True Extension Research Articles

Polymerisation, basicity, oxidation state and their role in ionic modelling of silicate melts

In order to describe and quantify the reactivity of silicate melts, the ionic notation provided by the Temkin formalism has been historically accepted, giving rise to the study of melt chemical equilibria in terms of completely dissociated ionic species. Indeed, ionic modelling of melts works properly as long as the true extension of the anionic matrix is known. This information may be attained in the framework of the Toop-Samis (1962a,b) model, through a parameterisation of the acid-base properties of the dissolved oxides. Moreover, by combining the polymeric model of Toop and Samis with the «group basicity» concept of Duffy and Ingram (1973, 1974a,b, 1976) the bulk optical basicity (Duffy and Ingram, 1971; Duffy, 1992) of molten silicates and glasses can be split into two distinct contributions, i.e. the basicity of the dissolved basic oxides and the basicity of the polymeric units. Application to practical cases, such as the assessment of the oxidation state of iron, require bridging of the energetic gap between the standard state of completely dissociated component (Temkin standard state) and the standard state of pure melt component at P and T of interest. On this basis it is possible to set up a preliminary model for iron speciation in both anhydrous and hydrous aluminosilicate melts. In the case of hydrous melts, I introduce both acidic and basic dissociation of the water component, requiring the combined occurrence of H+ cations, OH- free anions and, to a very minor extent, of T-OH groups. The amphoteric behaviour of water revealed by this study is therefore in line with the earlier prediction of Fraser (1975).

Prototyping Concurrent Systems with Agents and Artifacts: Framework and Core Calculus

More and more aspects of concurrency and concurrent programming are becoming part of mainstream programming and software engineering, due to several factors such as the widespread availability of multi-core / parallel architectures and Internet-based systems. Besides the typical fine-grained support currently provided, however, we seek in this paper for an higher-level approach. We present simpA, a library-based extension of Java which provides programmers with agent and artifact abstractions on top of the basic OO layer, as a means to organise and structure concurrent applications. To pave the way towards identifying a true language extension for simpA, we define a core calculus of agents and artifacts, by suitabling mixing techniques coming from object-orientation and concurrency theory.

Discussion of and correction to: Deformation of the NE Basin and Range Province: the response of the lithosphere to the Yellowstone plume?

This article corrects and further develops theory that is necessary in order to relate slip sense on faults in the upper crustal brittle layer to continuous plastic deformation of the underlying uppermost mantle. A reasonable starting point in order to do this, but which some previous theoretical models for continental deformation fail to satisfy, requires that (in the absence of external forces acting on the brittle layer or the underlying plastically deforming material) velocity in both layers must match overall as closely as possible. In a region extending by pure shear only, fault slip vector azimuth gives the extension direction beneath the brittle layer, which equals the azimuth of the extensional eigenvector of the strain rate tensor beneath the brittle layer. In a region that takes up distributed simple shear on parallel faults that do not rotate around vertical axes, and extends by pure shear in the direction perpendicular to the simple shear, neither the eigenvectors of the strain rate tensor nor the slip vector azimuth on the faults gives the true extension direction. However, individual faults in these two types of region may appear the same, and unless one knows or infers independently the overall deformation sense in a region one cannot unambiguously make use of fault slip sense information from it. Earlier conclusions that tectonic deformation in the NE Basin and Range province of the western United States is driven by flow in the Yellowstone upwelling plume are confirmed by these additional investigations.

Apismellifera melliferain eastern Europe – morphometric variation and determination of its range limits

The variability of Apis mellifera mellifera in Eastern Europe was investigated with a morphometric analysis of 136 samples from Poland, Belarus and the Ukraine. Samples from the northern part of this area were unambiguously classified as A. m. mellifera, but the proportion of uncertain allocations increased towards the south, where some samples were classified as hybrids between A. m. mellifera and subspecies of the lineages C and O. In the Ukraine, one third of the samples were classified as A. m. mellifera, one third as A. m. macedonica, and one third as hybrids. Our results confirm earlier reports of a large hybrid zone in Poland and the Ukraine, but they unexpectedly also show a strong influence of the morphological O lineage. However, the true extension of this hybrid zone currently remains unknown. The bees of northeastern Belarus showed an extreme position on the border of the A. m. mellifera cluster, potentially indicating ecotypic variation within A. m. mellifera in the northeast of its range.

