True Views Research Articles

Melinda Takeuchi: Taiga's true views: the language of painting in eighteenth-century Japan. xv, 211 pp. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. $45.

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Normal Left Ventricular Wall Motion Measured with Two-Dimensional Myocardial Tagging

Using a myocardial tagging technique, normal left ventricular wall motion was studied in 3 true short axis views and a double oblique 4-chamber view in 14 and 11 volunteers, respectively. Three orthogonal directions of left ventricular motion were observed throughout the systole; a concentric contraction towards the center of the left ventricle, a motion of the base of the heart towards the apex, and a rotation of the left ventricle around its long axis. The direction of left ventricular rotation changed from early systole to late systole. The base and middle levels of the left ventricle rotated counterclockwise (CCW) at early systole and clockwise (CW) at late systole, whereas the apex of the heart rotated CW at early systole and CCW at late systole. The different directions of the rotation of base and apex resulted in a myocardial twisting that changed direction from early to late systole. We conclude that MR imaging with myocardial tagging is a method that can be used to study normal left ventricular wall motion, and that is promising for future use in patient groups.

Taiga&s true views: the language of landscape painting in eighteenth-century Japan. By Melinda Takeuchi. pp. xviii, 211, 33 col. illus., 64 bl. and wh. illus., 37 reproductions of Taiga's seals. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1992. US $45.00.

Taiga&s true views: the language of landscape painting in eighteenth-century Japan. By Melinda Takeuchi. pp. xviii, 211, 33 col. illus., 64 bl. and wh. illus., 37 reproductions of Taiga's seals. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1992. US $45.00. - Volume 3 Issue 2

Evaluation of left ventricular segmental wall motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with myocardial tagging.

Segmental wall motion was assessed noninvasively in eight patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and six healthy volunteers by magnetic resonance myocardial tagging. Localization scans were performed for determination of the true short-axis views of the left ventricle (double-angulated view). Spatial modulation of magnetization was used to produce a rectangular grid of landmarks. Distortion of the grid was assessed at end diastole, mid systole, and end systole with multiphase gradient echoes. Image sets were acquired at three different planes, namely, the base, the equator, and the apex. Quantitative evaluation was carried out by computer-assisted image analysis. Each individual grid crossing point was identified automatically and the displacement calculated. A polar coordinate system with the center of gravity as motion reference point was chosen to assess fractional rotation and radial displacement at the endocardial, midwall, and epicardial layers of the septal, anterior, posterior, and inferior regions. A wringing motion of the left ventricle with a clockwise rotation of 5.0 +/- 2.4 degrees at the base and a counterclockwise rotation of -9.6 +/- 2.9 degrees at the apex was observed in control subjects. An equal rotation of 5.0 +/- 2.5 degrees at the base and a slightly reduced rotation of -7.3 +/- 5.2 degrees at the apex was found in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A transmural gradient in fractional rotation and radial displacement was observed, with the highest values in the endocardial layer. Rotation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was significantly less than in normal volunteers in the posterior region of the equatorial and apical planes. Furthermore, radial displacement was significantly reduced in the septum and inferior wall. In the anterior and posterior wall segments, a reduction of the radial displacement was observed only in the epicardium and midwall layers. Magnetic resonance myocardial tagging allows the noninvasive assessment of regional wall motion. Both in normal volunteers and in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, cardiac motion occurs in a complex mode, with the base and the apex rotating in opposite directions and the equatorial plane as a transitional zone (wringing motion). A reduced cardiac rotation can be observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mainly in the posterior region, whereas a reduced radial displacement is found in the inferior septal zone.

Taiga's true views: the language of landscape painting in eighteenth-century Japan

Taiga's true views: the language of landscape painting in eighteenth-century Japan

