True Realization Research Articles

Addressing Barriers to Inclusion: Challenges and Recommendations for Inclusive Primary Education in Bangladesh

Despite policy commitments to inclusive education, significant barriers hinder its true realization in Bangladesh, particularly at the primary level. This research utilizes secondary data analysis to comprehensively identify and examine these challenges, drawing insights from official reports, academic literature, and stakeholder interviews. The study investigates four primary domains: policy and infrastructure, teacher preparedness and practices, attitudes and awareness, and accessibility and support mechanisms. Findings reveal systemic limitations in infrastructure and resource allocation, inadequate teacher training in inclusive pedagogies, persisting negative attitudes towards diverse learners, and insufficient support services for children with disabilities and marginalized backgrounds. Drawing on these insights, the paper proposes multi-pronged recommendations across each domain, advocating for: 1) strengthened policy frameworks and resource allocation, 2) comprehensive teacher training in inclusive practices and differentiated instruction, 3) community-based awareness campaigns on inclusion and diversity, and 4) improved accessibility measures in schools and learning materials. The research emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts at national, local, and school levels to dismantle identified barriers and create a truly inclusive primary education system in Bangladesh, ensuring equitable access and quality learning for all children.

Predictive control of linear discrete-time Markovian jump systems by learning recurrent patterns

Incorporating pattern-learning for prediction (PLP) in many discrete-time or discrete-event systems allows for computation-efficient controller design by memorizing patterns to schedule control policies based on their future occurrences. In this paper, we demonstrate the effect of PLP by designing a controller architecture for a class of linear Markovian jump systems (MJSs) where the aforementioned “patterns” correspond to finite-length sequences of modes. In our analysis of recurrent patterns, we use martingale theory to derive closed-form solutions to quantities pertaining to the occurrence of patterns: (1) the expected minimum occurrence time of any pattern from some predefined collection, (2) the probability of a pattern being the first to occur among the collection. To make our method applicable to real-world dynamics, we make two extensions to common assumptions in prior pattern-occurrence literature. First, the distribution of the mode process is unknown, and second, the true realization of the mode process is not observable. As demonstration, we consider fault-tolerant control of a dynamic topology-switching network, and empirically compare PLP to two controllers without PLP: a baseline based on the novel System Level Synthesis (SLS) approach and a topology-robust extension of the SLS baseline. We show that PLP is able to reject disturbances just as effectively as the topology-robust controller at reduced computation time and control effort. We discuss several important tradeoffs, such as the size of the pattern collection and the system scale versus the accuracy of the mode predictions, which show how different PLP implementations affect stabilization and runtime performance.

Sloboda kao autentičnost vjerovanja

In this work we will treat the issue of freedom in its ontological aspect, as a category immanent to man which finds its true realization through man’s relationship to the transcendental. That relation implies the inward consciousness and freedom of will in submission to God in every state which corresponds to the degree of metaphysical dismantling (tajrīd). transcends the plane of ritualistic uniformity, which, also, presents one aspect of non-freedom. Man at the degree of Tajriid is freed from inside and he expresses his individual experience of God’s presence in his own being in his unique and personal way, and authentic dialogue with God, just like in the story of the Messenger Moses and the shepherd. In that measure in which man is more alert and open to plunging into his own transcendental infinity, he is spiritually awakened, which is a foundational, precondition for the attainment of true freedom. Key words: freedom, tajrid, non-freedom, messenger Moses, pastor, Rumi.

Hedging and the regret theory of the firm

This paper examines the production and hedging decisions of the competitive firm under price uncertainty when the firm is not only risk averse but also regret averse. Regret-averse preferences are characterized by a modified utility function that includes disutility from having chosen ex post suboptimal alternatives. The extent of regret depends on the difference between the actual profit and the maximum profit attained by making the optimal production, and hedging decisions had the firm observed the true realization of the random output price. While the separation theorem holds under regret aversion, the prevalence of hedging opportunities may have perverse effect on the firm’s optimal output level, particularly when the firm is sufficiently regret averse. The full-hedging theorem, however, does not hold. We derive sufficient conditions under which the regret-averse firm’s optimal futures position is an under-hedge (over-hedge). We further show that the firm optimally increases (decreases) its futures position when the price risk possesses more positive (negative) skewness.

