Trunk Fat Mass Research Articles

Comparison of anthropometric and body composition indices in the identification of metabolic risk factors

Whether anthropometric or body composition indices are better indicators of metabolic risk remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to compare the association of metabolic risk factors with anthropometric and body composition indices and to identify the better indicators for risk factors in a large-scale Korean population. In this cross-sectional study, the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as anthropometric indices and trunk fat mass (TFM), percent trunk fat mass (%TFM), whole-body total fat mass (WBTFM), and percent whole-body total fat mass (%WBTFM) as body composition indices with metabolic risk factors were compared by complex-samples multiple logistic regression models based on complex-sample survey data. In men, WHtR, BMI, and TFM were similarly associated with hypertension. Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterolemia tended to be more strongly associated with WHtR and WC than body composition indices. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were more strongly associated with WHtR and %TFM than other indices. In women, hypertension tended to be more strongly associated with WHtR than other indices. TFM, %TFM, and WHtR were similarly associated with hyperlipidemia. Diabetes and hypo-HDL cholesterolemia were more strongly associated with WHtR and WC than body composition indices. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were more strongly associated with WHtR and %TFM than other indices. Among six metabolic risk factors, the validity and utility of the anthropometric indices in identifying risk factors tended to be similar to or better than those of the body composition indices, except for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in men and hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia in women.

Design of the ForesiGHt Trial: A Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Trial to Compare Once-Weekly TransCon hGH (lonapegsomatropin) to Placebo and Daily Somatropin in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD)

BackgroundAdult GHD results from insufficient growth hormone (GH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland and may represent either a continuation of childhood-onset GHD or GHD acquired during adulthood. Clinically, adult GHD is associated with central adiposity, decreased lean muscle mass, increased fat mass, decreased bone mineral density, and reduced quality of life. Current standard of care consists of GH replacement via daily injections.Lonapegsomatropin is a long-acting prodrug of somatropin (hGH), designed to deliver unmodified hGH with a weekly exposure profile. Lonapegsomatropin consists of somatropin that is transiently bound to a carrier via a proprietary TransCon Linker. The carrier extends the duration of somatropin in the circulation through a shielding effect that minimizes renal excretion and receptor-mediated clearance of the prodrug. At physiologic conditions, lonapegsomatropin releases fully active, unmodified somatropin via autocleavage of the linker in a controlled manner.The safety and efficacy of lonapegsomatropin have previously been evaluated in two phase 3 trials and one long-term extension trial in pediatric GHD. Changes in body composition are an objective and sensitive endpoint that reflects biologic activity of GH and clinical efficacy of GH replacement. Methods: The primary objective of the foresiGHt trial is to evaluate the efficacy of once-weekly lonapegsomatropin compared to placebo at 38 weeks in adults with GHD. The trial will be conducted at approximately 120 sites in North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Approximately 240 subjects will be randomized 1:1:1 to once-weekly lonapegsomatropin, once-weekly placebo, or daily somatropin (Norditropin®). Subjects will be treatment-naïve or without GH therapy for at least 12 months. Subjects with well-controlled non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) will be eligible. Following screening, the 38-week treatment period will consist of a 12-week gradual dose titration period and 26 weeks of fixed dose maintenance. Fixed dosing will be used to ensure maximal comparability across the treatment arms in the trial. Three dosing groups per arm will be established to allow for differences in age and oral estrogen intake in women.The primary endpoint is change from baseline in trunk percent fat at week 38, as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Secondary efficacy endpoints are change from baseline in trunk fat mass and change in total body lean mass at week 38. Exploratory efficacy endpoints include total body fat mass, trunk lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion: The ongoing global phase 3 foresiGHt trial is designed to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lonapegsomatropin by weekly administration, compared to weekly placebo and daily hGH replacement therapy in adults with GHD.

Pubertal Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Relation to Late Adolescent Body Fatness in Boys: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study.

