Trunk Limbs Research Articles

Revision of the costata-group of Alona s. lato (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) confirms its generic status

By taking Flavalona gen. nov. out of Alona s.l. (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae), the last major clade has now been removed from this polyphyletic assemblage. Flavalona gen. nov. is a monophylum defined by having three, rarely two connected head pores and slit-shaped, rarely rounded lateral head pores. Postabdomen rather long, distally narrowed, with robust marginal denticles and weakly developed lateral fascicles of setules. End-claw weakly curved and with short basal spine. Male postabdomen with gonopores opening at the end of a penis-like outgrowth. Trunk limbs: exopodite of P2 with seta; inner portion of P4 with flaming-torch shaped setae; P5 with filter plate of three setae; P6 a large simple lobe. The relationship of the new genus with other Aloninae remains to be determined. A key to the 11 species of the genus is provided and a discussion of their geographic distribution and habitat type is given.

Changes in segmentation and setation along the anterior/posterior axis of the homonomous trunk limbs of a remipede (Crustacea, Arthropoda).

This study describes the segmentation and setation at different developmental stages of the homonomous trunk limbs of the remipede Speleonectes tulumensis Yager, 1987 collected in anchialine caves of the Yucatan Peninsula. Most homonomous trunk limbs originate ventrolaterally and are composed of two protopodal segments, three exopodal segments and four endopodal segments; contralateral limb pairs are united by a sternal bar. However, the last few posterior limbs originate ventrally, are smaller sized, and have regressively fewer segments, suggesting that limb development passes through several intermediate steps beginning with a limb bud. A terminal stage of development is proposed for specimens on which the posterior somite bears a simple bilobate limb bud, and the adjacent somite bears a limb with a protopod comprised of a coxapod and basipod, and with three exopodal and four endopodal segments. On each trunk limb there are 20 serially homologous groups of setae, and the numbers of setae on different limbs usually varies. These groups of setae are arranged linearly and are identified based on the morphology of the setae and their position on the segments. The number of setae in these groups increases gradually from the anterior homonomous limb to a maximum between limbs 8–12; the number then decreases sharply on the more posterior limbs. Changes in the number of setae, which reach a maximum between trunk limbs 8–12, differ from changes in segmentation which vary only over the last few posterior trunk limbs. Following a vector analysis that identified a spatial pattern for these 20 groups of setae among the different homonomous limbs, the hypothesis was confirmed that the number of setae in any given group and any given limb is correlated with the group, with the position of the somite along the body axis, and with the number of somites present on the specimens. This is the first vector analysis used to analyze a pattern of developmental changes in serially homologs of an arthropod. Development of remipede limbs are compared and contrasted with similar copepod limbs. Architecture, particularly the sternal bar uniting contralateral limb pairs, proposed as homologous, and development of trunk limb segmentation of the remipede is generally similar to that of copepods, but the remipede limb differs in several ways including an additional endopodal segment, the proximal, that appears simultaneously with the protopod during development.

Does carbohydrate availability play a role in sweet cherry fruitlet abscission?

Fruitlet abscission is an issue impacting the profitability of the cherry industry, with particular cultivars showing enhanced susceptibility. This study examined the role of carbohydrate availability in fruitlet abscission in two sweet cherry cultivars, 'Kordia' and 'Lapins'. Starch and soluble sugar concentrations in branch, trunk and root tissue were measured regularly throughout the growing season of 2012/2013. Normal transport of carbohydrates was disrupted 5 weeks after full-bloom by applying trunk girdling and limb defoliation treatments, and the rate of flower and fruitlet abscission was monitored. In 'Lapins', trunk girdling decreased the rate of abscission, but abscission was unaffected by girdling in 'Kordia'. When fruit was assessed at commercial harvest, the fruit from the defoliated treatment was immature in both cultivars. The highest sugar concentration was found in fruit from the girdled trees in both 'Kordia' and 'Lapins'. Trunk starch concentrations ranged from 22.6 mg g-1 at the beginning of the season to 28.80 mg g-1 just after harvest in 'Lapins', and were higher in 'Kordia' with 42.02 mg g-1 at the beginning of the season to 39.13 mg g-1 just after harvest. Shoot starch concentrations were very similar to trunk in both cultivars, whereas root carbohydrate concentrations did not recover after the trunk girdling treatment in either cultivar, which is expected to have an impact on the following season's return bloom.