Metaverse for education – Virtual or real?

Metaverse is considered an extension of the Internet that is expected to revolutionize our social and economic lives by offering seamless interactions in the virtual worlds. Some believe that the Metaverse is one of those technologies that are destined to fail while others envisage Metaverse as part and parcel of future life, same as the Internet in today’s world. While the jury is still out on whether the Metaverse would eventually be materialized to its full potential, billions have been invested into to the development of the Metaverse and its related technologies by the technology giants such as Meta, Microsoft, and Apple. The Metaverse promises to bring a step change in every walk of life and Education sector is no exception. A true realization of the Metaverse will make the geographical boundaries disappear making the education accessible to the least privileged communities. At the same time, the virtual worlds with immersive experiences of usually less accessible resources would provide at-scale resource sharing throughout the world. The Metaverse would enable seamless access of Stanford labs, for instance, to someone in Africa to do collaborative experiments in the virtual worlds. This Perspective presents the status of the Metaverse in Education. It describes the future of Education sector with the integration of the Metaverse. In the end it presents the author’s perspective on the practicalities and challenges of the Metaverse in Education. The author believes that despite all the hype created around Metaverse, it will take a pandemic-like disruption for the academic world to truly embrace and integrate the Metaverse in Education sector.

Ultra-compact silicon photonics highly dispersive elements for low-latency signal processing.

On-chip optical group-velocity dispersion (GVD) is highly desired for a wide range of signal processing applications, including low-latency and low-power-consumption dispersion compensation of telecommunication data signals. However, present technologies, such as linearly chirped waveguide Bragg gratings (LCWBGs), employ spectral phase accumulation along the frequency spectrum. To achieve the needed specifications in most applications, this strategy requires device lengths that are not compatible with on-chip integration while incurring in relatively long processing latencies. Here, we demonstrate a novel design strategy that utilizes a discretized and bounded spectral phase filtering process to emulate the continuous spectral phase variation of a target GVD line. This leads to a significant reduction of the resulting device length, enabling on-chip integration and ultra-low latencies. In experiments, we show GVD compensation of both NRZ and PAM4 data signals with baud rates up to 24 GBd over a 31.12-km fibre-optic link using a 4.1-mm WBG-based on-chip phase filter in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, at least 5× shorter compared to an equivalent LCWBG, reducing the processing latency down to ∼ 100 ps. The bandwidth of the mm-long device can be further extended to the THz range by employing a simple and highly efficient phase-only sampling of the grating profile. The proposed solution provides a promising route toward a true on-chip realization of a host of GVD-based all-optical analog signal processing functionalities.

The Impact of Southern Song Buddhism on the Japanese Pure Land Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Shinran’s Thought in the Context of Sino-Japanese Buddhist Exchange

This article discusses how Southern Song Buddhism, which flourished in the Taizhou 台州, Hangzhou 杭州 and Ningbo 寧波 area, positively impacted the transformational movement of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Recently, several excellent academic books were published in Japan that address the development of Buddhist thought during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960) and Song periods (960-1279) and Sino-Japanese Buddhist exchange from the perspective of cultural and textual relationships across East Asian during this era. These studies reveal the trans-sectarian and trans-national characteristics of Sino-Japanese Buddhist exchange during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These studies demonstrate not only cutting-edge methodological approaches by modern scholars, but also why comprehensive research of and knowledge about transformational Japanese Buddhist movements in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is necessary for understanding the history of the development of Chinese and Japanese Buddhism.<BR> In this article, I overview the impact of Southern Song Buddhism on the development of Japanese Buddhism, especially the transformational movement of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries focusing on Shinran 親鸞 (1173-1263), who is the founder of Jōdo Shinshū or Shin Buddhist sect. He was one of the main figures of the transform movement of Japanese Pure Land in the thirteenth century. Shinran is also recognized as a seminal, sophisticated religious thinker in Japanese Buddhism, and he is remembered in modern times for his provocative and insightful writings. Here, I examine his main work, the Ken Jōdoshinjitsu Kyōgyōshō monrui 顕浄土真実教行証文類 (Collected Passages Revealing the True Teaching, Practice, and Realization; hereafter The True Teaching, Practice, and Realization) and analyze how Song-dynasty Buddhist texts, especially written by masters in the Hangzhou area brought back to Japan during this time, greatly impacted Shinran’s innovative and transformational thought.