There is a lack of studies investigating whether objectively measured physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in puberty is associated with healthier body composition in late adolescence. The study sample included 71 boys, who were measured at puberty (mean age of 12.1 years) and again at late adolescence (mean age of 18.1 years). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, and total PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time (SED) were calculated, while CRF was assessed by a peak oxygen consumption test. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and body fat percentage (%BF), fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. Body mass index (BMI) and SED time increased, while MVPA, total PA, and CRF decreased from puberty to late adolescence. A relatively high degree of tracking for BMI and CRF, and a low tracking for PA from puberty to late adolescence was observed. Only the CRF value at puberty negatively predicted adolescent BF% (β = −0.221; p = 0.015), FMI (β = −0.212; p = 0.006), and TFMI (β = −0.189; p = 0.015) values. Adolescents whose CRF was above the median at puberty had lower BMI, BF%, FMI, and TFMI in comparison to those whose CRF was below the median at puberty. In conclusion, measured CRF and PA values decreased from puberty to late adolescence. Pubertal CRF predicted body fatness indices six years later in healthy adolescents.

On the Relationship Between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Overweight/Obese Adolescents

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a health problem growing in line with the rising prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents, which may be correlated with different metabolic abnormalities such as osteoporosis. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between NAFLD with body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in obese and overweight adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed 70 adolescents aged 11 - 18 years and was conducted during March 2016 and September 2016 in Mashhad, Iran. Anthropometric parameters and blood biomarkers were measured. Fat mass, fat-free mass, and BMD were determined using dual-energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, and NAFLD was also assessed using Fibroscan. All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Multivariate linear regression assessed the relationship between liver fat content with bone-related indicators, and multivariate logistic regression detected the relationship between body composition and NAFLD. Results: Total and trunk fat mass were significantly correlated with higher NAFLD even after controlling for intervening factors (total fat mass, OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.016 to 1.59, P = 0.036; trunk fat mass, OR = 1.35; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.88, P = 0.045). Moreover, liver fat content was significantly correlated with lower BMD Z-score after adjusting for gender, BMI Z-score, ALT, fat mass index, total lean mass, and physical activity (β = -0.285, P = 0.048). Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that excess adipose tissue is correlated with higher NAFLD. Moreover, liver steatosis may be correlated with decreased BMD Z-score in overweight/obese adolescents.

Association of Oophorectomy and Fat and Lean Body Mass: Evidence from a Population-Based Sample of U.S. Women.

Bilateral oophorectomy during a nonmalignant hysterectomy is frequently performed for ovarian cancer prevention in premenopausal women. Oophorectomy before menopause leads to an abrupt decline in ovarian hormones that could adversely affect body composition. We examined the relationship between oophorectomy and whole-body composition. Our study population included cancer-free women 35 to 70 years old from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative sample of the U.S. A total of 4,209 women with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were identified, including 445 with hysterectomy, 552 with hysterectomy and oophorectomy, and 3,212 with no surgery. Linear regression was used to estimate the difference in total and regional (trunk, arms, and legs) fat and lean body mass by surgery status. In multivariable models, hysterectomy with and without oophorectomy was associated with higher total fat mass [mean percent difference (β); βoophorectomy: 1.61%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-2.28; βhysterectomy: 0.88%; 95% CI, 0.12-1.58] and lower total lean mass [βoophorectomy: -1.48%; 95% CI, -2.67, -1.15; βhysterectomy: -0.87%; 95% CI, -1.50, -0.24) compared with no surgery. Results were stronger in women with a normal body mass index (BMI) and those <45 years at surgery. All body regions were significantly affected for women with oophorectomy, whereas only the trunk was affected for women with hysterectomy alone. Hysterectomy with oophorectomy, particularly in young women, may be associated with systemic changes in fat and lean body mass irrespective of BMI. Our results support prospective evaluation of body composition in women undergoing hysterectomy with oophorectomy at a young age.

Association Between Body Fat Distribution Assessed by Different Techniques and Body Image Perception in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents

Purposeverify whether there is difference in body fat values assessed by different methods according to the body image perception of HIV-infected children and adolescents. Design and methodsThis is a cross-sectional study with 65 HIV-infected children and adolescents (aged 8–15 years). Total fat mass, trunk fat mass, arm fat mass and leg fat mass were obtained through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Anthropometric variables were measured according to international standardization. Body image was assessed using a scale of body silhouettes. Bone age covariates were assessed using carpal wrist X-rays and physical activity by accelerometers. Information regarding viral load and use of combined antiretroviral therapy was obtained from medical records. In males, no significant difference in body fat values and body image categories was observed. ResultsIn the model with covariates, girls who desired to reduce body weight had higher BMI (18.96 kg / m2 ± 2.47, R2 adj: 0.613), total fat mass (14.25 kg ± 1.37, R2 adj: 0.589), trunk fat mass (6.50 kg ± 0.66, R2 adj: 0.611) and leg fat mass values (6.01Kg ± 0.57, R2 adj: 0.503) in comparison to girls who were satisfied and to those who desired to increase body weight. ConclusionsHIV + girls who desired to reduce body weight had greater amount of BMI, total fat mass, trunk fat mass and leg fat mass compared to those who were satisfied and those who desired to increase body weight. Practice implicationsThese data can be used to assist in the process of coping and accepting body image.