Retroperitoneal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a preschool child

Abstract Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive sarcomas that occur in adulthood and are located mainly on the trunk and lower limbs, with a high association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Case report A 34-months-old female infant without NF1 with a palpable abdominal tumor is described. The tumor corresponded to a retroperitoneal MPNST. The diagnostic approach and management are presented, highlighting the complications and sequelae during the evolution of the patient. Conclusions Despite their low incidence, MPNSTs are important because of their aggressiveness, and should be considered upon the detection of a tumor located at paravertebral level or limbs, especially in patients with NF1. The cornerstone of the treatment lies in a complete surgical resection due to the high rate of recurrence and limited therapeutic response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This case presents clinical manifestations and complications that can be expected with these tumors and their harmful behavior. The absence of NF1 does not exclude the diagnosis.

Prospective observational case series of povidone iodine-induced contact dermatitis

Background Povidone iodine (PVI) is a broad-spectrum bactericidal agent and is also effective against viruses, protozoans, and fungi. With this advantage comes the disadvantage of irritation at the site of application. The sensitization rate of PVI was found to be 0.7%. Aim The aim of this study was to identify the cases of contact dermatitis (CD) due to PVI and to study the various clinical patterns, severities, and causalities of the cases. Settings and design This study is a prospective observational case series report. Method Thirty patients diagnosed with CD due to PVI were included in the study and evaluated on the basis of causality, severity, and preventability with standardized questionnaires like Naranjo’s algorithm and WHO causality scale, Hartwig–Shigel severity scale, and modified Schumock and Thorton scale for preventability, and they were followed up at days 5 and 10. Results and conclusion Male patients dominated the study population (M : F, 3 : 2), and the most frequently encountered age group was 20–50 years. The most common locations of CD were the lower limb (50%), trunk (31.81%), and upper limb (18.19%). The concentration of PVI used for all of the cases was 10%, and similar brands of PVI were used on all patients. Eighteen cases were mild and 12 were moderately severe on the Hartwig scale. Causality assessment was performed using Naranjo’s algorithm and the WHO causality scales. It was found that all cases were probable on Naranjo’s algorithm and possible on the WHO causality scale. The cases were found to be preventable on the modified Schumock and Thornton scale. All cases were avoidable according to the P-method. PVI is the most common antiseptic used in the surgical field, and sensitization to PVI is not uncommon, as mentioned in the literature. A PVI concentration of 10% has a higher propensity for causing side effects, but it also has a higher efficacy in reducing the bacterial load.

Varying Pattern of Injuries in Different Types of Railway Fatalities

A study on 78 railway fatalities in Kerala showed that 65% of the dead bodies were found dismembered. Patterns of injuries in different types of railway fatalities were observed. The pattern of injuries seen in deaths due to suicide in upright positions matched with the deaths due to accidental train-person collision. Decapitation, without injuries to the trunk and lower limbs, was found commonly in those cases in which the suicide was accomplished by lying on the railway track. Decapitation was rare in other types of deaths.

Occurrence of Skin Abscess and Sensitivity Pattern of Associated Bacterial Organisms in Pigs on Ifelodun Farm Settlement, Ogun State, Nigeria

Pigs are relatively prone to abscess formation especially in the skin. This study was designed to assess the occurrence of skin abscess in pigs on the Ifelodun farm settlement in Ogun state, South-West Nigeria and evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial organisms isolated from pus samples from the abscesses. A total of 2,909 pigs from 104 randomly selected farms on the Ifelodun farm settlement were physically examined. The anatomic locations of gross swellings on the skin were noted. Diagnosis of skin abscess was arrived at after palpation and aspiration of content. Pus samples from 14 intact abscesses were collected aseptically for isolation and sensitivity using standard cultural and disc diffusion method respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. 26 (0.89%) of the 2,909 pigs examined across 22 (21.2%) farms out of 104 farms surveyed were affected. The anatomic distribution of the abscesses includes 43.3%, 6.67%, 16.67% and 33.33% on the neck, forelimbs, trunk, and hind limbs respectively. None was observed on the head. 10 bacterial species were isolated from the 14 tested isolates with Arcanobacterium pyogenes (57.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%) and Escherichia coli (35.7%) being most frequently isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity profile varied with more isolates being sensitive to Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, and Chloraphenicol for gram positive bacterial species and Ceftazidine, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin and Augmentin for gram negative species. Swine skin abscess affects various body regions in pigs on Ifelodun pig farm settlement. The neck and hind limbs were mostly affected likely due to poor injection practices. Based on availability of veterinary preparation readily available in the Nigerian market, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Erythromycin remain viable options for post-surgical management of the abscesses while Chloramphenicol should be avoided due to its deleterious effect on humans. Antibiotic sensitivity is recommended in cases of recurring skin abscesses in a pig or herd.

