True Realization Research Articles

Computer numerical control machine tool information reusability within virtual machining systems

Virtual machining allows simulation of the machining process by realistically representing kinematic, static and dynamic behaviour of the intended machine tools. Using this method, manufacturing-related issues can be brought to light and corrected before the product is physically manufactured. Machining systems utilised in the manufacturing processes are represented in the virtual machining environment, and there is a plethora of commercial virtual machining software used in the industry. Each software system has a different focus and approach towards virtual machining; more than one system may be needed to complete machining verification. Thus, the significant increase in the use of virtual machining systems in the industry has increased the need for information reusability. Substantial time and money has been put into the research of virtual machining systems. However, very little of this research has been deployed within industrial best practice, and its acceptance by the end user remains unclear. This article reviews current research trends in the domain of virtual machining and also discusses how much of this research has been taken on board by software vendors in order to facilitate machine tool information reusability. The authors present use cases which utilise the novel concept of machining capability profile and the emerging STEP-NC compliant process planning framework for resource allocation. The use cases clearly demonstrate the benefits of using a neutral file format for representing machining capability profiles, as opposed to remodelling and/or reconfiguring of this information multiple times for different scenarios. This article has shown through the use cases that machining capability profiles are critical for representing recourse information from a kinematic, static and dynamic perspective that commercial software vendors can subsequently use. The impact of this on mainstream manufacturing industry is potentially significant as it will enable a true realisation of interoperability.

Single-Atom Scale Structural Selectivity in Te Nanowires Encapsulated Inside Ultranarrow, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

Extreme nanowires (ENs) represent the ultimate class of crystals: They are the smallest possible periodic materials. With atom-wide motifs repeated in one dimension (1D), they offer a privileged perspective into the physics and chemistry of low-dimensional systems. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) provide ideal environments for the creation of such materials. Here we present a comprehensive study of Te ENs encapsulated inside ultranarrow SWCNTs with diameters between 0.7 nm and 1.1 nm. We combine state-of-the-art imaging techniques and 1D-adapted ab initio structure prediction to treat both confinement and periodicity effects. The studied Te ENs adopt a variety of structures, exhibiting a true 1D realization of a Peierls structural distortion and transition from metallic to insulating behavior as a function of encapsulating diameter. We analyze the mechanical stability of the encapsulated ENs and show that nanoconfinement is not only a useful means to produce ENs but also may actually be necessary, in some cases, to prevent them from disintegrating. The ability to control functional properties of these ENs with confinement has numerous applications in future device technologies, and we anticipate that our study will set the basic paradigm to be adopted in the characterization and understanding of such systems.

51‐1: Invited Paper: True 3D Realization in the See‐Through Head‐Mounted Display with Complex Amplitude Modulation

A 3D see‐through head‐mounted display (3D‐STHMD) is designed by using the complex amplitude modulation technique. It can present true 3D images to the human eye to avoid the accommodation‐vergence conflict. The optical experiments demonstrated that the designed 3D‐STHMD has continuous and wide depth cues with dynamic display ability.

Editorial: "How to Improve Cord Blood Transplantation: By Enhancing Cell Counts or Engraftment?".

Editorial: "How to Improve Cord Blood Transplantation: By Enhancing Cell Counts or Engraftment?".

Super-Activation as a Unique Feature of Secure Communication in Malicious Environments

