True Memory Research Articles

False Memories and True Memories of Childhood Trauma: Balancing the Risks

How often do clinical psychologists discuss with their adult clients the possibility that the clients might have been abused as children but had repressed the memory? If during the course of therapy clients remember being abused as children when the clients had no previous memories of such abuse, how likely is it that the memories are false? These questions underlie Patihis and Pendergrast’s Mechanical Turk survey study (this issue, p. 3). We discuss relevant scientific findings, including from longitudinal research on adults who as children experienced documented child maltreatment. We question inferences and generalizations resulting from the methodology Patihis and Pendergrast employed. We argue that clinicians are often justified in asking about past child abuse, remembered and forgotten, and that clinicians and researchers should strive to balance the risk of adults forming false memories with the need for adults to overcome childhood trauma.

Putting false memories into context: the effects of odour contexts on correct and false recall

ABSTRACTFalse memories created by the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm are often accompanied by contextual information. Yet, research investigating the effects of context on false memories is surprisingly scarce. We used the context-dependent memory (CDM) model to construct same versus different context conditions using odours as contexts and DRM lists as to-be-remembered stimuli. Experiment 1 showed that levels of correct recall were higher in the same-context condition than in the changed-context condition, but no effects of context were observed in false recall. Experiment 2 used different odours and a longer retention interval and showed that context-dependent memory effects were found for both true and false memory. For true memory, context reinstatement improved memory, whilst simultaneously reducing false memory. Theoretical and forensic implications of these findings are discussed.

A self-reference false memory effect in the DRM paradigm: Evidence from Eastern and Western samples

It is well established that processing information in relation to oneself (i.e., self-referencing) leads to better memory for that information than processing that same information in relation to others (i.e., other-referencing). However, it is unknown whether self-referencing also leads to more false memories than other-referencing does. In the current two experiments with European and East Asian samples, we presented participants the Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists together with their own name or other people’s name (i.e., “Trump” in Experiment 1 and “Li Ming” in Experiment 2). We found consistent results across the two experiments; that is, in the self-reference condition, participants had higher true and false memory rates compared with those in the other-reference condition. Moreover, we found that self-referencing did not exhibit superior mnemonic advantage in terms of net accuracy compared with other-referencing and neutral conditions. These findings are discussed in terms of theoretical frameworks such as spreading activation theories and the fuzzy-trace theory. We propose that our results reflect the adaptive nature of memory in the sense that cognitive processes that increase mnemonic efficiency may also increase susceptibility to associative false memories.

Effects of survival processing and retention interval on true and false recognition in the DRM and category repetition paradigms

ABSTRACTTwo experiments examined the effects of survival processing and delay on true and related false recognition. Experiment 1 used the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm and found survival processing to increase true and related false recognition. Extending the delay from 5-mins to 1-day reduced true, but not false memory. Measures of the characteristics of true and false memories showed survival processing increased “remember” and “know” responses for related false memory, “know” responses for true memory and gist processing. Experiment 2 made use of the category repetition procedure and found a broadly similar pattern of results for true memory. However, related false memory was decreased by survival processing. Except for one result, no interactions were found between encoding task and delay. Overall, survival processing produced similar or different effects on true/false memory depending on the nature of the list. The mechanisms that might underpin these are evaluated and considered in relation to future work.

Virtual memory cells make a major contribution to the response of aged influenza-na\xefve mice to influenza virus infection

BackgroundA diverse repertoire of naïve T cells is thought to be essential for a robust response to new infections. However, a key aspect of aging of the T cell compartment is a decline in numbers and diversity of peripheral naïve T cells. We have hypothesized that the age-related decline in naïve T cells forces the immune system to respond to new infections using cross-reactive memory T cells generated to previous infections that dominate the aged peripheral T cell repertoire.ResultsHere we confirm that the CD8 T cell response of aged, influenza-naïve mice to primary infection with influenza virus is dominated by T cells that derive from the memory T cell pool. These cells exhibit the phenotypic characteristics of virtual memory cells rather than true memory cells. Furthermore, we find that the repertoire of responding CD8 T cells is constrained compared with that of young mice, and differs significantly between individual aged mice. After infection, these virtual memory CD8 T cells effectively develop into granzyme-producing effector cells, and clear virus with kinetics comparable to naïve CD8 T cells from young mice.ConclusionsThe response of aged, influenza-naive mice to a new influenza infection is mediated largely by memory CD8 T cells. However, unexpectedly, they have the phenotype of VM cells. In response to de novo influenza virus infection, the VM cells develop into granzyme-producing effector cells and clear virus with comparable kinetics to young CD8 T cells.