Acute hemorrhagic edema: Rare variety of leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A 12-month-old boy presented with swelling all over body, reddish brown lesions over both lower extremities, and mild fever. On examination, pallor was present, vitals were stable, and child appeared well-except for edema and rashes. Pitting edema was present over all extremities and periorbital region. There was no edema over scrotum and abdominal wall. Skin examination showed erythematous, palpable, purpuric lesions (0.5–3 cm in diameter) over buttocks and lower limbs sparing trunk, face, and upper limbs. All other systems were within normal limits. Skin biopsy showed the features suggestive of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic edema was made on the basis of clinical examination and skin biopsy. The child responded to steroids.

Phylogenetic insights into the Anomopoda, mainly derived from a comparative study of trunk limb 1

The P1 in a clade formed by the radopods and daphniid-like families of the anomopods nicely reflects the evolution that has occurred in the order. The Gondwanotrichidae are the only family that has a remnant of an exopodite, but in several other families an exopodite seta is still preserved. The primitive Gondwanothrix has a total of 20 setae on its surface, a number that decreases in the 11 families considered to a minimum of 9 in Moina salina Daday, 1888. Radopods plus Daphniid families are housed in a new suborder, the Mixopoda. The three daphniid families themselves belong in the new infraorder Verripoda. The P1 of the Radopoda has a basal inflexion and a gnathobase; the Verripoda have lost both. Even in the most advanced Mixopoda, the P1 still shows evidence of at least four endite segments. This is no longer the case in the Bosminidae and Ilyocryptidae, which also have ejector hooks in the apical instead of the basal position on the limb. The building blocks of the limb in the latter families are not identifiable. Both families appear old and probably merit to be classified as suborders.

Capacidade de alcance em idosas submetidas a um treinamento de flexibilidade

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of flexibility training on the maximum range of motion levels and reach capacity of older women practitioners of aquatic exercises of the Prev-Quedas project. Participants were divided into two groups: intervention (IG, n = 25), which were submitted to flexibility training program and control (CG, n = 21), in which older women participated only in aquatic exercises. Flexibility training lasted three months with weekly frequency of two days, consisting of stretching exercises involving trunk and lower limbs performed after aquatic exercises. The stretching method used was passive static. Assessment consisted of the functional reach, lateral and goniometric tests. Statistical analysis was performed using the following tests: Shapiro-Wilk normality, ANCOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlations. Significant results for GI in gains of maximum range of motion for the right hip joint (p = 0.0025), however, the same result was not observed in other joints assessed, and there was no improvement in functional and lateral reach capacity for both groups. Significant correlations between reach capacity and range of motion in the trunk, hip and ankle were not observed. Therefore, flexibility training associated with the practice of aquatic exercises promoted increased maximum range of motion only for the hip joint; however, improvement in the reach capacity was not observed. The practice of aquatic exercises alone did not show significant results.

Short- and long-term training effects on motor and functional performances of community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects (1 year follow-up) of a combined program of strengthening and aerobic conditioning on measures of impairment and activity in individuals with chronic stroke.Methods: A prospective, observational study embedded within a trial was conducted. Measures of impairment (strength of the trunk and lower limb muscles) and activity (gait speed, gait capacity and ability to manage stairs) of 23 individuals with chronic stroke were reassessed 1 year after the cessation of the training. Repeated measure ANOVAs, followed by planned contrasts, were used for analyses.Results: Significant training effects were found for all outcome measures (3.81 > F > 93.5, 0.0001 > p > 0.04). The gains in strength of the paretic and non-paretic lower limbs were not maintained and returned to baseline levels after 1 year follow-up. However, the gains in all activity measures remained.Conclusions: These findings support the short- and long-term benefits of a combined program of muscular strengthening and physical conditioning for individuals with chronic stroke with high functional levels, since the gains associated with the training were maintained after the 1 year follow-up for all studied variables, except for the strength of the paretic and non-paretic lower limbs.