The wiretap channel models secure communication between two users in the presence of an eavesdropper who must be kept ignorant of transmitted messages. This communication scenario is studied for arbitrarily varying channels (AVCs), in which the legitimate users know only that the true channel realization comes from a pre-specified uncertainty set and that it varies from channel use to channel use in an arbitrary and unknown manner. This concept not only captures the case of channel uncertainty, but also models scenarios in which malevolent adversaries influence or jam the transmission of the legitimate users. For secure communication over orthogonal arbitrarily varying wiretap channels (AVWCs) it has been shown that the phenomenon of super-activation occurs; that is, there are orthogonal AVWCs, each having zero secrecy capacity, which allow for transmission with positive rate if they are used together. It is shown that for such orthogonal AVWCs super-activation is generic in the sense that whenever super-activation is possible, it is possible for all AVWCs in a certain neighborhood as well. As a consequence, a super-activated AVWC is robust and continuous in the uncertainty set, although a single AVWC might not be. Moreover, it is shown that the question of super-activation and the continuity of the secrecy capacity solely depends on the legitimate link. Accordingly, the single-user AVC is subsequently studied and it is shown that in this case, super-activation for non-secure message transmission is not possible making it a unique feature of secure communication over AVWCs. However, the capacity for message transmission of the single-user AVC is shown to be super-additive including a complete characterization. Such knowledge is important for medium access control and in particular resource allocation as it determines the overall performance of a system.

Electrochemical Investigations into Blended Electrolytes Containing Ionic Liquids and a Glyme Solvent for Li-O­2 batteries

The Li-O2 battery may theoretically possess practical gravimetric energy densities several times greater than the current state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries.1 This magnitude of development is a requisite for true realization of electric vehicles capable of competing with the traditional combustion engine. However, significant challenges must be addressed before practical application may be considered. These include low efficiencies, low rate capabilities and the parasitic decomposition reactions of electrolyte/electrode materials resulting in very poor rechargeability.2-4 Ionic liquids, ILs, typically display several properties, extremely low vapor pressure and high electrochemical and thermal stability, which make them particularly interesting for Li-O2 battery electrolytes. However, the typically sluggish transport properties generally inhibit rate performance and cells suffer similar inefficiencies during cycling.5 , 6 In addition to the design of new ILs with tailored properties, formulating blended electrolytes using molecular solvents with ILs has been considered to improve their performance.7 , 8 In this work, we will discuss the physical properties vs. the electrochemical performance of a range of formulated electrolytes based on tetraglyme, a benchmark Li-O2 battery electrolyte solvent, and several ILs. The selected ILs are based on the bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide anion and alkyl/ether functionalized cyclic alkylammonium cations, which exhibit very good stability and moderate viscosity.9 O2 electrochemistry will be investigated in these media using macro and microdisk voltammetry and O2 solubility/diffusivity is quantified as a function of the electrolyte formulation. Furthermore, galvanostatic cycling of selected electrolytes in Li-O2 cells will be discussed to probe their practical electrochemical performance. Finally, the physical characterization of the blended electrolytes will be reported in parallel to further determine structure (or formulation) vs. property relationships and to, therefore, assess the importance of certain electrolyte properties (viscosity, O2supply capability, donor number) on their performance. This work was funded by the EPSRC (EP/L505262/1) and Innovate UK for the Practical Lithium-Air Batteries project (project number: 101577). 1. P. G. Bruce, S. A. Freunberger, L. J. Hardwick and J.-M. Tarascon, Nat. Mater., 11, 19 (2012). 2. S. A. Freunberger, Y. Chen, N. E. Drewett, L. J. Hardwick, F. Barde and P. G. Bruce, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 50, 8609 (2011). 3. B. D. McCloskey, A. Speidel, R. Scheffler, D. C. Miller, V. Viswanathan, J. S. Hummelshøj, J. K. Nørskov and A. C. Luntz, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 3, 997 (2012). 4. D. G. Kwabi, T. P. Batcho, C. V. Amanchukwu, N. Ortiz-Vitoriano, P. Hammond, C. V. Thompson and Y. Shao-Horn, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 5, 2850 (2014). 5. Z. H. Cui, W. G. Fan and X. X. Guo, J. Power Sources, 235, 251 (2013). 6. F. Soavi, S. Monaco and M. Mastragostino, J. Power Sources, 224, 115 (2013). 7. L. Cecchetto, M. Salomon, B. Scrosati and F. Croce, J. Power Sources, 213, 233 (2012). 8. A. Khan and C. Zhao, Electrochem. Commun., 49, 1 (2014). 9. Z. J. Chen, T. Xue and J.-M. Lee, RSC Adv., 2, 10564 (2012).