Behavior of Ellipsoids of Two Sizes

The influence of particle shape on granular material response is examined by using the discrete element method. Triaxial drained and undrained tests were performed on specimens of ellipsoids of two sizes. The triaxial test boundary conditions were simulated with a recently developed boundary mechanism. Different loading paths including axial compression, axial extension, lateral compression, and true extension were employed. The specimens were composed of 1,170 ellipsoids having two types of particles. The specimen is made up of 50% by weight of Type I particles that have an aspect ratio of 1.2. The aspect ratio of the Type II particles varies between 1.5 and 2. The specimens were consolidated isotropically before shearing. Comparing with the behavior of specimens of mono-size particles, a higher friction angle and a more complex particle shape effect were observed. The friction angles from the drained tests (axial extension, true extension, and lateral compression tests) were similar and the values are higher than that of the axial compression test. All simulated results are in good agreement with laboratory observation of sands.

Learning Perceptrons and Piecewise Linear Classifiers Sensitive to Example Dependent Costs

This article considers the cost dependent construction of linear and piecewise linear classifiers. Classical learning algorithms from the fields of artificial neural networks and machine learning consider either no costs at all or allow only costs that depend on the classes of the examples that are used for learning. In contrast to class dependent costs, we consider costs that are example, i.e. feature and class dependent. We present a cost sensitive extension of a modified version of the well-known perceptron algorithm that can also be applied in cases, where the classes are linearly non-separable. We also present an extended version of the hybrid learning algorithm DIPOL, that can be applied in the case of linear non-separability, multi-modal class distributions, and multi-class learning problems. We show that the consideration of example dependent costs is a true extension of class dependent costs. The approach is general and can be extended to other neural network architectures like multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis function networks.

Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Reliability and Validity of the Back-Saver Sit-and-Reach

The purpose of the study was to examine the norm-referenced and criterion-referenced reliability and validity of the Back-Saver Sit-and-Reach Test (BSR; Single-Leg Sit-and-Reach; Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research [CIAR], 1999). One hundred seventy-nine elementary school children (87 boys and 92 girls), 6-12 years old participated, with 44 randomly selected participants retested on a second day. The BSR, Modified Schober (MSCH, Low Back Criterion Test), Passive Straight Leg Raise (PSLR, Hamstring Criterion Test), Active Knee Extension, True Lumbar Extension, True Lumbar Flexion, and Double-Leg Sit-And-Reach were administered in random order. Intraclass correlation coefficients (norm-referenced reliability) for the BSR were extremely high (.98-.99) for both boys and girls. Pa and Km (criterion-referenced test-retest reliability) for the right leg was .90 and .80, respectively, for boys; and .91 and .82 for girls, indicating the participants were classified consistently across days. Norm-referenced validity coefficients (Pearson product-moment correlations, r) of the BSR as a measure of hamstring flexibility were moderate for boys (.67 and .68, right and left legs, respectively) and moderately low for girls (.47 and .44, right and left legs). Correlation coefficients of the BSR as a measure of low back flexibility were extremely poor for boys and girls, with coefficients ranging from .003 to .06. Criterion-referenced validity of BSR for hamstring flexibility was low and unacceptable for right and left legs (Km: .48, .58, respectively), for both boys and girls (Km: .40, .22). The BSR appears to be similar to the Double-Leg Sit-and-Reach in that it is a test of hamstring flexibility but not low back. The criterion-referenced standards for both BSR and PSLR should be re-examined and adjusted to provide a better degree of classification agreement between the BSR and the criterion measure (PSLR).