Confident false memories for spatial location are mediated by V1

ABSTRACTPrior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results suggest that true memories, but not false memories, activate early sensory cortex. It is thought that false memories, which reflect conscious processing, do not activate early sensory cortex because these regions are associated with nonconscious processing. We posited that false memories may activate the earliest visual cortical processing region (i.e., V1) when task conditions are manipulated to evoke conscious processing in this region. In an fMRI experiment, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation during encoding. During retrieval, old shapes were presented at fixation and participants characterized each shape as previously on the "left" or "right" followed by an "unsure"–"sure"–"very sure" confidence rating. False memories for spatial location (i.e., "right"/left or "left"/right trials with "sure" or "very sure" confidence ratings) were associated with activity in bilateral early visual regions, including V1. In a follow-up fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment that employed the same paradigm, we assessed whether V1 activity was necessary for false memory construction. Between the encoding phase and the retrieval phase of each run, TMS (1 Hz, 8 min) was used to target the location of false memory activity (identified in the fMRI experiment) in left V1, right V1, or the vertex (control site). Confident false memories for spatial location were significantly reduced following TMS to V1, as compared to vertex. The results of the present experiments provide convergent evidence that early sensory cortex can contribute to false memory construction under particular task conditions.

Critical Role of Interlayer in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Ferroelectric FET Nonvolatile Memory Performance

We fabricate, characterize, and establish the critical design criteria of Hf <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (HZO)-based ferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET) for nonvolatile memory application. We quantify VTH shift from electron (hole) trapping in the vicinity of ferroelectric (FE)/interlayer (IL) interface, induced by erase (program) pulse, and VTH shift from polarization switching to determine true memory window (MW). The devices exhibit extrapolated retention up to 10 years at 85 °C and endurance up to 5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> cycles initiated by the IL breakdown. Endurance up to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cycles of partial polarization switching is shown in metal-FE-metal capacitor, in the absence of IL. A comprehensive metal- FE-insulator-semiconductor FeFET model is developed to quantify the electric field distribution in the gate-stack, and an IL design guideline is established to markedly enhance MW, retention characteristics, and cycling endurance.

Tracking KLRC2 (NKG2C)+ memory-like NK cells in SIV+ and rhCMV+ rhesus macaques.

Natural killer (NK) cells classically typify the nonspecific effector arm of the innate immune system, but have recently been shown to possess memory-like properties against multiple viral infections, most notably CMV. Expression of the activating receptor NKG2C is elevated on human NK cells in response to infection with CMV as well as HIV, and may delineate cells with memory and memory-like functions. A better understanding of how NKG2C+ NK cells specifically respond to these pathogens could be significantly advanced using nonhuman primate (NHP) models but, to date, it has not been possible to distinguish NKG2C from its inhibitory counterpart, NKG2A, in NHP because of unfaithful antibody cross-reactivity. Using novel RNA-based flow cytometry, we identify for the first time true memory NKG2C+ NK cells in NHP by gene expression (KLRC2), and show that these cells have elevated frequencies and diversify their functional repertoire specifically in response to rhCMV and SIV infections.

The nature and consequences of false memories for visual stimuli

Different theoretical views exist regarding whether false memories contain perceptual information or are merely conceptual in nature. To address this question, we conducted three experiments to examine whether false memories for pictures had a priming effect on a perceptual closure task. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with pictorial versions of Deese/Roediger - McDermott (DRM) lists and received a recognition task. Finally, in the perceptual closure task (PCT), participants were shown degraded pictures (studied pictures, critical pictures , unrelated pictures) that became clearer over time and had to identify the object depicted as quickly as possible. The results showed that false memories for pictures did not exhibit a priming effect in the PCT. Specifically, picture identifications based on false memories for visual stimuli were significantly slower than those based on true memories and the former did not differ from that of unrelated items . In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated the modality (ve rbal vs. pictorial) of the study phase and the PCT phase . In both experiments , false memories for pictures primed pictures significantly slower than true memories in the pictorial PCT, but false memories for pictures primed words faster than true memories in the verbal PCT. Our results suggest that false memories for pictures are unlikely to contain perceptual information but rather that they are conceptual in nature.