Long Day's Journey Into Night

Long Day's Journey Into Night

Cord Blood Banking Standards: Autologous Versus Altruistic.

Cord blood (CB) is either donated to public CB banks for use by any patient worldwide for whom it is a match or stored in a private bank for potential autologous or family use. It is a unique cell product that has potential for treating life-threatening diseases. The majority of CB products used today are for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and are accessed from public banks. CB is still evolving as a hematopoietic stem cell source, developing as a source for cellular immunotherapy products, such as natural killer, dendritic, and T-cells, and fast emerging as a non-hematopoietic stem cell source in the field of regenerative medicine. This review explores the regulations, standards, and accreditation schemes that are currently available nationally and internationally for public and private CB banking. Currently, most of private banking is under regulated as compared to public banking. Regulations and standards were initially developed to address the public arena. Early responses from the medical field regarding private CB banking was that at the present time, because of insufficient scientific data to support autologous banking and given the difficulty of making an accurate estimate of the need for autologous transplantation, private storage of CB as “biological insurance” should be discouraged (1, 2, 3). To ensure success and the true realization of the full potential of CB, whether for autologous or allogeneic use, it is essential that each and every product provided for current and future treatments meets high-quality, international standards.

Cognitive Cellular Systems: A New Challenge on the RF Analog Frontend

AbstractCognitive Cellular Systems are seen today as one of the most promising ways of moving forward solving or at least easing the still worsening situation of congested spectrum caused by the growing number of users and the expectation of higher data transfer rates. As the intelligence of a Cognitive Radio system is located in the digital domain – the Cognitive Engine and associated layers – extensive research has been ongoing in that domain since Mitola published his idea in 1999. Since, a big progress has been made in the domain of architectures and algorithms making systems more efficient and highly flexible. The pace of this progress, however, is going to be impeded by hard requirements on the received and transmitted signal quality, introducing ultimate challenges on the performance of the RF analog frontend, such as in-band local oscillator harmonics, ultra low sensitivity and ultra high linearity. The RF frontend is thus likely to become the limiting technical factor in the true realization of a Cognitive Cellular System. Based on short recapitulations of the most crucial issues in RF analog design for Cognitive Systems, this article will point out why those mechanisms become responsible for the limitation of the overall performance particularly in a broadband Cognitive Cellular System. Furthermore, as part of a possible solution to ease the situation, system design of a high intermediate frequency (IF) to UHF frequency converter for cognitive radios is discussed and the performance of such a converter analyzed as a proof of concept. In addition to successfully tackling some of the challenges, such a high-IF converter enables white space operation for existing commercial devices by acting as frequency converter. From detailed measurements, the capabilities in both physical layer and application layer performance of a high-IF frontend developed out of off-the-shelf components is explained and is shown to provide negligible degradation to the commercial device being connected to.

On the Continuity of the Secrecy Capacity of Compound and Arbitrarily Varying Wiretap Channels

The wiretap channel models secure communication between two users in the presence of an eavesdropper who must be kept ignorant of transmitted messages. The performance of such a system is usually characterized by its secrecy capacity which determines the maximum transmission rate of secure communication. In this paper, the issue of whether or not the secrecy capacity is a continuous function of the system parameters is examined. In particular, this is done for channel uncertainty modeled via compound channels and arbitrarily varying channels, in which the legitimate users know only that the true channel realization is from a pre-specified uncertainty set. In the former model, this realization remains constant for the entire duration of transmission, while in the latter the realization varies from channel use to channel use in an unknown and arbitrary manner. These models not only capture the case of channel uncertainty, but are also suitable for modeling scenarios in which a malicious adversary jams or otherwise influence the legitimate transmission. The secrecy capacity of the compound wiretap channel is shown to be robust in the sense that it is a continuous function of the uncertainty set. Thus, small variations in the uncertainty set lead to small variations in secrecy capacity. On the other hand, the deterministic secrecy capacity of the \emph{arbitrarily varying wiretap channel} is shown to be discontinuous in the uncertainty set meaning that small variations can lead to dramatic losses in capacity.