Advances in intelligent long-term vibration-based structural health-monitoring systems for bridges

The true realization of the benefits of vibration based structural health monitoring (VBSHM) in real-world applications is acquired through long-term continuous monitoring so that one can attain a detailed grasp of the behavior of the monitored structure. The challenges in long-term continuous VBSHM include: the large volume of accumulated monitoring data; the effective extraction of engineering information amid the influences of noise and uncertainties embedded in the monitoring data; maintaining continuity and consistency in the long-term monitoring data considering that the system and instrumentation may change due to sensor failure or renewal due to advances in sensing technologies. To meet these challenges, this paper presents recent research that has resulted in the development of a framework and specialized signal processing and data analytic tools for long-term continuous VBSHM suitable for real-world monitoring applications of structures in the field. These include efficient tools for large scale intelligent data processing and analysis, management of monitoring database and extracted information relevant to the structural health of the monitored structure. The novel Automated In-Line Full Space Identification (AI-FSI) method is presented to address the needs and challenges associated with long-term continuous VBSHM, such as the automation of all data processing and analysis operations including modal parameter estimations and mode tracking, and the need of minimizing the measurement and computational uncertainties and variability in the operational modal analysis results. A smart self-diagnostic system for the monitoring of the health of the data collection sensors and monitoring system has also been developed that will allow the consistent use of the monitoring data of different sensor configurations and era in the monitoring project. Examples on the efficiency of analyzing the monitoring data collected over 20 years from the Confederation Bridge monitoring project in Atlantic Canada by using the developed novel framework and data analytic tools are presented.

A Novel Architectural Framework on IoT Ecosystem, Security Aspects and Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Survey

For the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology continues to not only gain popularity and importance, but also witnesses the true realization of everything being smart. With the advent of the concept of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">smart everything</i> , IoT has emerged as an area of great potential and incredible growth. An IoT ecosystem centers around innovation perspective which is considered as its fundamental core. Accordingly, IoT enabling technologies such as hardware and software platforms as well as standards become the core of the IoT ecosystem. However, any large-scale technological integration such as the IoT development poses the challenge to ensure secure data transmission. Perhaps, the ubiquitous and the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices and the sensitive and private data being generated by IoT systems make them highly vulnerable to physical and cyber threats. In this paper, we re-define an IoT ecosystem from the core technologies view point. We propose a modified three layer IoT architecture by dividing the perception layer into elementary blocks based on their attributed functions. Enabling technologies, attacks and security countermeasures are classified under each layer of the proposed architecture. Additionally, to give the readers a broader perspective of the research area, we discuss the role of various state-of-the-art emerging technologies in the IoT security. We present the security aspects of the most prominent standards and other recently developed technologies for IoT which might have the potential to form the yet undefined IoT architecture. Among the technologies presented in this article, we give a special interest to one recent technology in IoT domain. This technology is named IQRF that stands for Intelligent Connectivity using Radio Frequency. It is an emerging technology for wireless packet-oriented communication that operates in sub-GHz ISM band (868 Mhz) and which is intended for general use where wireless connectivity is needed, either in a mesh network or point-to-point (P2P) configuration. We also highlighted the security aspects implemented in this technology and we compare it with the other already known technologies. Moreover, a detailed discussion on the possible attacks is presented. These attacks are projected on the IoT technologies presented in this article including IQRF. In addition, lightweight security solutions, implemented in these technologies, to counter these threats in the proposed IoT ecosystem architecture are also presented. Lastly, we summarize the survey by listing out some common challenges and the future research directions in this field.