Effects of Two Workload-Matched High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Regional Body Composition and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men.

The effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on regional body composition and fat oxidation in men with obesity were compared using a parallel randomized design. Sixteen inactive males (age, 38.9 ± 7.3 years; body fat, 31.8 ± 3.9%; peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak, 30.9 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to either HIIT10 (48 × 10 s bouts at 100% of peak power [Wpeak] with 15 s of recovery) or HIIT60 group (8 × 60 s bouts at 100% Wpeak with 90 s of recovery), and subsequently completed eight weeks of training, while maintaining the same diet. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed only a main effect of time (p < 0.01) and no group or interaction effects (p > 0.05) in the examined parameters. Total and trunk fat mass decreased by 1.81 kg (90%CI: −2.63 to −0.99 kg; p = 0.002) and 1.45 kg (90%CI: −1.95 to −0.94 kg; p < 0.001), respectively, while leg lean mass increased by 0.86 kg (90%CI: 0.63 to 1.08 kg; p < 0.001), following both HIIT protocols. HIIT increased peak fat oxidation (PFO) (from 0.20 ± 0.05 to 0.33 ± 0.08 g/min, p = 0.001), as well as fat oxidation over a wide range of submaximal exercise intensities, and shifted PFO to higher intensity (from 33.6 ± 4.6 to 37.6 ± 6.7% VO2peak, p = 0.039). HIIT, irrespective of protocol, improved VO2peak by 20.0 ± 7.2% (p < 0.001), while blood lactate at various submaximal intensities decreased by 20.6% (p = 0.001). In conclusion, both HIIT protocols were equally effective in improving regional body composition and fat oxidation during exercise in obese men.

Mendelian Randomization Analysis Reveals Causal Effects of the Human Gut Microbiota on Abdominal Obesity.

Although recent studies have revealed an association between the composition of the gut microbiota and obesity, whether specific gut microbiota cause obesity has not been determined. The aim of this study is to determine the causal relationship between specific gut microbiota and abdominal obesity. Based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, we performed a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate whether the gut microbiota affects abdominal obesity. Gut microbiota GWAS in 1126 twin pairs (age range, 18-89 years; 89% were females) from the TwinsUK study were used as exposure data. The primary outcome tested was trunk fat mass (TFM) GWAS in 492,805 participants (age range, 40-69 years; 54% were females) from the UK Biobank. The gut microbiota were classified at family, genus, and species levels. A feature was defined as a distinct family, genus, or species. MR analysis was mainly performed by an inverse variance-weighted test or Wald ratio test, depending on the number of instrumental variables (IVs) involved. A sensitivity analysis was performed on significant results by a weighted median test and a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) analysis. Results of MR analyses provided evidence of a causal association between 3 microbiota features and TFM, including 1 family [Lachnosiraceae; P=0.02; β = 0.001 (SEE, 4.28×10-4)], 1 genus [Bifidobacterium; P=5.0×10-9; β = -0.08 (SEE, 0.14)], and 1 species [Prausnitzii; P=0.03; β = -0.007 (SEE, 0.003)]. Both the weighted median test and GRS analysis successfully validated the association of the genetically predicted family, Lachnosiraceae (Pweighted median=0.03; PGRS=0.004). Our findings provided evidence of a causal association between gut microbiota and TFM in UK adults and identified specific bacteria taxa that may regulate the fat metabolism, thus offering new direction for the treatment of obesity.