Generating non-stationary random fields of auto-correlated, normally distributed CPT profile by matrix decomposition method

This paper emphasises the true realisation of Cone Penetration Test (CPT) profiles considering non-stationary nature of the data. Formulation of stationary random field theory has been modified and adapted to non-stationary state in order to take into account the mean and variance variability for soil properties. Multi-variance correlation matrix along with the Cholesky decomposition technique was employed to produce realisations of non-homogenous and non-stationary random fields of CPT profiles. A piecewise and segmental data realisation according to the lithology and site class specifications acquired directly from CPT data is adopted in this study so as to render an accurate data simulation. For validation of proposed method 8 CPT test profiles collected from Urmia Lake site have been introduced and simulated by the stationary and non-stationary algorithms. The mean correlation coefficient between the actual CPT data profiles and related realisations along with some other important statistical parameters and their coefficients of variation strongly demonstrate that non-stationary random field generation technique gives quite better accuracy, by comparison to the conventional stationary random field generation scheme.

Dark-state adiabatic passage with spin-one particles

Adiabatic transport of information is a widely invoked resource in connection with quantum information processing and distribution. The study of adiabatic transport via spin-half chains or clusters is standard in the literature, while in practice the true realisation of a completely isolated two-level quantum system is not achievable. We explore here, theoretically, the extension of spin-half chain models to higher spins. Considering arrangements of three spin-one particles, we show that adiabatic transport, specifically a generalisation of the Dark State Adiabatic Passage procedure, is applicable to spin-one systems. We thus demonstrate a qutrit state transfer protocol. We discuss possible ways to physically implement this protocol, considering quantum dot and nitrogen-vacancy implementations.

Future Prospects for Regenerated Heart Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation is an epoch-making technology. The potential applications for iPSCs are wide-ranging from in vitro disease models to drug discovery. For regenerative medicine in particular, the technology provides great hope for patients with incurable diseases or potentially fatal disorders such as heart failure (HF). However, the true realization of that promise for HF remains uncertain and moving toward the clinical application of iPSCs needs to be stepwise and careful. The establishment of "safe" iPSCs must be a major premise, while genome integration-free and oncogene-free reprogramming is also necessary. Teratoma formation also remains a risk with undifferentiated iPSCs, but it must not happen in patients' bodies. Thus, regardless of the target organ, the differentiated cells from iPSCs must be purified to exclude any possibility of tumorigenicity. The transplantation strategies used for iPSC-derived cells are very important for the recovery of lost cardiac function. Longer engraftment of transplanted iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes is essential particularly because their survival could be hampered by ischemia, inflammation, apoptosis, immunological rejection, and other cardiac phenomena. Providing these multistep solutions will open the new frontier of regenerative therapies with iPSCs for patients with severe HF.

Regret theory and the competitive firm

This paper examines the production decision of the competitive firm under uncertainty when the firm is not only risk averse but also regret averse. Regret-averse preferences are characterized by a modified utility function that includes disutility from having chosen ex-post suboptimal alternatives. The extent of regret depends on the difference between the actual profit and the maximum profit attained by making the optimal production decision had the firm observed the true realization of the random output price. If the firm is not too regret averse, we show that the conventional result that the optimal output level under uncertainty is less than that under certainty holds. Using a simple binary model wherein the random output price can take on either a low value or a high value with positive probability, we show the possibility that the firm may optimally produce more, not less, under uncertainty than under certainty, particularly when the firm is sufficiently regret averse and the low output price is very likely to prevail.