Cyborg logs and collective stream of (de)consciousness capture for producing attribution-free informatic content such as cyborglogs

Various forms of apparatus for a new kind of wiki or blog (weblog) are described. In particular, ways of bringing together a collective deconsciousness are presented. The systems works with CyborgLogs (cyborglogs or "glogs") from a community of portable computer users, or it can also be used with a mixture of portable (handheld or wearable), mobile (automotive, boat, van, or utility vehicle), or base-station (home, office, public space, etc.) systems. The system enables a community to exist without conscious thought or effort on the part of the individual participants. Because of the participants' ability to constantly experience the world through the apparatus, the apparatus can behave as a true extension of the participants' mind and body, giving rise to a new kind of collective experience. In other embodiments, the system may operate without the need for participants to bear any kind of technological prosthesis.

Lobular Breast Cancer: How Useful is Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

To review magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in lobular breast carcinoma, the in situ or infiltrating subtype, with special attention to the dynamic curves with the aim to evaluate possible differences with ductal carcinoma. In 2 years, 27 patients with lobular and one with tubular carcinoma underwent MRI at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. All lobular carcinomas demonstrated early or late enhancement (100% sensitivity), without significant differences in morphology compared with ductal carcinoma, but frequently with a different shape of the dynamic curves. Due to its infiltrative growth associated to only limited connective tissue reaction, lobular carcinoma often encounters difficulties in mammographic diagnosis. In contrast, MRI can be very helpful in evaluating the true extension of the disease, especially when breast conservation is considered. Due to a more consistent fibrotic stroma, these lesions sometimes show a delayed enhancement, which suggests that more than one set of subtracted images should be evaluated during MRI analysis.

Unilateral Macular Retinoschisis with Stellate Foveal Appearance in Two Females with Myopia

Stellate foveal retinoschisis is considered the hallmark of X-linked retinoschisis. We describe the finding of unilateral retinoschisis with stellate foveal appearance in 2 females with myopia who had no evidence of familial disease. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography were obtained in both cases. Neither patient had a family history of low vision, night blindness, or retinal detachment. Visual acuity in the affected eyes was 20/50 and 20/25, respectively. Both fellow eyes had normal fundi, except for mild myopic changes. With OCT, widespread retinal splitting was detected at the posterior pole in the affected eyes, whereas the fellow eyes were normal. In one case, OCT showed that foveal retinoschisis represented the macular involvement of a flat inferior retinoschisis, although this was not clinically apparent. Macular retinoschisis with stellate foveal appearance may rarely be associated with pathologic myopia. OCT was useful to establish the true extension of these macular changes.

On the size distribution of ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere

Abstract. In order to determine typical sizes of ice-supersaturated regions (ISSRs) in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere we set up the frequency distribution of path lengths flown by MOZAIC aircraft within ISSRs. The mean path length is about 150 km with a standard deviation of 250 km. We analyse the influence of a selection bias (viz. that large ISSRs are more often crossed by aircraft than small ones) on the obtained path length statistics and derive a mathematical equation that relates the path length distribution to the underlying size distribution of ISSRs, assuming that they have circular shape. We solve the equation (by trial and error) and test the result using numerical simulations. Surprisingly, we find that there may be many more very small ISSRs than apparent from the data such that the true mean diameter of the ISSRs may be of the order a few kilometres only. The relevance of the result is discussed and dedicated research flights to measure the true extension of ISSRs are recommended.Key words: Atmospheric composition and structure (troposphere · composition and chemistry; general)

Humanistic computing: "WearComp" as a new framework and application for intelligent signal processing

Humanistic computing is proposed as a new signal processing framework in which the processing apparatus is inextricably intertwined with the natural capabilities of our human body and mind. The emphasis of this paper is on personal imaging applications of humanistic computing, to take a first step toward an intelligent wearable camera system that can allow one to effortlessly capture our day-to-day experiences, help us remember and see better, provide us with personal safety through crime reduction, and facilitate new forms of communication through collective connected humanistic computing. The author's wearable signal processing hardware currently provides the computational power of a UNIX workstation concealed within ordinary-looking eyeglasses and clothing. Thus it may be worn continuously during all facets of ordinary day-to-day living, so that, through long-term adaptation, it begins to function as a true extension of the mind and body.