Integrated quantum flow and hidden Markov chain approach for resisting DDoS attack and C-Worm

A denial of service attack becomes a major security issue in the network service provisioning. New worm detection methods are not capable to analyze and detect exponentially rising abnormal traffic patterns. In this paper, a new method called an integrated quantum flow and hidden Markov chain approach (IQF-HMC) is introduced in the internet service provisioning. The Quantum flow measured network traffic with features of origination source, nature of the data traffic, and time duration. The standard classes of traffic pattern are evaluated with training sample and the entropy of test traffic data flow patterns are analyzed and compared to detect and resist the abnormal traffic flooding attack. In addition, the quantum phase shift is done on incoming data traffic pattern enables the server to identify the abnormal cross traffic. After that, hidden Markov chain (HMC) is integrated with quantum flow model to restrict the propagation of uncontrolled malicious traffic by camouflage-Worm. Hidden Markov chain adapted a dynamic Bayesian network to evaluate the camouflaging worm propagation with optimal nonlinear filtering. This integrated method improves the performance of the secured network communication in the internet scenario. The performance parameters are DDoS flood attack resistance rate, execution time, true positive rate and memory utilization.

“I Will Never Disown You” (Mk. 14:31): A Psychological Perspective on Peter’s Denials

This article attempts to explore the effects of memory retention, phantom recollection, and recollection rejection on the quest for the Apostle Peter’s denials (Mt. 26:31–35, 69–75; Mk 14:27–31, 66–72; Lk. 22:31–34, 54–62; Jn. 13:37–38, 18:15–18, 25–27). Phantom recollection refers that sometimes gist-based false memories at high levels are strong enough to elicit falsely recalled experiences. While individuals retrieve true recognition of their instantiating studied scenarios rather than false-but-gist-consistent lures by detecting relevant signal via a memory-editing operation called recollection rejection. This article examines the extent to which Peter’s memory retention sustains and moreover presumes that phantom recollection leads Peter to override his own promise, but with the assistance of detecting the crucial signals (i.e., the rooster crows, Mt. 26:74b, Mk. 14:72a, Lk. 22:60b, Jn. 18:27b; Jesus straightforwardly looks at him, Lk. 22:61a) that evokes the recollection rejection process, he retrieves his true memories. For the first time, if any, the attempt to interpret the pericope of Peter’s denials through the lens of the false memory theory could elucidate our hermeneutical understandings from the nature of humankind perspective.

Differentiating True and False Schematic Memories in Older Adults.

While schemas aid memory for schematically related information, the gist induced by the schema can also lead to high rates of false memories, especially in older adults. The neural mechanisms that support and differentiate true and false memories in aging are not well understood. The current study sought to clarify this, using a novel scene paradigm to investigate the role of schemas on true and false memories in older adults. Healthy older adults encoded schematic scenes (e.g., bathroom). At retrieval, participants were tested on their memory for both schematic and nonschematic targets and lures while functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected. Results indicate that true memories were supported by the typical retrieval network, and activity in this network was greater for true than false memories. Schema specific retrieval was supported by medial prefrontal cortex, extending this common finding to aging. While no region differentiated false memories compared to correct rejections, results showed that individual differences in false memory rates were associated with variability in neural activity. The findings underscore the importance of elucidating the neural basis of cognition within older adults, as well as the specific contribution of individual differences to the neural basis of memory errors in aging.

Motivated forgetting reduces veridical memories but slightly increases false memories in both young and healthy older people.

The aim of the current study is to examine the effects of motivated forgetting and aging on true and false memory. Sixty young and 54 healthy older adults were instructed to study two lists of 18 words each. Each list was composed of three sets of six words associated with three non-presented critical words. After studying list 1, half of the participants received the instruction to forget List 1, whereas the other half received the instruction to remember List 1. Next, all the subjects studied list 2; finally, they were asked to remember the words studied in both lists. The results showed that when participants intended to forget the studied List 1, they were less likely to recall the studied words, but more likely to intrude the critical words. That is, we can intentionally forget something but this can also entail the intrusion of some related false memories.