Obesity markers in patients with drug allergy and body fat as a predictor

Background: Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammation state associated with several diseases.Objective: To investigate a potential link between drug allergy and obesity, exploring whether the association depends on the type (immediate vs nonimmediate) or the severity of the reaction.Methods: Anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance, and biochemical analysis, including serum adipokines, were performed in 90 consecutive adult patients studied for suspected drug allergy. Logistic regression models were developed to identify predictors of drug allergy.Results: A total of 84 patients completed the diagnostic workup (78.6% women; mean age 39.58 ± 13.3 years). Drug allergy was confirmed in 39 patients and excluded in 45 (controls). Regarding body mass index, 42.2% had normal weight and 55.3% were overweight/obese. A total of 58% of women and 41% of men fulfilled the criteria for central obesity. Patients with drug allergy exhibited considerably higher body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, waist-hip ratio, fat mass, body fat percentage (BFP), trunk fat mass, leptin levels, and leptin-adiponectin ratio than controls. Similar results were obtained in the subgroup with immediate reactions, compared with the nonimmediate or unknown reactions. The higher the BFP and the number of reactions, the greater the odds of drug allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.14 and OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.31-6.10, respectively). An immediate reaction was also a predictor of drug allergy (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.30-11.14, P = .02), compared with nonimmediate or unknown reactions. In patients with drug allergy, BFP was a predictor of having an immediate reaction (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.24, P = .02).Conclusion: Our study illustrates, for the first time, evidence of a link between obesity and drug allergy, particularly immediate reactions. The BFP emerged as a potential predictor of drug allergy.

The association of body fat composition with risk of breast, endometrial, ovarian and colorectal cancers among normal weight participants in the UK Biobank.

BackgroundThe association between body fat composition and risk of cancer in normal weight individuals (body mass index (BMI) 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) is unclear.MethodsWe examined the association of measures of adiposity with risk of incident cancers of the breast (postmenopausal), endometrium, ovary and colon/rectum among 149,928 normal weight individuals (40–70 years) who were enrolled in the UK Biobank cohort between 2006 and 2010.ResultsAll of the body fat measures were positively associated with invasive postmenopausal breast cancer risk (hazard ratios (HR) for the uppermost quintile (Q5) versus the lowest quintile (Q1) ranged from 1.32 (95% CI: 1.09–1.60) for waist circumference (WC) to 1.56 (1.28–1.90) for BMI). Trunk fat mass index (HRQ5 vs Q1: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.02–2.89) and WC (HRQ5 vs Q1: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01–2.70)) were positively associated with risk of endometrial cancer. Among males, trunk fat:trunk fat free mass ratio, trunk fat:leg fat mass ratio and (HRQ5 vs Q1: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.02–2.60; 1.92, 1.20–3.07 and 1.68, 1.05–2.66, respectively) were positively associated with colon cancer risk. None of the body fat measures was associated with risk of ovarian cancer or colorectal cancer in women.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that the current normal weight category based on BMI includes individuals who are at increased risk of some obesity-related cancers.

Study on the association between vitamin D and body fat distribution in children and adolescents

Objective: To investigate the association of vitamin D with distribution of body fat in children and adolescents. Methods: Data were obtained from the baseline survey of School-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program in 2017. Multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models were applied to analyze the relationships of body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), appendicular fat mass index (AFMI), and visceral fat area(VFA) with vitamin D level and status in children and adolescents. Results: A total of 11 960 children and adolescents were included in the analysis (boys accounting for 49.7%). The average age and serum vitamin D level of study population were (11.0±3.3) years and (35.0±11.9) nmol/L, respectively. The deficiency rate of vitamin D was 37.2%. Gender-specific associations of BMI, FMI, TFMI, and AFMI with vitamin D level were found (P for interaction <0.05): they were inversely associated with vitamin D level in boys (BMI: β=-0.56; FMI: β =-0.59; TFMI: β=-0.60; AFMI: β=-0.59; all P<0.05), but not in girls (P>0.05). VFA was positively associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in both boys and girls, and the risks of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency all increased by 17%(95%CI: 9%-25%) for per increment of standard deviation in VFA. Conclusions: The higher level of visceral fat was associated with the lower vitamin D levels in children. Abdominal obese children and boys with excessive body fat are the key population in the prevention and control of vitamin D deficiency.

