIPELINE INSPECTION USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

Monitoring the condition of pipelines and site facilities of the oil and gas trunk transportation system, as well as other facilities of the oil and gas complex, allows you to collect the necessary information quickly, getting into hard-to-reach places where land transport or a person cannot get to, and reduce the response time to emergency situations and eliminate their consequences.
 The paper considers the existing designs of unmanned aerial vehicles used in systems for remote monitoring of technological facilities, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages while inspecting the linear part of the trunk pipeline. Two variants for automated platforms placing along the route for taking off and recharging unmanned aerial vehicles are proposed. The first variant allows more thorough inspection while flying around, the second one allows using fewer platforms and longer inspection area.

Specific features of applying machine welding with drop transfer in repair of operating pipelines

Introduction. Repair of pipelines under pressure of pumped media by means of welding is relevant to reduce the complexity of work. However, it may reduce the safety of work. To solve this issue, the authors consider applying the technological processes of machine welding with controlled drop transfer.Aim. To determine the main parameters of technological processes of machine welding with controlled drop transfer, affecting the safety of welding.Materials and methods. The authors developed a theoretical model for calculating the working thickness of a pipeline wall under pressure which they used for calculating the strength during welding. The dependence of the pipeline wall thickness at the edge of the penetrated hole on the internal pressure was also used in the calculations.Results. It was found that machine welding with controlled transfer of metal drops allows the wall penetration depth to be regulated by changing the welding variables. This significantly increases the safety of welding on pipelines under pressure of pumped media, compared to other types of welding. The developed welding processes ensure the safety of welding operations by means of a smooth and accurate control of the wall penetration depth. This is achieved by the correct selection of the background and peak current, control of the drop transfer process by arc voltage, control of the amount of weld metal and the heating temperature of welded structures.Conclusion. Recently, a number of repair technologies have been developed to improve the quality of welds in the construction and repair of trunk pipelines. The highly significant results of research on the development of machine welding technology with controlled drop transfer allow this technology to be recommended as an effective way to improve the safety of welding operations on pipelines under pressure of pumped media.

Economic and scale prediction of CO2 capture, utilization and storage technologies in China

In response to the lack of global quantitative research on the potential and scale prediction of CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in China under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, this study predicts the future economic costs of different links of CCUS technologies and the carbon capture needs of different industries in the scenario of fossil energy continuation. Based on the CO2 utilization and storage potential and spatial distribution in China, a cost-scale calculation model for different regions in China in 2060 is constructed to predict the whole-process economic cost and its corresponding scale potential of CCUS. The results show that a local + remote storage mode is preferred, together with a local utilization mode, to meet China's 27×108 t/a CO2 emission reduction demand under the scenario of fossil energy continuation. Specifically, about 5×108 t CO2 emission is reduced by capture utilization, and the whole-process cost is about −1400–200 RMB/t; about 22×108 t CO2 emission is reduced by capture storage, and the whole-process cost is about 200–450 RMB/t. According to the model results, it is recommended to develop the chemical utilization industry based on P2X (Power to X, where X is raw material) technology, construct the CCUS industrial cluster, and explore a multi-party win-win cooperation mode. A scheme of national trunk pipeline network connecting areas connecting intensive emission reduction demand areas and target storage areas is suggested. The emission reduction cost of thermal power based on CCUS is calculated to be 0.16 RMB/(kW·h).

Transportation of pipeline and liquefied natural gas: comparative analysis of pros and cons

Today energy supply and energy efficiency are still the most important and relevant issues of lively international discussions. The purpose of this paper is to study the current state of the natural gas market. The primary types of transported hydrocarbon fuels currently presented on the trading floor include natural gas predominantly transported through trunk pipelines, and liquefied natural gas competing with it. The study of this problem involved a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of liquefied natural gas and pipeline gas transportation for the case of commercial gas shipment from the Russian Federation to the European Union and liquefied natural gas shipment from the United States of America to the European Union. It is important to note that natural gas shipments through the Nord Stream gas pipeline have been completely suspended since September 2022 for an indefinite period of time. As a consequence, it is the American liquefied natural gas that is becoming the main alternative to the pipeline gas from Russia today. An agreement has been formed between the United States and the European Union to supply 15 billion cubic meters of liquefied natural gas in the past 2022. However, the inescapable fact is that daily guaranteed shipment of natural gas is a timely and economically feasible source of energy fuel. Using the rule of guaranteed advantages and disadvantages, the authors identified the most rational and profitable aspects of light hydrocarbon fuel transportation. The conducted study resulted in the analysis of the following indicators: the cost of shipped raw materials, the transportation cost of compared options, and amount of hydrocarbon gas losses during the main technological operations. In addition, the issue of environmental safety of operated facilities was considered.

Modeling the Transient Resistance of Trunk Pipeline Insulation Based on Measurements of the Magnetic Induction Vector Modulus

Modeling the Transient Resistance of Trunk Pipeline Insulation Based on Measurements of the Magnetic Induction Vector Modulus