Bilingual witnesses are more susceptible to the misinformation effect in their less proficient language

The misinformation effect occurs when a witness views an event, is exposed to misleading post-event information, and remembers some misleading details as having occurred in the original event. The present study examined the effect of receiving post-event information and being tested in different languages on bilingual participants’ susceptibility to the misinformation effect. English-Spanish bilingual participants (N = 234; 78% claimed English was their dominant language) watched a video, read a post-event narrative in English or in Spanish, and then were tested on details of the video in English or in Spanish. Regardless of the language in which participants read the post-event narrative, participants who were tested in English correctly recognized more true details and falsely recognized fewer misinformation details than those tested in Spanish. These results suggest that bilingual participants are more susceptible to the misinformation effect in their less proficient language, a finding that has important implications for interviewing bilingual witnesses. Even when witnesses claim to be fluent in two languages, testing their memory in their less fluent language may result in fewer true memories and more false memories.

Remembering the Late Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Through the Eyes of the Poet

This article seeks to explore the life and post-democratic work of President Mandela through the eyes of the poet. More specifically, two moments in time are captured and analysed, namely, Mandela’s release from prison together with the lead up to the first democratic South African elections in 1994; and his passing in 2013. This analysis includes the work of poets such as Bongani Sitole, Maya Angelou, Raphael d’Abdon and Thabo Mbeki. The mechanics of translation and the interrelatedness of orality and literacy are explored. The poetic memory contained in this article presents us with an approximation towards the collage of collective memory in a country where economics, politics, and society still present multiple challenges, and where political power often challenges the true collective memory.

Poems Read Us

Poems Read Us Anne Whitehouse (bio) Capture Theory Joy Gaines-Friedler Kelsay Books www.kelsaybooks.com 64 Pages; Print, $14.00 In the introduction to Capture Theory, her recent poetry collection, Joy Gaines-Friedler explains the meaning of her title: a political term used to explain the way in which regulatory agencies have been captured by the very industries they were established to regulate. It is also a now debunked theory of how the moon was captured by the earth's gravitational pull. The term is, of course, being used here metaphorically. In her view, our life experiences are "captured" within us, and at propitious moments, they resurface. The idea is a variant of Proust's concept of involuntary memory, which is true memory because it appears of its own volition sparked by an association or sense perception. In the first poem, "Touch," capture theory is expressed by the image of a chickadee perched on the speaker's hand, encompassing opposites: You don't hold it. It holds you. It is a kiss, both hard & soft, both lips & bone. Gaines-Friedler teaches creative writing in the Detroit area, and she has worked with the incarcerated, an experience which has affected her worldview. She has a natural sympathy with those who live at the margins of society, the disenfranchised or otherwise unheard, whose voices are ignored in our national conversation. Included are those who are no longer able to speak for themselves, like Gaines-Friedler's mother, institutionalized with late-stage dementia. Gaines-Friedler divines a kind of holiness in the images of her mother and the other women lined up in their wheelchairs: Tonight I willcall my mother, ask if she's eatenor spoken with friends.I will wade through her silence while she tries to remember. Like the half-moonlit & unlit, present & concealed,we are known & unknowable. "Days of Awe" My mother's in a wheelchair by the window.Aides sweep crumbs from the tables around her.She's lost the map to wordsbut smiles when she sees me. There are flowers on the slip-on shoes I've brought her.Two-dimensional violas. She stares down at them.I find myself seeking language for her. "Lack of Memory Floor" In "Over the Rainbow," she locates her mother in the past and herself in her mother's last days, the differences between them contrasted as light and darkness: The difference between usis not what we see but how we see it. It's the rainbow she tried to capture—all that yearning for somewhere else— without noticing the darkit shows up against. "Over the Rainbow" Loss is an anthem bracketing the collection: The deaths years ago of two close friends, one to AIDS and one killed by her husband, continue to haunt Gaines-Friedler. "When the World Converted to Acronyms" poignantly recalls the feeling of living in the midst of the AIDS epidemic: We began talking in code:HIV, AZT, AIDS. The pipes shifted in the walls as the heat came on.The crows left to seek safer neighborhoods. The screaming ambulances gave wayto holes of silence & families began to count their living."When the World Converted to Acronyms" The speaker's continued grief for her murdered friend and her guilt for not having prevented her death is the subject of "Home Repair." The poem takes the speaker and her friend back to a time of innocence, before sexual relationships complicated their lives, and then dissolves this Edenic vision: The still-remaining moonlight drains its gold-platingonto the front lawn—like that morning, & others,when you & I, without boyfriends, finally made it home after watching the headlights dimthrough the window of our favorite all night diner.Moonlight is a façade.A front. A disguise. A veil. "Home Repair" By distilling a painful experience into an image, by expressing it in order to foster connection and understanding, poetry becomes a means of survival—perhaps the means of survival. "Grab Hold" evokes the speaker's long-ago miscarriage and her regret that she never became a mother: As my knees hit the floorI threw my arms around you...