OBJECT EXTENSIONS TO Z: A SURVEY

Formal specification languages provide assistance to solving the problem of high maintenance costs caused by ineffective communication of a system’s requirements. Using a sound mathematical basis, a formal specification language provides a precise and definitive system description that can serve as a binding contract. Additionally, the integration of the object-oriented paradigm with a formal specification language provides increased potential for software reuse, conceptually cleaner specifications and a framework for defining interfaces. To this end, there has been significant work done to extend existing specification languages to allow object-oriented specifications. This paper provides a comparison of such object-oriented specification languages, specifically, those extending Z. The paper is organized into five major sections. After a brief introduction to the concepts of formal specification languages and Z, a simple library system is defined and used as an example throughout the paper. Each of the object-oriented specification languages is introduced and classified as either using Z in an object-oriented style or providing a true object-oriented extension of Z. For each language, the specification of the example library system is presented following a brief overview of the language’s features. An in-depth comparison is made of each of the languages which provide a true object-oriented extension of Z.

Echographic pseudoextension of uveal melanomas

Standardized echography is routinely utilized to assess uveal melanomas. Echographic pseudoextension is defined as normal structures mimicking intrascleral or extrascleral extension of tumor on echography. The records of 151 consecutive uveal melanoma patients evaluated with standardized echography over a 6-year period (1986-1991) were reviewed to identify those in which pseudoextension or true extension was diagnosed. Fourteen (9%) cases of pseudoextension were noted, with causes including juxtapapillary tumor location (seven cases), extraocular muscle insertion (five cases), vortex ampullae (one case), and post-brachytherapy changes (one case). Clinical, echographic, and/or histopathologic follow-up confirmed absence of true extension. Six (4%) cases of true extrascleral extension were identified and confirmed histopathologically. Differentiating extraocular tumor extension from pseudoextension is critical, and use of standardized A-scan and contact B-scan echography is integral in this assessment.

Recherches et tradition: Mélanges patristiques offerts à Henri Crouzel, S.J. (review)