The True Realization of the Pure Land Way in Shinran’s Thought: The Two “Necessary Attainment” （&lt;i&gt;hisshi&lt;/i&gt; 必至） Vows

This paper clarifies the fundamental structure of “The True Realization of the Pure Land Way” in Shinranʼs thought. In doing so, it focuses on the fact that Shinran positions the two hisshi 必至 （necessary attainment） vows as the subject of true realization.

Emerging IoT domains, current standings and open research challenges: a review.

Over the last decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) domain has grown dramatically, from ultra-low-power hardware design to cloud-based solutions, and now, with the rise of 5G technology, a new horizon for edge computing on IoT devices will be introduced. A wide range of communication technologies has steadily evolved in recent years, representing a diverse range of domain areas and communication specifications. Because of the heterogeneity of technology and interconnectivity, the true realisation of the IoT ecosystem is currently hampered by multiple dynamic integration challenges. In this context, several emerging IoT domains necessitate a complete re-modeling, design, and standardisation from the ground up in order to achieve seamless IoT ecosystem integration. The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), Internet of Space-Things (IoST), Internet of Underwater-Things (IoUT) and Social Internet of Things (SIoT) are investigated in this paper with a broad future scope based on their integration and ability to source other IoT domains by highlighting their application domains, state-of-the-art research, and open challenges. To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no information on the current state of these ecosystems, which is the motivating factor behind this article. Finally, the paper summarises the integration of these ecosystems with current IoT domains and suggests future directions for overcoming the challenges.

Thinking globally and acting locally. Can research and science help?

This issue of the Journal starts volume 3, an occasion to pause, give thanks, and reflect on the past year or so. Two major events in recent times have shed a true meaning to the saying "think globally, act locally". The Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war underscored that we exist in a globalizing and “boundaryless” economy. There has been no escaping of the ripple-effects of these two events. The result has been heightened unemployment across all industrial sectors, particularly worsened in vulnerable sectors such as tourism and hospitality. The informal sector has also particularly been hit. Food insecurity has increased, and inflation has picked across the globe. Economic growth has stalled, and standards of living have plummeted in the past three years. Countries have acted differently - a true realization of acting locally - to tame the effects on the economy and population. Developed countries acted much faster, while developing countries acted laggards. In laggard countries, policies have lacked evidence. Attributed to Scots town planner and social activist Patrick Geddes (1915), and popularized in the 1970s (Heaps, 2010), the catch term think global-act local has evolved. It has been used in various contexts, including planning, environment, education, and towards business strategies. Thinking globally and acting locally, in its simplest form, is a commitment to personal change. It is a liberating journey of small, deliberate changes to dismantle inconsistencies that exist (Barash, 2002; Groom 2012). This acting is not only at country level, but also applies at a community sphere. For example, geographic proximity and local networks influence diverse practices at a local level, and it not uncommon for organizations to act differently in different settings. Having a long-term vision to offset the impacts of globalization is important for a country. But how much of these locally tailored solutions can be informed by research and science? This call for local action is increasing been made in the case of mitigating for the impacts of climate change. The emphasis has been that global warming requires local solutions. The options are many: Make buildings tighter, maximize passive solar applications, substitute higher-efficiency appliances and motors, encourage telecommunications instead of physical meeting, among others. This problem can be eradicated easily through the introduction of many county-wide regulations, such as tax breaks on households that recycle, readily-available recycling bins and trashcans among many. Africa too needs local solutions for global challenges. One can not overemphasize the power of local solutions to address global challenges. And so, in the Namibian context, we argue that local solutions should be informed through active research and scientific inquiry. However, just like everywhere around the world, local efforts to protect our planet are too often underfunded and overlooked. Nevertheless, we must not tire. There is need to develop a knowledge hub, we require a critical mass of experts, there is need to get others inspired by reaching out, that knowledge must be shared or disseminated through civic participation in advancing scientific and research discovery to support the country's development.