The role of decision criterion in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false recognition memory: False memory falls and rises as a function of restriction on criterion setting.

How much of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory is attributable to decision criterion is so far a controversial issue. Previous studies typically used explicit warnings against accepting the critical lure to investigate this issue. The assumption is that if the false memory results from using a liberally biased criterion, it should be greatly reduced or eliminated by an explicit warning against accepting the critical lure. Results showed that warning was generally ineffective. We asked the question of whether subjects can substantially reduce false recognition without being warned when the test forces them to make a distinction between true and false memories. Using a two-alternative forced choice in which criterion plays a relatively smaller role, we showed that subjects could indeed greatly reduce the rate of false recognition. However, when the forced-choice restriction was removed from the two-item choice test, the rate of false recognition rebounded to that of the hit for studied list words, indicating the role of criterion in false recognition.

The memory of volatility

The focus of the volatility literature on forecasting and the predominance of theconceptually simpler HAR model over long memory stochastic volatility models has led to the factthat the actual degree of memory estimates has rarely been considered. Estimates in the literaturerange roughly between 0.4 and 0.6 - that is from the higher stationary to the lower non-stationaryregion. This difference, however, has important practical implications - such as the existence or nonexistenceof the fourth moment of the return distribution. Inference on the memory order is complicatedby the presence of measurement error in realized volatility and the potential of spurious long memory.In this paper we provide a comprehensive analysis of the memory in variances of international stockindices and exchange rates. On the one hand, we find that the variance of exchange rates is subject tospurious long memory and the true memory parameter is in the higher stationary range. Stock indexvariances, on the other hand, are free of low frequency contaminations and the memory is in the lowernon-stationary range. These results are obtained using state of the art local Whittle methods that allowconsistent estimation in presence of perturbations or low frequency contaminations.

The story of first-person: Recovering autobiographical memory through the animated documentary Ketchup

Abstract This is practice-based research, aiming to explore the experimental form of animated documentary, which is a unique form that can explore the mysteries and complexity of memories. Animated documentary is a medium through which one can reveal an individual’s memories within the context of a narrative that is historically situated and influenced. The marriage of animation and documentary gave birth to a new form of film. How should academic critics and practitioners categorize this new form? Is it an animated short or documentary short? This raises issues that question the very nature of animation and documentary. Following Shuibo Wang’s works, more young Chinese artists began to experiment with symbols (related to the Political Pop Trend) in visual narration, which could also be seen as a reflection of an advance in structuralism and semiology in the contemporary Chinese art field. As a case study, this article demonstrates how animated short ‘Ketchup’ revealed the problems of youth and social turmoil through the memories of a six-year-old boy. At Festivals and conferences, the public have been shocked to know that ‘Ketchup’ was based on true memories, and they became more curious about why such crucial things have almost been forgotten. Actually ‘forgetfulness’ is one of the layers of memory and animated documentary offers new ways to explore how our memories are shaped.

Long range dependence in an emerging stock market’s sectors: volatility modelling and VaR forecasting

ABSTRACTThis study evaluates the sector risk of the Qatar Stock Exchange (QSE), a recently upgraded emerging stock market, using value-at-risk models for the 7 January 2007–18 October 2015 period. After providing evidence for true long memory in volatility using the log-likelihood profile test of Qu and splitting the sample and dth differentiation tests of Shimotsu, we compare the FIGARCH, HYGARCH and FIAPARCH models under normal, Student-t and skewed-t innovation distributions based on in and out-of-sample VaR forecasts. The empirical results show that the skewed Student-t FIGARCH model generates the most accurate prediction of one-day-VaR forecasts. The policy implications for portfolio managers are also discussed.