Reviewed by: Recherches et tradition: Mélanges patristiques offerts à Henri Crouzel, S.J. Peter J. Gorday André Dupleix , ed. Recherches et tradition: Mélanges patristiques offerts à Henri Crouzel, S.J. Théologie Historique 88. Paris: Beauchesne, 1992. Pp. xvi + 339. Presented to Crouzel by the faculty of the Institut Catholique of Toulouse, where he has taught for thirty-five years, this collection of essays celebrates not only his work as theologian and historian, but also his concern for the concrete dimensions of ethics and spirituality, past and present. In a preface we are told by Jacques Dutheil, rector of the Institute, that Crouzel was, in addition to being a world-renowned patristics scholar, devoted to the ministry of practical charity as French national almoner for the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul from 1976 to 1981. His commitment to the interdisciplinary nature of theology at its best, to personal spiritual discipline and its center in the life of prayer, and to the translation of [End Page 64] Christian thought into the categories and thought-world of contemporary culture, have shaped Crouzel's interests as a churchman and helped to produce in him, André Dupleix reminds us, a devotion to research which is a true extension of tradition into present circumstances. Origen more than anyone came to personify for Crouzel these same qualities in a foundational figure of the past and has thus served as a model for the greatness, and the risk, of all courageous theology done in the service of the Church. For Crouzel the researcher, true faith is revealed, and doctrine is developed, and tradition is revivified, when the erudite scholar re-presents for today the riches of yesterday—hence, the title of this impressive collection and the preoccupation throughout with the practical and ecclesial orientation of much patristic thought. A majority of the essays, as is to be expected, extend lines of argument developed by Crouzel in his work on Origen. Eric Junod spells out with remarkable lucidity a defence of the claim made by Rufinus of Aquileia, contra the later Jerome, that in the Apologeticus pro Origene he has translated a work which is in part written by the martyr-saint Pamphilus and which thus constitutes a witness of the highest value for Origen's orthodoxy. Pierre Nautin, following Jerome, has disputed Rufinus' claim, but Junod shows that Jerome is not to be trusted here, that indeed Rufinus and Eusebius before him (Crouzel would agree) are faithful in their handling of older sources. Gilles Pelland in a study of Origen's In Jn. 2.16-18, a text in which Origen describes the divinity of the Son as constituted by his ceaseless contemplation of the Father, agrees with Crouzel against much older work, such as that of René Arnou, that this christology is not subordinationist, but rather draws from Platonist cosmology legitimately in order to emphasize the dynamic nature of the divine sonship (a dynamism discussed in modern scholarship in terms of the Johannine descending-and-ascending motif). Josep RiusCamps discusses provocatively Photius' description of his Codex 8 of the De Principiis, in which the bibliographer gives hints of a manuscript tradition of this work extending back to Middle Eastern sources and reflecting the possibility that there existed different stages of composition from Origen of the work itself. The present state and structure of De Principiis are thus argued to be a relatively late revision of the work (by Rufinus?) in which some of Origen's original intentions are obscured. Rius-Camps' suggestions would certainly be relevant to Crouzel's contention that Origen was not a systematician in the strict dogmatic sense, but a thinker whose work was open-textured and always tentative. From liturgical and exegetical perspectives, Robert Cabié explores Origen's thought for insight into the development in the Alexandrian church of the season of the great fifty days of Easter and the mystical eschatological significance of the Easter-Pentecost symbolism. Origen's elaboration of the concept of paschal time is seen as leading to the enhancement of the liturgical calendar and to Athanasius' focus on the "grande dimanche." Two essays, those of Maurice Jourjon and Jean-Jacques Fauconnet, are celebrations of the spiritual...

An Arbitrage Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates

In the setting of the Heath-Jarrow-Morton model, this paper presents sufficient conditions to assure that the stochastic forward rates are strictly positive while maintaining the martingale property of the discounted bond price processes in the case where the stochastic forward rates are described as stochastic differential equations with explicitly state dependent stochastic volatility. Moreover, the stochastic development of the term structure of interest rates is generalized to be described by a class of continuous local martingales instead of Wiener processes. An example showing that this is a true extension of the Heath-Jarrow-Morton model is provided.

Multidisciplinary research on fault activity in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone

Westward migration of large earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault Zone seems to have been suspended after the 1967 Mudurnu Valley earthquake, which may imply the formation of a seismic gap. However, the westward extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone has not been clearly defined; two branches have been proposed but which one of them is the true extension is a matter of controversy. In this paper we review some of the results which we have obtained so far from field work in order to derive some basic information as to the characteristic features of the respective branches. The northern branch, which we call the Izmit-Sapanca fault zone, is characterized by a wide, graben-like structure. In the deformation zone, however, the topography corresponding to folding prevails, which implies compressional deformation in late Quaternary. The southern branch, which we call the Iznik-Mekece fault, is a simple, continuous strand and is displaced right-laterally. There also exist Holocene offset features indicating that strike-slip faulting has been dominant. Temporary seismic observations were made twice; for one month in 1986 and for two months in 1988. During these two observation periods, no significant seismic activity was found in the vicinity of the Iznik-Mekece fault, whereas many small earthquakes occurring at the Izmit-Sapanca fault zone were recorded. Although the observation period is rather short, we conclude that current seismic activity at the Iznik-Mekece fault is very low. In view of some geological evidence showing the past activity of this fault, we interpret low seismic activity as indicating that seismicity is currently at the stage of quiescence. We attempted to estimate recurrence intervals of large earthquakes at the Iznik-Mekece fault by excavating trenches at two locations. We carefully selected trench sites but they were not good enough to provide crucial information; the only result is that the latest earthquake at the eastern portion of the Iznik-Mekece fault must have taken place 200–500 years B.P. Trenching was also attempted at a location where the surface rupture associated with the 1967 Mudurnu Valley earthquake is clearly recognized. We found evidence showing the last two faulting events. The most marked feature is extensive magnetic anomalies along the Iznik-Mekece fault. Detailed features of the observed anomalies indicate that they are closely related to the fault structure; in particular, weak magnetization zones are found to correspond to fractured zones. These magnetic anomalies can be interpreted in terms of dyke-like structures. Similar fault-related anomalies have been found in the distributions of electric potential and radon concentration in soil gas. These anomalies provide important information as to a strategy for continuous measurements; fault-related anomalies should be taken into consideration when an effective way is pursued for detecting anomalous changes prior to faulting.