Photodynamic Therapy for large lesions: better than surgery

s / Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12 (2015) 325–375 375 (19%/n=5). The area of the lesions ranged from 3 to 48 cm2, with a mean of 14.7cm2. A total responsewas observed in 69% of the cases (18). In the eight remained lesions (30%) was observed a reduction of at least 50% of the area. This study shows an important contribution of PDT treatment in large area lesions, avoiding surgery for big reconstructions flaps or grafts in old patients with comorbidities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.194 Longterm follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma after Photodynamic Therapy Ana Gabriela Salvio1, Elisangela Ramos de Oliveira1, Dora Patricia Ramirez2, Natalia Mayumi Inada2, Cristina Kurachi2, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato2 1 Skin Department of Amaral Carvalho Hospital, Brazil 2 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Studies about the long-term follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC) underwent through photodynamic therapy is few reported. This clinical research describes a total of 56 cases of nBCC less than 1 cm diagnosed and treated during 2010 and 2011 at Amaral CarvalhoHospitalwith Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) (topic 15%MAL-PDT, illuminated at 630 nmwith a total delivered energy of 100 J/cm2). Most of the nBCC were located at head and neck area (57%/n=32) followed by trunk (30%/n=17) and upper limbs (13%/n=7). During a total time follow up of 53 months (with a median follow up of 30,8 months (0 to 53 months), the recurrence was observed in only 5% of the patients and it occurred in the first 14 months of follow up. For this group it can be considered a free disease follow up of 93.7%. It can be concluded that PDT for nodular BCC is safe treatment with low rates of late recurrence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.195 Reduction in surgical procedures in patients with Gorlin syndrome when management associated with Topical Photodynamic therapy: report of two cases Ana Gabriela Salvio1, Dora Patricia Ramirez2, Elisangela Ramos de Oliveira1, Natalia Mayumi Inada2, Cristina Kurachi2, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato2 1 Skin Department of Amaral Carvalho Hospital, Brazil 2 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao

Reduction in surgical procedures in patients with Gorlin syndrome when management associated with Topical Photodynamic therapy: report of two cases

s / Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12 (2015) 325–375 375 (19%/n=5). The area of the lesions ranged from 3 to 48 cm2, with a mean of 14.7cm2. A total responsewas observed in 69% of the cases (18). In the eight remained lesions (30%) was observed a reduction of at least 50% of the area. This study shows an important contribution of PDT treatment in large area lesions, avoiding surgery for big reconstructions flaps or grafts in old patients with comorbidities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.194 Longterm follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma after Photodynamic Therapy Ana Gabriela Salvio1, Elisangela Ramos de Oliveira1, Dora Patricia Ramirez2, Natalia Mayumi Inada2, Cristina Kurachi2, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato2 1 Skin Department of Amaral Carvalho Hospital, Brazil 2 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Studies about the long-term follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC) underwent through photodynamic therapy is few reported. This clinical research describes a total of 56 cases of nBCC less than 1 cm diagnosed and treated during 2010 and 2011 at Amaral CarvalhoHospitalwith Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) (topic 15%MAL-PDT, illuminated at 630 nmwith a total delivered energy of 100 J/cm2). Most of the nBCC were located at head and neck area (57%/n=32) followed by trunk (30%/n=17) and upper limbs (13%/n=7). During a total time follow up of 53 months (with a median follow up of 30,8 months (0 to 53 months), the recurrence was observed in only 5% of the patients and it occurred in the first 14 months of follow up. For this group it can be considered a free disease follow up of 93.7%. It can be concluded that PDT for nodular BCC is safe treatment with low rates of late recurrence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.195 Reduction in surgical procedures in patients with Gorlin syndrome when management associated with Topical Photodynamic therapy: report of two cases Ana Gabriela Salvio1, Dora Patricia Ramirez2, Elisangela Ramos de Oliveira1, Natalia Mayumi Inada2, Cristina Kurachi2, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato2 1 Skin Department of Amaral Carvalho Hospital, Brazil 2 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao

Long- term follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma after Photodynamic Therapy

s / Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12 (2015) 325–375 375 (19%/n=5). The area of the lesions ranged from 3 to 48 cm2, with a mean of 14.7cm2. A total responsewas observed in 69% of the cases (18). In the eight remained lesions (30%) was observed a reduction of at least 50% of the area. This study shows an important contribution of PDT treatment in large area lesions, avoiding surgery for big reconstructions flaps or grafts in old patients with comorbidities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.194 Longterm follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma after Photodynamic Therapy Ana Gabriela Salvio1, Elisangela Ramos de Oliveira1, Dora Patricia Ramirez2, Natalia Mayumi Inada2, Cristina Kurachi2, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato2 1 Skin Department of Amaral Carvalho Hospital, Brazil 2 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Studies about the long-term follow-up of nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC) underwent through photodynamic therapy is few reported. This clinical research describes a total of 56 cases of nBCC less than 1 cm diagnosed and treated during 2010 and 2011 at Amaral CarvalhoHospitalwith Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) (topic 15%MAL-PDT, illuminated at 630 nmwith a total delivered energy of 100 J/cm2). Most of the nBCC were located at head and neck area (57%/n=32) followed by trunk (30%/n=17) and upper limbs (13%/n=7). During a total time follow up of 53 months (with a median follow up of 30,8 months (0 to 53 months), the recurrence was observed in only 5% of the patients and it occurred in the first 14 months of follow up. For this group it can be considered a free disease follow up of 93.7%. It can be concluded that PDT for nodular BCC is safe treatment with low rates of late recurrence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.195 Reduction in surgical procedures in patients with Gorlin syndrome when management associated with Topical Photodynamic therapy: report of two cases Ana Gabriela Salvio1, Dora Patricia Ramirez2, Elisangela Ramos de Oliveira1, Natalia Mayumi Inada2, Cristina Kurachi2, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato2 1 Skin Department of Amaral Carvalho Hospital, Brazil 2 Sao Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao

Inherited Isolated Dystonia in Children

Isolated dystonia refers to a clinical and genetic heterogeneous group of movement disorders causing repetitive twisting movements that inflict abnormal postures to different body parts, without evidence of other pathological findings on examination. Brain imaging results by definition normal, without detectable structural abnormalities. Most of the genes underlying isolated dystonia in children are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion (DYT1, DYT6), often with reduced penetrance (30–60%); this can make it difficult to clearly individuate a positive family history to guide the clinician in the choice of genetic tests. In children, the typical site of onset is in the lower limbs, with a considerable proportion of cases that subsequently generalize to involve the trunk and upper limbs, while onset in the oromandibular and laryngeal regions as well as the neck are less frequently encountered and should always prompt to rule out secondary causes of dystonia. Recently, the discovery of new genes responsible for isolated, sometimes early-onset, dystonia in adults (GNAL, ANO3) has potentially widened the number of genetic causes of dystonia in children, in which a considerable number of cases still remains genetically undetermined.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques

Ross D. Farhadieh, Neil W. Bulstrode, Sabrina Cugno, eds. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. ISBN-10: 1118655427, ISBN-13: 978-1118655429. $399.95. ![Graphic][1] Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques is a single-volume comprehensive plastic surgery textbook that deftly navigates that delicate balance between simply summarizing the vast components of plastic surgery or burdening the reader with volumes of extensive detail. The book's 79 chapters are divided into nine sections covering the core topics of plastic surgery: “Basic Science and Principles,” “Integument,” “Pediatric Plastic Surgery and Congenital Disorders,” “Head and Neck Reconstruction,” “Breast,” “Trunk and Lower Limb,” “Upper Limb,” and “Aesthetic Surgery” (the ninth and final section is entitled “Military, Simulation Training, and Exams”). Each chapter follows a similar outline: relevant anatomy, classification, surgical options, case examples, and complications. The editors have assembled over 130 international authors, many of whom are recognized authorities in their subspecialty, to provide a truly global perspective of the field of plastic surgery. The book is true to its subtitle: Approaches and … Corresponding Author: Dr Keith E. Brandt, Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CB 8238, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. E-mail: brandtk{at}wustl.edu [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif

Trunk and lower limbs muscular activity during tennis-specific movements: effect of sliding on hard and clay court

Tennis is a sport played on a variety of surfaces and the surface influences players’ footwork. On clay court, the ability to slide is critical when there is a need to change direction quickly (Fer...

Cephalic and limb anatomy of a new Isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the role of "stem bivalved arthropods" in the disparity of the frontalmost appendage.