Associations between body composition and cognitive function in an elderly Korean population: A cohort-based cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of obesity as well as cognitive impairment increases with age. Previous studies showed that obesity is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Body composition changes occur as part of the aging process; therefore, the assessment of obesity in elderly populations should include body composition as well as body weight. This study investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI), body composition, and cognitive function in a community-dwelling elderly Korean population.This cohort-based cross-sectional analysis included 2386 elderly participants aged between 70 and 84 years from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study for 2016 to 2017. To investigate the relationship between body composition and cognitive function in community-dwelling individuals, BMI and body composition, including total and trunk fat mass and fat-free mass, were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were used to represent the body composition. A short form of the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer disease was used to assess cognitive function. To evaluate the relationship between variables, simple and fully adjusted multivariable analyses were performed using generalized linear regression models.The mean ages were 76.8 years for males and 76.1 years for females. The BMI of male participants was significantly lower than that of females (23.9 ± 2.89 vs 24.7 ± 3.02 kg/m2, P < .001). Among body composition parameters, the differences in FMI (6.44 ± 1.97 vs 9.29 ± 2.3 kg/m2), TFMI (3.68 ± 1.33 vs 5.03 ± 1.43 kg/m2), and FFMI (17.4 ± 1.64 vs 15.3 ± 1.39 kg/m2) were statistically significant. In linear regression analyses, BMI, FMI, and TFMI showed significant positive correlations with mini-mental state examination in the Korean version of the CERAD assessment packet; wordlist memory, recall, and recognition; and frontal assessment battery only in males. The significant positive correlations persisted even after fully adjusting for age, education periods, location of residence, depression, marriage, annual income, presence of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. However, no significant correlations in either sex were observed between FFMI and cognitive functions in the fully adjusted models.In this study, BMI, and fat mass-related indexes including FMI and TFMI showed a positive linear correlation with cognitive functions but not FFMI. Moreover, the findings were significant only in men. Besides the difference between sexes, the results of this study showed a more apparent correlation in fat mass than in fat-free mass that comprises body weight.

AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 expression in adipose tissue: Association with body fat distribution and regulatory variants

BackgroundChanges in androgen dynamics within adipose tissue have been proposed as modulators of body fat accumulation. In this context, AKR1C2 likely plays a significant role by inactivating 5α-dihydrotestosterone. AimTo characterize AKR1C2 expression patterns across adipose depots and cell populations and to provide insight into the link with body fat distribution and genetic regulation. MethodsWe used RNA sequencing data from severely obese patients to assess patterns of AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 expression in abdominal adipose tissue depots and cell fractions. We additionally used data from 856 women to assess AKR1C2 heritability and to link its expression in adipose tissue with body fat distribution. Further, we used public resources to study AKR1C2 genetic regulation as well as reference epigenome data for regulatory element profiling and functional interpretation of genetic data. ResultsWe found that mature adipocytes and adipocyte-committed adipocyte progenitor cells (APCs) had enriched expression of AKR1C2. We found adipose tissue AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 expression to be significantly and positively associated with percentage trunk fat mass in women. We identified strong genetic regulation of AKR1C2 by rs28571848 and rs34477787 located on the binding sites of two nuclear transcription factors, namely retinoid acid-related orphan receptor alpha and the glucocorticoid receptor. ConclusionWe confirm the link between AKR1C2, adipogenic differentiation and adipose tissue distribution. We provide insight into genetic regulation of AKR1C2 by identifying regulatory variants mapping to binding sites for the glucocorticoid receptor and retinoid acid-related orphan receptor alpha which may in part mediate the effect of AKR1C2 expression on body fat distribution.

Association between circulating furin levels, obesity and pro-inflammatory markers in children.

To, in children, investigate the associations between serum furin, obesity, overweight, body fat and circulating markers reflecting adipose tissue or systemic inflammation. We analysed furin, leptin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, triglycerides, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and C-reactive protein in serum from 166 children in the Pediatric Osteoporosis Prevention (POP) study collected at mean age (SD) 9.9 (0.6) years. Children were classified as low-to-normal weight, overweight or obese. Total body fat mass (kg), trunk fat mass (kg) and total body lean mass (kg) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body fat percentage (%) was calculated. We found that circulating furin levels were higher in children with obesity and overweight compared with children with low-to-normal weight (p<0.001 and p=0.006, respectively). Also, there were positive correlations between circulating furin, total body fat mass, trunk fat mass, body fat percentage, triglycerides, adipokines and pro-inflammatory markers. This study indicates associations between furin, adiposity and a pro-inflammatory milieu in children. We suggest that future studies investigate the role of furin in fat tissue inflammation and associated increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases in children. Studies should also investigate whether higher furin levels could be a link between obesity and severe coronavirus disease 2019 in children.