The Spinoza Conversations between Lessing and Jacobi. Text with Excerpts from the Ensuing Controversy (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 315 The dismissal of arguments that these philosophers themselves considered vitally important indicates that Hope is not seriously interested in examining the moralsentiment theory in its own right, an impression further confirmed by his frequent use of terms such as "cavalier," "confused," "silly," "naive," and "glib" to characterize many of their arguments. Of the three philosophers discussed, Hutcheson fares the worst. Hope's account of Hutcheson's theory of virtue is seriously flawed by his taking Hutcheson to be a utilitarian. Utilitarianism claims that right and wrong are determined by consequences. Moral-sentiment theories, including Hutcheson's, claim that right and wrong are determined by the sentiment aroused in impartial spectators towards the motives of agents. Hope also misconstrues Hutcheson's theory of obligation, attributing to him a number of different kinds of obligation that Hutcheson in fact claims to be only apparently different senses used by his opponents. Hutcheson argues that these apparently different senses of 'obligation' are all reducible to one of the two senses that he accepts as meaningful. Hope reveals a lack of familiarity with the texts in a number of places. For instance, part of Smith's argument against the existence of a Hutchesonian moral sense is that this sense itself could not be morally evaluated. Hope, coming to Hutcheson's defense, calls Smith's claim "a bit glib and question-begging" (115), seemingly unaware that Smith is simply repeating Hutcheson's admission that this is an implication of his view. Likewise, Hope claims that Smith and Hume significantly differ about pride, Smith "denigrating" it, "at least in its offensive form," while Hume "sees no wrong in it" (112). But Smith and Hume hold identical views on pride, both allowing for the virtue of a proper estimation of one's own merit and both criticizing what Hume, in the Treatise, calls "an overweaning conceit of our own merit." Similar mistakes are found throughout the book, and, while no one of them is all that crucial, the cumulative effect is damaging to Hope's credibility as an interpreter of these theories. The book is better viewed as an attempt to develop a moral theory with certain moral-sentiment overtones than as a scholarly work in interpreting the moralsentiment theorists. MARIE MARTIN Clemson University The Spinoza Conversations between Lessing and Jacobi. Text with Excerptsfrom the Ensuing Controversy. Introduced by Gerard ValiSe. Trans. G. ValiSe, J. B. Lawson, and C. G. Chappel. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. Pp. vi + 174. Cloth, $26.5o. Paper, $13.75. On the afternoon of July 5, 1780, F. H. Jacobi arrived at Wolfenbfittel for an extended visit with G. E. Lessing. It was the only meeting between the two men and was, according to Jacobi's later report, devoted substantially to conversations concerning the "spirit of Spinozism." Less than a year later Lessing was dead at the age of 51, and his longtime friend Moses Mendelssohn began laying plans for publishing something 316 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 29:2 APRIL 1991 concerning the character of his recently deceased friend. In 1783,word of this project reached Jacobi, who, through the intermediary of a mutual friend, informed Mendelssohn of Lessing's alleged SpinozismL Profoundly disturbed by this report, which implied that Lessing may have concealed his true views from his longtime friend, Mendelssohn requested a full report on the conversations in question. Thus there was initiated a sometimes acrimonious correspondence between two of the most important and influential German authors of the late eighteenth century, one a dogged exponent of "rational theism" and the other an uncompromising exponent of the view that the truths of religion and morality are inaccessible to human reason. In the course of the exchange, Jacobi characterized Lessing's "Spinozism" as identical with pantheism, atheism, and fatalism. While agreeing with Lessing "that there is no other philosophy but the philosophy of Spinoza," Jacobi went on to call for a repudiation of philosophy and reliance upon a salto mortale. Mendelssohn, in contrast, while not denying that Lessing may indeed have expressed some admiration for Spinoza, was at pains to distinguish between the sort of pantheistic and fatalistic system attributed to Lessing by Jacobi and...

Oblique Views in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart by Combined Axial Rotations

Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart, and more specifically of the left ventricle (LV), is optimized by using oblique imaging planes adapted to the long and short axes of the LV, comparable to other imaging modalities in cardiology. We report a procedure to perform two chamber views, four chamber views and true short axis views by combinations of electronic axial rotations. The technique of selecting appropriate gradient angles is explained. Thus, there is no requirement for altering patient position in the imager, while individual anatomic variations are taken into account.

Oblique Views in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart by Combined Axial Rotations

Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart, and more specifically of the left ventricle (LV), is optimized by using oblique imaging planes adapted to the long and short axes of the LV, comparable to other imaging modalities in cardiology. We report a procedure to perform two chamber views, four chamber views and true short axis views by combinations of electronic axial rotations. The technique of selecting appropriate gradient angles is explained. Thus, there is no requirement for altering patient position in the imager, while individual anatomic variations are taken into account.

Pulse sequence generated oblique magnetic resonance imaging: applications to cardiac imaging.

A pulse sequence procedure for producing oblique magnetic resonance images is described. Using this procedure we present a new, accurate method to obtain true short-axis views and true long-axis views (both parallel and perpendicular to the septal plane) of the heart. The method is accurate regardless of the orientation of patient's heart. The method does not require the patient to be rotated, nor otherwise moved, and does not require any additional hardware. The method is experimentally verified with both human and phantom studies. The phantom study indicates accuracy of approximately 1 degree with a commercial scanner that reports angular measurements to a precision of 1 degree. Application of the short-axis views to measurement of left ventricular volume, and possible advantages of Gauss-Legendre integration for this measurement are discussed. Finally, multiphase oblique cardiac images are presented.