Images of Spatial Representations in Charles Dickens's New York

Agnes Calder claims that Charles Dickens came back from America, 'heartily disillusioned’ (Dickens 8). In this paper, through reading American Notes (1842), I see the image of spatial representation in the city of New York. On the surface, the city shows Dickens’s eye of observation, revealing the dark side of the city. And yet, Dickens’s writing expresses more than what he sees. Dickens’s image of New York, I argue, is not only a 'realistic’ account of what things look like, but a true realisation of how he feels about himself, and about the country in which he was situated in.

Монологизам или дијалогизам епског гласа: хегелијанске и функционалне теорије епског жанра

This article advocates for the reconsideration of some of the most influential theoretical discussions on epic and its generic features, such as those offered by Hegel, Lukacs and Bakhtin. The Hegelian approach to epic, it is argued, also informed later scholars, such as the Chadwicks or Bowra, to posit an evolutionary model that considers oral traditions without long poems as somewhat inferior to Ancient Greek or Vedic, and to require a more complex and advanced social and national framework as the prerequisite for the birth of such long epics as the true realisation and embodiment of epic genre. As I will argue further, these generic distinctions were mostly formulated on a rather small sample of Homeric epics, and the material collected from various oral traditions in more recent times clearly shows the limitations of the earlier theoretical models. I will therefore advocate for a more inclusive, functional generic definition that takes into consideration the specific context in which epic functions in a particular oral tradition. The last section of this paper offers some implications of the theoretical discussion on the Serbian oral epic tradition, in particular to implicitly Hegelian national-romantic attempts to unify short separate songs about Kosovo or Marko Kraljevic into great Iliad-like epic poems.

Rosen’s (M,R) system in process algebra

BackgroundRobert Rosen’s Metabolism-Replacement, or (M,R), system can be represented as a compact network structure with a single source and three products derived from that source in three consecutive reactions. (M,R) has been claimed to be non-reducible to its components and algorithmically non-computable, in the sense of not being evaluable as a function by a Turing machine. If (M,R)-like structures are present in real biological networks, this suggests that many biological networks will be non-computable, with implications for those branches of systems biology that rely on in silico modelling for predictive purposes.ResultsWe instantiate (M,R) using the process algebra Bio-PEPA, and discuss the extent to which our model represents a true realization of (M,R). We observe that under some starting conditions and parameter values, stable states can be achieved. Although formal demonstration of algorithmic computability remains elusive for (M,R), we discuss the extent to which our Bio-PEPA representation of (M,R) allows us to sidestep Rosen’s fundamental objections to computational systems biology.ConclusionsWe argue that the behaviour of (M,R) in Bio-PEPA shows life-like properties.

Game-enabling the 3D-Mandelbulb Fractal by adding Velocity-induced Support Vectors

provide an innovative method for generating 3D images of real-world objects by using computational modelling algorithms based on the imperatives of self- similarity, scale invariance, and dimensionality. Of the many different types of fractals that have come into limelight since their origin, the family of Mandelbrot Set fractals has eluded both mathematicians and computer scientists alike. And the true 3D realization of the Mandelbrot set has been a challenging centre piece of research with its limits extending only to that of the sky. An earlier paper co-authored by us in 2011 explained a method of realizing a true 3D simulation of the Mandelbrot set and the rendering of the same onto 3- dimensional space. This paper takes a step further in using this variant of the Mandelbulb as input and outlines a method of the game-enabling of the same Mandelbulb by using direction-oriented vectors that are analogous in function to that of Support Vectors in the Support Vector Graphics (SVG) domain. A real-world application of the same can translate to examples of understanding an entire coast-line set to motion in space by adding 3D-animation enabled elevation to the corresponding fractal image.