MR-imaging with Gd-DTPA in carcinomas of tongue, oro- and hypopharynx

High-field MRI was performed in a series of 24 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue, oro- and hypopharynx. The value of contrast enhanced T1-weighted images in tumor staging was established prospectively. Non-contrast T1-weighted images did not provide sufficient tumor-delineation. Marked contrast enhancement produced by Gd-DTPA was observed in all carcinomas and in normal pharyngeal mucosa. In tumors of the tongue and upper pharynx clinical examination and ultrasound were equally sensitive as post-contrast MRI; in tumors of the lower pharynx the true tumor extension could be better assessed by contrast-enhanced MRI.

Retrospective: "The Black Composers Series"

That statement appeared on the album covers of the 1974 releases. The next four issues bear a copyright date of 1975. These are to be followed by approximately four volumes per year through 1978, each annual issue of which is designed to represent both older and newer contributions of Black composers, according to information given with the four 1975 releases. The plan for the Series, then, was around twenty albums released during a five-year period. The first eight records collectively represent a true extension of standard repertoire, and many of the works individually are highly distinctive. The auspicious beginning of the Series remains just that, for the actual number of releases is drastically lower than the projected twenty. The number is nine. The lonely ninth album bears a 1978 copyright date. As of March 1981 none of these nine recordings was listed in the Schwann Catalog, although less than a year ago (July 1980), four were still listed as available and those were the first releases. While we can be

Natural history of neuroepithelial tumours: contribution of stereotactic biopsy.

Quantitative tumour growth into the brain (stage of the disease) and qualitative tumour evolution in the time (progression) are the two basic aspects of the natural history of the cerebral neoplastic disease. Recently the development of neuroradiological imaging (CT and MR) and the progress in biopathology of the nervous system tumours introduced new concepts like heterogeneity of neuroepithelial tumours or evolution to anaplasia. The findings obtained in 159 neuroepithelial tumours studied with stereotactic biopsy from 1980 to 1987 are presented. Most of them were glioblastomas (n = 43; 27%) and astrocytic tumours (n = 81; 50.9%). Twenty-nine cases of fibrillary astrocytomas (35.8% of all astrocytic tumours) showed focal anaplasia (progression). In 10 out of the 43 glioblastomas (23.3%) signs of astrocytic differentiation were clearly evident (secondary glioblastoma?). Our data confirm that neuroectodermal tumours, particularly of astrocytic series, undergo progression through anaplasia, which may be at the beginning a circumscribed phenomenon (focal anaplasia). The staging of the disease (tumour growth) into cerebral nervous system in some cases can not be correctly expressed through the neuroradiological imaging. Sometime CT scan may underestimate the true extension of the lesion. On the contrary, MR may overrate the extension of the lesion. Such mistakes in evaluation of tumour staging may be corrected through seriate stereotactic biopsy.