The Development of Franz Brentano's Ethics (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 1 19 The last chapter, "Passivity and Activity in the Philosophical Anthropology of Karl Marx," discusses the results of the concept of praxis. If we see that man produces his own conditions of life, we are able to relate human spontaneity and receptivity as inseparable aspects of subjectivity (83). The recovery of spontaneity requires the abolition of alienation (89). Marx substitutes the concept of real corporeal man for Hegel's analyses of mental labor and abstract subjectivity (96). Marx goes beyond Kant and Hegel in that he understands how the ideals of freedom and community merely posited by the idealists are the real result of the process of life (io8). Marx's view of praxis is of "utmost philosophical significance" (l 12). Hoffman is correct to point to subjectivity as an ongoing problem in German idealism, although his account is too narrow. A crucial weakness is his failure to discuss Fichte, who was above all concerned with the synthesis, within the limits of human subjectivity, of the different forms of activity distinguished by Kant. Ii-German idealism is intrinsically unable to think the unity of theoretical and practical forms of subjectivity, this point must be shown with respect to Fichte, I am further hesitant to regard Marx's position as the positive outcome of German philosophy since, although I applaud recognition of its philosophical importance , I reject the inference that it differs fundamentally from the idealist tradition in which it emerges, To begin with, the concept of interest is not novel with Marx, but already constitutive of Kant's position, not to mention Fichte's. In the second place, while Marx did advance a view of corporeal man which he held to be absent in Hegel, like the other left Hegelians he was largely influenced in the formation of his positive view of subjectivity by Fichte. Thirdly, it is difficult to view the analysis of labor as indicative of a fundamental difference between Marx and Hegel unless one can explain away the latter's discussion of the "System of Needs" in the Philosophy o] Right, which is not mentioned here. Finally, while some forms of knowledge may require as their condition an end to alienation, that point cannot be correct for all forms of epistemology on pain of self-stultification. To conclude, Hoffman's good discussion of the problem of subjectivity in German idealism would have been more insightful if his account of this period had been fuller. Although he is correct to point to the philosophical significance of Marx's view, there seems no reason to regard it either as an intellectual panacea or as standing in some conceptual limbo beyond idealism. TOM ROCKMORE Fordham University Linda McAlister. The Development of Franz Brentano's Ethics. Atlantic Highland, N.J, Humanities Press, 1982. Pp. 171. $16.25 (cloth). Students of Brentano's ethics have long been faced with a dearth of coherent and reliable documentation of his views. During his lifetime, he published ,just one slender volume, the lecture Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntis. The longer work, Grundlegung und Aufbau der Ethik, did not appear until decades after his death. It consists of 120 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 23:1 JANUARY 1985 lecture notes edited in a free-handed fashion by followers who wished the work to conform to what they took to be his true and final views. In the Preface to her book, Professor McAlister tells us that it is her intention to trace and analyze the development of Brentano's ethical theory, to present background information for purposes of elucidation, and to furnish some critical comments on Brentano's philosophy. She is particularly concerned with distinguishing his earlier ethical theory, presented in the Ursprungand the notes used as the basis for Grundlegung, from the later view contained in the Nachlassand in later essays and letters. To do this, McAlister undertook the laborious task of examining all of the microfilms of Brentano's unpublished writings and checking the text of the Grundlegungagainst the lecture notes, doing us the service of providing a fuller and less distorted view of Brentano's actual development . In ~968, when she completed this volume as her dissertation, it served another...

The architecture of the picture system

THE PICTURE SYSTEM is a self-contained, stand-alone line drawing system for presenting dynamically moving pictures of two- or three-dimensional objects. This highly interactive system can display smoothly changing true perspective views of 3-D objects in real time. Objects can be rotating, translating, and changing in scale. Individual sub-objects can assume independent or compound motion. Lines or parts of lines outside the chosen viewing window are clipped. All these transformations are performed digitally to avoid inaccuracy and range limitations.In order to perform these calculations fast enough to show smooth motion, support high-level interaction, and also sustain flicker-free pictures of 11000 line segments or more, a new graphics system architecture has been developed. This paper will present each of the hardware components of the system and discuss what each contributes to the production of pictures.THE PICTURE SYSTEM represents a significant new graphics system architecture in several respects. This paper will describe the system including data flow, the functions of each major component, and some of the advantages that accrue from the approaches taken.

The relationship between the third ventricle and the basilar artery.