We herein describe Surusicaris elegans gen. et sp. nov. (in Isoxyidae, amended), a middle (Series 3, Stage 5) Cambrian bivalved arthropod from the new Burgess Shale deposit of Marble Canyon (Kootenay National Park, British Columbia). Surusicaris exhibits 12 simple, partly undivided biramous trunk limbs with long tripartite caeca, which may illustrate a plesiomorphic “fused” condition of exopod and endopod. We construe also that the head is made of five somites (= four segments), including two eyes, one pair of anomalocaridid-like frontalmost appendages, and three pairs of poorly sclerotized uniramous limbs. This fossil may therefore be a candidate for illustrating the origin of the plesiomorphic head condition in euarthropods, and questions the significance of the “two-segmented head” in, e.g., fuxianhuiids. The frontalmost appendage in isoxyids is intriguingly disparate, bearing similarities with both dinocaridids and euarthropods. In order to evaluate the relative importance of bivalved arthropods, such as Surusicaris, in the hypothetical structuro-functional transition between the dinocaridid frontal appendage and the pre-oral—arguably deutocerebral—appendage of euarthropods, we chose a phenetic approach and computed morphospace occupancy for the frontalmost appendages of 36 stem and crown taxa. Results show different levels of evolutionary decoupling between frontalmost appendage disparity and body plans. Variance is greatest in dinocaridids and “stem bivalved” arthropods, but these groups do not occupy the morphospace homogeneously. Rather, the diversity of frontalmost appendages in “stem bivalved” arthropods, distinct in its absence of clear clustering, is found to link the morphologies of “short great appendages,” chelicerae and antennules. This find fits the hypothesis of an increase in disparity of the deutocerebral appendage prior to its diversification in euarthropods, and possibly corresponds to its original time of development. The analysis of this pattern, however, is sensitive to the—still unclear—extent of polyphyly of the “stem bivalved” taxa.

PTH-084 Bullous cutaneous vasculitis-a rare side effect to adalimumab therapy

Introduction Anti-TNF(tumour necrosis factor) therapy is an effective treatment for Crohn’s disease. As the usage of anti-TNF drugs increase worldwide, the proportion of reported serious side effects are expected to rise. We present a serious adverse reaction to Adalimumab. Method Case A 20 year old gentleman with background of Crohn’s disease with previous terminal ileal resection and Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis (JIA) had been on Adalimumab (Humira, Abbvie, USA), for dual indication, on a dose of 40mg per week since 2010 and was in remission. He presented to hospital in September 2014 with an erythematous maculo-papular rash distributed over his lower limbs, trunk and upper limbs. Initial blood tests showed raised inflammatory markers with no other abnormality and a vasculitis screen was negative. He had dramatic worsening of the rash while in hospital with rapid development of new lesions and bullous transformation of some of the existing lesions with necrotic areas. A skin biopsy showed severe cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Results He was treated with high-dose intravenous Methyl-Prednisolone and was later switched to oral therapy. He improved over the next 8 weeks with reducing dose of Prednisolone. Anti-TNF drug therapy was the likely cause of the cutaneous vasculitis in absence of another specific trigger and based on existing literature, cutaneous vasculitis secondary to anti-TNF therapy is one of the side effects which may require drug withdrawal, and can be potentially serious and debilitating. There have been very few case reports worldwide of cutaneous vasculitis secondary to anti-TNF therapy, with fewer cases reported secondary to Adalimumab. According to current literature, the average duration of treatment before patients developed a major cutaneous reaction was noted to be 36 months, with all responding to drug withdrawal. Conclusion We believe this is the first reported case of bullous vasculitis of this degree of severity, secondary to Adalimumab, involving nearly 63% of body surface area (Rule of 9s) with full thickness involvement. (Picture) As the use of anti-TNF drugs increases worldwide, it is worth considering them as a possible cause of cutaneous lesions. Our experience suggests that withdrawal of the drug and high dose corticosteroids is an effective treatment strategy. Disclosure of interest None Declared.

Influence of Gender on Trunk and Lower Limb Biomechanics during Lateral Movements

This study investigates gender differences in lateral trunk lean to confound possible associations with hip and knee joint biomechanics during lateral reactive jumps. Twelve female and 12 male athletes performed lateral reactive jumps while three-dimensional knee, hip and trunk kinematics as well as ground reaction forces and electromyography of selected thigh muscles were recorded. Lateral trunk lean did not differ between genders, while females had greater knee valgus angle than males (–4.9 ± 3.9° vs. 1.6 ± 3.2°, p = 0.001). A significant association between the lateral trunk lean and the hip abduction moment (r = 0.55) was found. Moreover, lateral trunk lean and knee abduction moment showed a significant relationship (r = 0.67). The positive association between trunk lean and knee abduction moment suggests that higher lateral trunk lean may increase the risk of knee injury during lateral movements and that the trunk should be trained accordingly in team sports.