Transient Elastography–Assessed Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis Are Associated With Body Composition in the United States

We examined transient elastography assessed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis distributions and relationships with body composition in a representative United States population sample. Liver stiffness and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were assessed on 4870 non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic men and women aged 20 years and over in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Participants underwent anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Compared to women, men had higher mean CAP (274.2 dB/m vs 254.4 dB/m) and liver stiffness (6.4 kPa vs 5.5 kPa). CAP and liver stiffness increased through middle age and markedly with BMI. In multivariate-adjusted analysis, CAP in the upper quartile was associated with increased age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, diabetes, hypertension, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and C-reactive protein and decreased HDL cholesterol. After adjustment, non-Hispanic Blacks had lower CAP and non-Hispanic Asians had higher CAP. In multivariate-adjusted analysis, liver stiffness in the upper quartile was associated with male sex, increased age, BMI, diabetes, hepatitis C virus positivity, ALT and CAP. Lower stiffness among Non-Hispanic Asians was not significant after adjustment for BMI. DXA trunk and extremity fat mass were positively related to both CAP and liver stiffness with multivariate adjustment (P < .001 for each). Results were similar with CAP and liver stiffness as continuous characteristics. In the United States population, increased anthropometric and DXA body composition measures were associated with higher CAP and liver stiffness. Racial-ethnic differences observed merit further research to elucidate the burden of obesity and liver health disparities.

Sedentary behaviours and their relationship with body composition of athletes

ABSTRACT During the recovery period, athletes present high sedentary behaviour (SB). In non-athletes, there is a direct relationship between SB and obesity. However, little is known about this relationship in athletes. We hypothesized that different types of SB entail different associations with body composition outcomes. We examined the associations between different types of SB and body composition outcomes in 135 athletes (70 males) aged 21.3 ± 3.9 years old. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and trunk fat mass (TFM). A validated SB questionnaire (PACE) was used to estimate total SB and specific sedentary pursuits on an average day. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for age, sex, weekly training time, years of sport practice, and sport type. A positive association was found for total SB and total screen time with %TFM (β = 0.220, p = 0.038 and β = 0.319, p = 0.040, respectively), while an inverse association was found for %FFM (β = −0.214, p = 0.042 and β = −0.310, p = 0.026). A higher total screen time was related with a higher %FM (β = 0.283, p = 0.035). With a much stronger effect size, cell phone screen time was positively related with %FM (β = 1.447, p = 0.001). There is still debate whether high levels of physical activity can fully counteract the harms of SB. These findings suggest that SB, particularly cell phone screen time, can compromise athletes’ body composition, regardless of weekly training time. Sport federations and coaches may improve athletes’ body composition by targeting specific sedentary pursuits, i.e. total screen time and cell phone screen time, during athletes’ recovery time. Highlights Even in athletes, SB can compromise total and regional body composition regardless of high training time. Screen time, specifically cell phone screen time seems to be the sedentary pursuit to target in athletes. Sport federations and coaches must control SB during athletes' recovery time.

BODY COMPOSITION OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Considering the growing global problem and the lack of obesity data in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) the main aim of this paper was to determine BH school-age children body composition and determine the differences in body composition between girls and boys classified in underweight, normal weight and overweight according to the body mass index (BMI) score. 2524 participants 1763 girls and 761 boys (aged 10-13 yrs.) from 32 elementary schools were randomly selected and divided to 3 BMI groups by WHO cut-off points. InBody 370 Body Composition Analyzer (BioSpace, Seoul, Korea), a segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device was used to gather data. The results showed ~38% of the sample were classified as overweight whilst gender differences showed higher body fat mass and fat percentages in arms, trunk and legs in underweight and normal weight girls and higher skeletal muscle mass in normal weight and overweight boys.