The anatomy of the floor of the third ventricle. The floor of the third ventricle consists of the chiasma, the tuber cinereum with the infundibulum, the corpora mamillaria, substantia perforata posterior and the peduncles. The substantia perforata posterior at the same time forms the roof of the cisterna interpeduncularis. In this cistern, frontally demarcated by the corpora mamillaria and tuber cinereum, the basilar artery is situated and divides into the two posterior cerebral arteries. There is thus a close relationship between the basilar bifurcation and the floor of the third ventricle which may be studied roentgenologically with the help of encephalography and angiography of the vertebral arteries. In order to be in a position to judge pathologic changes in the relationship between the basilar artery and the third ventricle, it is necessary to be acquainted with the variations in the normal roentgen anatomy . The description of the appearances of the third ventricle in true lateral views as given in the literature is often vague, incomplete, and many a time incorrect. It has been most energetically maintained by LINDGREN in hs work on the temporal horn, that there must be complete air filling of that part of the ventricular system to be examined. In order to get such a complete filling of the third ventricle that a true representation of the floor is obtained, the patient’s head must lie with the brow well raised and the central beam directed horizontally. It is to be noted that the direction of the central ray and the position of

A New Surgical Table Top and Cassette Holder for Surgical Roentgenographic Examinations of the Hip

One of the most difficult tasks in roentgenography is that of obtaining a true lateral projection of the neck of the femur. When this is required in con junction with nailing the fractured neck, the difficulties are increased by the neces sity of maintaining surgical asepsis during the procedures essential to secure the roentgenogram. There have been many attempts to overcome the difficulties inherent in this procedure but, in general, they have not resulted in true lateral views of the head and neck of the femur. An approximately lateral projection may be secured by flexion of the thigh, but it is practically impossible to reproduce the amount of flexion in other patients and there is some hazard if the nail should chance to protrude through the head or neck of the femur. The ideal would be a procedure with which one might reason ably hope to secure a true lateral projection of the femoral n eck and head with regularity, in as brief a time as possible, and without di sturbance of the st eri le drapes whe...

Intrathoracic Tumors, Their Diagnosis and Treatment

NO new principles have been evolved in the diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic tumors, but the writers desire to report several cases which have been under observation, possessing as they do some special features which may be of interest to radiologists. In the roentgenologic examination of the chest for a possible newgrowth the following plan was followed: (1) The demonstration of an abnormal shadow in the thoracic cavity. Within the visible part of the lung-field in the usual anteroposterior view, any abnormal shadow is readily recognized, but if located in the mediastinum, it may be entirely obscured by the heart and great vessels. To establish its presence with certainty the usual anteroposterior view must be supplemented by a lateral one. (2) The localization of the abnormal shadow. For exact localization of this shadow, we have found that the true anteroposterior and lateral views are the most useful positions. Stereoscopic examination of the chest in the anteroposterior-position gives little information as to location, and none if the shadow is obscured by the heart and great vessels. (3) The origin of the abnormal shadow. Its location having been settled, its origin must be determined if possible. This is generally accomplished by the study of the abnormal shadow in relation to the surrounding structures from every possible angle. If this method is unsuccessful, other means are resorted to, such as the induction of artificial pneumothorax, or the introduction of an opaque medium into the tracheo-bronchial tree, or the evacuation of pleuritic fluid, which, when present, is apt to obscure entirely the abnormal shadow. Mention should be made of the bronchoscope which has proved to be of great value in not only determining the origin of the abnormal shadow, but enabling one to obtain a specimen for microscopic examination and the application of local treatment, if such is indicated. (4) Is the abnormal shadow inflammatory or neoplastic in origin? As a rule, little difficulty is met with in differentiating between an inflammatory and a neoplastic process. However, in the region of the mediastinum in which aneurysms are of frequent occurrence, the differentiation between the two processes is often quite difficult. Pulsations of the expansile type usually indicate an aneurysm; however, absence does not exclude it. The chest must be studied from every possible angle in order to determine the exact relation between the abnormal shadow, the heart, and great blood vessels. If the shadow is an aneurysm it cannot be separated from the aorta, but if neoplastic it may be dissociated from the latter. The ofttimes observed extensive destructive changes in the ribs, sternum, and spine indicate the aneurysmal character of the mass, for neoplasms seldom cause much bony change. Finally, one must take full cognizance of the clinical history, which may shed considerable light upon the nature of the tumor.

The Occurrence of Palæoliths in North-East Lancashire

For many years it was postulated that an ice sheet had covered the north and west of Great Britain during the period when Palæolithic man lived and made his flint implements in the south and east of England. It was taught that the southern margin of this ice sheet corresponded in the main with an imaginary line stretching from about the mouth of the Severn to the Wash, or, as others claimed, from the mouth of the Severn to the mouth of the Thames. These views were held to be supported by the fact that very few palæoliths had been found north of the above-mentioned line. As years passed, however, new facts testifying to the lengthy duration of the Palæolithic period slowly accumulated, and knowledge respecting the great Ice Age gradually increased. True, many and divergent views have been advanced respecting the several phases of the Ice Age as these concern Lancashire and the north of England generally. Some glacialists hold that the Ice Age there, as also in the Alps, was broken up into several complete cycles consisting of a number of glaciations with a corresponding number of interglacial periods. Others believe that there was only one interglacial period in the north of England.