Bálint Sándor a boldoggá avatás küszöbén

This article explores the life of a lay person, Sándor Bálint (1904-1980), who lived an exemplary Christian life and whose process of beatification is currently underway. As a renowned professor and researcher of religious ethnography, a devoted politician, as well as a faithful Christian, Bálint served his country and every person he met with persistent and humble love. His life can be seen as a true realisation of the teaching of the Second Vatican Council concerning sainthood and the role of lay persons in the Church and society.

Amalgamation of Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Development of Smart City Environment: A Review

The concept of smart city evolved with the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in various sub-systems and processes in urban environment. The development of the smart cities is the best possible solution to major urban issues. It contributes towards economic and social development of the residents. It aims to provide the cordial environment in the domains of healthcare, education, transportation, power generation and dissipation, security, living, industry, etc., to the inhabitants to make their lives comfortable. Sustainability of these services is another major objective in a smart city framework. Along with the true realization of the idea of a smart city, advanced computational and communication technologies are contributing hugely towards its sustainable development. Communication technologies act as backbone to ensure connectivity at the various levels in a smart city framework. Novel smart city solutions for different application domains are designed and deployed by the industry using advanced computational technologies like IoT, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Big Data and Cloud Computing. In this work, authors discuss the concept of smart city, its architecture and sustainability. Different operational domains in a smart city ecosystem are elaborated. The cyber physical aspect of the smart cities is discussed in brief. The role of various computational and communication technologies in the sustainable development of smart cities is presented. Limiting factors in the deployment of various advanced technologies in different smart city domains are highlighted. Security issues associated with the technological sustainable development of different smart city services along with existing solutions are discussed. The article is concluded by highlighting the future research directions.

Temporal Decomposition-Based Stochastic Economic Dispatch for Smart Grid Energy Management

This paper presents a temporal decomposition strategy to decompose security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) over the scheduling horizon with the goal of reducing its computational burden and enhancing its scalability. A set of subproblems, each with respect to demand response, normal constraints, and $N-1$ contingency corrective actions at a subhorizon, is formulated. The proposed decomposition deals with computational complexities originated from intertemporal interdependencies of system equipment, i.e., generators’ ramp constraints and state of charge of storage devices. The concept of overlapping intervals is introduced to make SCED subproblems solvable in parallel. Intertemporal connectivity related to energy storage is also modeled in the context of temporal decomposition. Besides, reserve up and down requirements are formulated as data-driven nonparametric chance constraints to account for wind generation uncertainties. The concept of $\phi -$ divergence is used to convert nonparametric chance constraints to more conservative parametric constraints. A reduced risk level is calculated with respect to wind generation prediction errors to ensure the satisfaction of system constraints with a confidence level after the true realization of uncertainty. Auxiliary problem principle is applied to coordinate SCED subproblems in parallel. Numerical results on three test systems show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Improving expert forecasts in reliability: Application and evidence for structured elicitation protocols

AbstractQuantitative expert judgements are used in reliability assessments to inform critically important decisions. Structured elicitation protocols have been advocated to improve expert judgements, yet their application in reliability is challenged by a lack of examples or evidence that they improve judgements.This paper aims to overcome these barriers. We present a case study where two world‐leading protocols, the IDEA protocol and the Classical Model, were combined and applied by the Australian Department of Defence for a reliability assessment. We assess the practicality of the methods and the extent to which they improve judgements.The average expert was extremely overconfident, with 90% credible intervals containing the true realisation 36% of the time. However, steps contained in the protocols substantially improved judgements. In particular, an equal weighted aggregation of individual judgements and the inclusion of a discussion phase and revised estimate helped to improve calibration, statistical accuracy, and the Classical Model score. Further improvements in precision and information were made via performance weighted aggregation.This paper provides useful insights into the application of structured elicitation protocols for reliability and the extent to which judgements are improved. The findings raise concerns about existing practices for utilising experts in reliability assessments and suggest greater adoption of structured protocols is warranted. We encourage the reliability community to further develop examples and insights.