Genç Kadın Voleybol Oyuncularında Vücut Kompozisyonu, Çeviklik ve Dikey Sıçrama Performansı Arasındaki İlişki

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, agility and vertical jump performance in young female volleyball players. Material and Methods: For this purpose, 23 healthy young female volleyball players (Age: 14.79±0.58 years, height: 169.70±5.62 cm, body weight: 61.44±7.92 kg.) voluntarily participated in this study. The volleyball team was assessed for total body and regional estimates of body composition by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vertical jump performance was analyzed by using the Squat Jump (SJ) and Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) tests and agility performance was measured using the Tagility test. The normality of the data was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The relationship between body composition, agility and vertical jump performance was analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient. Significance level was ≤0.05. Results: According to the statistical analyses, there was a significant negative correlation between SJ and CMJ percentage of body fat (BF%) leg fat (LF%) arm fat (AF%), trunk fat (TF%) and fat mass (kg) (p˂0.05). There was also a significant correlation between agility test percentage of BF, LF and TF. No significant correlation was found among agility, SJ and CMJ with total/regional body composition. Conclusion: The results indicated that increased total/regional BF might be a detriment to the SJ, CMJ and agility performance in young female volleyball players. It is recommended that coaches should not allow female volleyball players to increase their BF so that physical performance loss can be avoided.

Longitudinal associations of modifiable risk factors in the first 1000 days with weight status and metabolic risk in early adolescence

Many studies have identified early-life risk factors for childhood overweight/obesity (OwOb), but few have evaluated how they combine to influence later cardiometabolic health. We aimed to examine the association of risk factors in the first 1000 d with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence. We studied 1038 mother-child pairs in Project Viva. We chose 6 modifiable early-life risk factors previously associated with child adiposity or metabolic health in the cohort: smoking during pregnancy (yes compared with no); gestational weight gain (excessive compared with nonexcessive); sugar-sweetened beverage consumption during pregnancy (≥0.5 compared with <0.5 servings/d); breastfeeding duration (<12 compared with ≥12 mo); timing of complementary food introduction (<4 compared with ≥4 mo); and infant sleep duration (<12 compared with ≥12 h/d). We computed risk factor scores by calculating the cumulative number of risk factors for each child. In early adolescence (median: 13.1 y) we measured indicators of adiposity [BMI, fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI)]. We also calculated OwOb prevalence and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk z score of adolescents. Among 1038 adolescents, 71% had >1 early-life risk factor. In covariate-adjusted models, we observed positive monotonic increases in BMI, FMI, TFMI, and MetS z scores with increasing risk factor score. Children with 5‒6 risk factors (compared with 0-1 risk factors) had the highest risk of OwOb [risk ratio (RR): 2.53; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.91] and being in the highest MetS quartile (RR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.43, 4.21). The predicted probability of OwOb in adolescence varied from 9.4% (favorable levels for all factors) to 63.6% (adverse levels for all factors), and for being in the highest MetS quartile from 9.6% to 56.6%. Early-life risk factors in the first 1000 d cumulatively predicted higher adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence. Intervention strategies to prevent later obesity and cardiometabolic risk may be more effective if they concurrently target multiple modifiable factors.

Effects of intensive exercise combined with dapagliflozin on body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive exercise in addition to the administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA) on body composition, including fat-free mass, in type 2 diabetes. We randomly assigned 146 patients to 24 weeks of treatment with intensive exercise, including resistance training, plus 5 mg (up to 10 mg) of DAPA daily (IT group) or DAPA alone (CT group). The primary endpoint was the difference in the change in fat-free mass from baseline to 24 weeks between the groups. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI); metabolic profile, including HbA1c; and regional fat mass were also determined. ANCOVA was used for the group comparison, with least squares mean (LSM) differences and 95% confidence interval (CI). There was no significant difference in the change in fat-free mass (LSM difference -0.1 kg (95% CI: -0.5 to 0.4) and SMI (LSM difference -0.1 kg (95% CI: -0.2 to 0.1) between the groups. In contrast, the reduction of trunk fat mass was significantly higher in the IT group than in the CT group ((LSM difference -0.5 kg [95% CI -0.9 to -0.1]). Higher adherence to the resistance training tended to be associated with changes in HbA1c and high-sensitivity CRP levels. Our study suggests that intensive exercise do not prevent the reduction of fat-free mass after administration of SGLT2 inhibitors but can increase the reduction in abdominal fat, presumably leading to further improvements of hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation than DAPA alone in type 2 diabetes patients.