Fabrication of nanoscale plasmonic structures and their applications to photonic devices and biosensors

In this review, we explored the fabrication and application of various metallic nanostructures that support localized surface plasmons. Principles and unique characteristics for individual nanopatterning technologies were demonstrated and relevant discussion focused on the process cost, throughput, and possibilities of large-area patterning and mass production. As a potential use of the nanoscale plasmonic structures, several applications such as plasmonic light sources, photovoltaic devices, and localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors were investigated. In conclusion, true realization of such promising applications could be accomplished through an advance in nanofabrication techniques, together with a better understanding of the underlying fundamentals and a greater collaboration in a variety of fields.

Some Words for Nature

Some Words for Nature William W. Stowe (bio) Rochelle L. Johnson . Passions for Nature: Nineteenth-Century America's Aesthetics of Alienation. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009. xvii + 300 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $24.95. Steve Nicholls . Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. x + 524 pp. Notes and index. $30.00. "I wish to speak a word for Nature . . ." —Thoreau, "Walking" (1862) There can be little doubt that the earth's plants and animals, including human animals, are facing a crisis that threatens our survival. Timelines and rescue scenarios vary. Some imagine a catastrophic tipping point in the all-too-foreseeable future, while others urge the need to take action for the sake of later generations. Some see a "return" to "simpler" lifeways as our only hope, while others are convinced that human inventiveness will come up with a technological fix, "as it always has." Meanwhile, environmental historians, scholar/critics of environmental literature, concerned writers, and literarily inclined activists are asking what they can do to influence the way their readers think and to induce them to bring about necessary change before it is too late. A forlorn hope, some might suggest, and yet there are popular writers like Rachel Carson, Bill McKibben, Al Gore, and Michael Pollan who have reached wide audiences and can lay legitimate claim to affecting public behavior, while historians and critics like Carolyn Merchant, William Cronon, Leo Marx, and Lawrence Buell continue to affect the thinking of influential readers in important ways. How, then, should the concerned writer proceed? What sort of book will be most effective? How can a historian or a literary scholar contribute to the welfare of the planet? Rochelle Johnson's Passions for Nature and Steve Nicholls' Paradise Found suggest answers to these questions. Johnson begins her book by declaring that the "passions for nature" of her mid-nineteenth-century subjects "can help us clarify our contemporary relations with the physical world" and [End Page 506] figure out "just how we got where we are today" (pp. xii, xiv). She concludes by arguing that while our culture fetishizes something it calls "nature," it pays so little attention to the actual natural world that it has no "accurate understanding of nature, its phenomena, its behavior, or its health" (p. 232). What she proposes to remedy this situation is "'an aesthetics of humility,'—a celebration of the delight and beauty that is experienced by valuing nature's particulars" without any attendant drive to dominate (p. 236). Like Johnson, Nicholls analyzes the parlous state of the natural world and suggests a remedy. He announces in his preface that his book's "message" will be "that life—all life—is complicated and therefore, even in limitless abundance, fragile and wonderfully, endlessly fascinating" (p. 7). Hardly fighting words, but another argument takes shape as Nicholls moves from place to place and time to time, chronicling the decline of species and the waste of life, and presenting compelling evidence that "we have diminished nature far more than most people know." If only people did know what we as a species had done, he concludes, "the true realization . . . would, I'm sure, spur enormous efforts to repair the damage, for the legacy of humanity to be more than just an impoverished planet" (p. 459). He aims to provide some of this essential knowledge. While their goals are similar, Johnson and Nicholls bring different skills and experiences to their tasks and aim for different readerships. Johnson is a seasoned literary scholar, past president of the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment, and the country's leading expert on the work of Susan Fenimore Cooper. Her audience is made up of her scholarly peers: writers and teachers in the field of American culture and environment. Her table of contents offers the reader analyses of a tantalizing range of subjects, beginning with Cooper but also including the painter Thomas Cole, the architect and landscape designer Andrew Jackson Downing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau. Nicholls has a Ph.D. in entomology but has made a long, prize-winning career as a writer and director of nature...