Model Misfit Minimization

Abstract In geophysical applications, solutions to ill‐posed inverse problems Ax=b are often obtained by analyzing the trade‐off between data residue ‖Ax−b‖2 and model norm ‖x‖2. In this study, we show that the traditional L‐curve analysis does not lead to solutions closest to the true models because the maximum curvature (or the corner of the L‐curve) depends on the relative scaling between data residue and model norm. A Bayes approach based on empirical risk function minimization using training datasets may be designed to find a statistically optimal solution, but its success depends on the true realization of the model. To overcome this limitation, we construct training models using eigenvectors of matrix ATA as well as spectral coefficients calculated from the correlation between observations and eigenvector projected data. This approach accounts for data noise level but does not require it as a priori knowledge. Using global tomography as an example, we show that the solutions are closest to true models.

Elicitation of expectations using Colonel Blotto

We develop a mechanism based on the Colonel Blotto game to elicit (subjective) expectations in a group-based manner. In this game, two players allocate resources over possible future events. A fixed prize is awarded based on the amounts the players allocate to the realized event. We consider two payoff variations: under the proportional-prize rule, the award is split proportionally to the resources that players allocate to the realized event; under the winner-takes-all rule, the full award is given to the player who allocate the most resources to the realized event. When probabilities by which events realize are common knowledge to the players, both games are Bayesian–Nash incentive compatible in the sense that (expected) equilibrium allocations perfectly reflect the true realization probabilities. By means of a laboratory experiment, we find that in a setting where realization probabilities are common knowledge the game with the proportional-prize rule (Prop) elicits better distributions compared to both the winner-takes-all variation (Win) and a benchmark mechanism based on an individual-based proper scoring rule (Ind). Without common knowledge of realization probabilities Prop is at least as good as Ind, showing that it is possible to use a game to elicit expectations in a similar fashion to using a proper scoring rule.

Use of ‘Self’ in Social Work: Some Reflections

Social workers exercise the use of ‘self’ by consciously demonstrating their knowledge, values, skills and personality traits in their interventions with clients. The paper argues that what we call our ‘self’ is a false perception conceptualised through our social environment. It asserts that knowing the ‘self’ is not confined to merely identifying personal biases and prejudices. The effective use of social work values such as compassion, unconditional positive regard and empathy towards clients are compromised without the true realisation of ‘self’.

The Path to Socialism: The Program for Fostering Cooperatives and Socializing Public System

The paper by Jan Wolski — a Polish theoretician and cooperative activist — constitutes the third section of the book Spółdzielczy samorząd pracy [Cooperative Labour Self-Management], which he wrote over the years of 1943-1956, but which was never published as a whole. The manuscript, from the author’s family archives, includes the information that this piece was ―written in 1943 for the Inter-union Cooperative Committee (functioning underground in Warsaw during II World War) and the Socialist Planning Commission‖. Entitled Cooperative Labour Self-Management, this section of the planned book was published in the monthly magazine Więź [Bond], issue no. 2 of 1972, and in 2011 on the website Lewicowo.pl. It contains Wolski’s deliberations regarding the functioning of cooperative labour self-management under the conditions of a social and economic transformation heading towards a classless society. Wolski believed a universal labour-based political system to be one of the essential conditions of socialism, supplanting the old organisational forms originating from the capitalist period. As such, universal labour self-management together with other forms of popular self-government, and particularly user self-government, constitutes a transmission belt between the populace’s grassroots activity and top-down political organisation. Mindful of Edward Abramowski’s teachings, Wolski considered that only having the state based on self-governing cooperative institutions consisted the true realisation of universal will, and thereby the realisation of socialist ideals.