True DM Research Articles

Forage yields and nutritive values of oat and triticale pastures for grazing sheep in early spring.

Small-grain winter cereals can be utilized as early spring pastures in temperate climates to relieve grazing pressure and potentially mitigate feed shortages. This study was conducted to determine the effects of triticale and oat cereal pastures grazed by sheep during early spring on forage yields, nutritive values, and nutritional requirements of sheep. The research was carried out over three consecutive years, from 2015 to 2017, at the Sheep Research Institute in Bandırma-Balıkesir, located in the Marmara region of Türkiye. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design, with the two forage species, triticale and oat, randomized within each of three blocks. The animal material for the study consisted of 24 Karacabey Merino sheep, each 2 years old, with an average live weight of 57.6±0.5 kg, all in the late lactation stage. In each replication, four sheep were included, resulting in a total of 12 sheep grazing in each of the triticale and oat pastures. The sheep grazed exclusively on the cereal pastures without any additional feed, and had unrestricted access to water throughout the entire period of the experiment. The dry matter yields (DMY), dry matter intakes (DMI), nutritive values, and mineral contents of the cereal species were determined. The DMY showed significant differences over the years (P<0.05). No differences in DMY were observed between pastures, with oats yielding 11.99tha-1 and triticale yielding 11.08 tha-1. During the grazing period, the change in DMY was significant in all years (P<0.05). The average DMI of the sheep was 2,003.5 g d-1 for triticale and 2,156.6 g d-1 for oat, respectively, and DMI exhibited no significant differences across pastures. Although there was no difference in DMI between 2015 and 2016, the lowest consumption occurred in 2017 (P<0.05). Additionally, while DMI showed different trends each year based on the periods, it generally decreased by the end of the grazing period. While both pastures provided similar nutritive values, significant differences were observed in the crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true DM digestibility (DDM), and metabolisable energy (ME) values across the years. Over the years, as the grazing period progressed, CP levels decreased while neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ADF, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) increased, resulting in reduced DDM and ME values. The phosphorus (P) content in triticale was higher than in oats, but there were no differences in the content of other minerals between them. Between the years, significant differences were observed in the levels of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe), while changes in other elements were insignificant. The variation in mineral content during the grazing process differed over the three years. Study results indicated that the nutritional values of triticale and oat pastures are similar, and both can effectively be used to provide sufficient feed to meet the early spring forage requirements for sheep.

Effect of incremental amounts of Asparagopsis taxiformis on ruminal fermentation and methane production in continuous culture with orchardgrass herbage

Enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are a significant contributor to total greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector. Previous research has demonstrated that the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis strongly inhibits ruminal methanogenesis, but its effects on CH4 production, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation when added to a cool-season herbage diet have not been assessed. A 4-unit, single-flow continuous culture fermentor system fed orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) herbage was used to assess the effects of incremental addition of dietary A. taxiformis (0, 5, 10, or 15 g/kg DM) on nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, pH, CH4 production, and N metabolism. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermentors in a randomized block design with 7 d of treatment adaptation and 3 d of sample collection. Fermentors were fed a total of 76 g of DM per day, split equally into 4 feedings (07:30, 10:30, 14:00, and 19:00 h). In the last 3 d of each experimental period, daily samples of total effluent were taken for analyses of ammonia N and VFA. One liter of effluent was collected daily (3 L total) for a composite sample that was blended and lyophilized for analysis of DM, ash, neutral and acid detergent fiber, crude protein, and total purines. Headspace CH4 concentration in each fermentor was measured every 15 min (192 readings/d) using a Fourier transform infrared gas analyzer, and pH was recorded every 2 min. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Methane production in fermentors receiving all 3 levels of A. taxiformis was reduced by 99.9% within the first 24 h of each experimental period and remained predominantly below the limit of detection for the remaining 9 d. Apparent digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fiber, as well as apparent and true DM digestibilities, linearly decreased with A. taxiformis inclusion. Total VFA concentration decreased quadratically, and molar proportion of acetate decreased in a cubic manner. Overall, A. taxiformis acutely inhibited CH4 production in continuous cultures fed orchardgrass herbage, but also negatively affected fiber digestibility and total VFA concentration, especially at higher feeding rates. In vitro results indicated that A. taxiformis could be effective in reducing enteric CH4 production in grazing ruminants, but in vivo research is needed to determine how A. taxiformis may impact ruminal fermentation and milk production or average daily gain in grazing systems.

In vitro evaluation of kinnow waste as substitute of cereal grains in the concentrate mixture and empty pea pods as that of berseem hay in total mixed ration for livestock

This study was taken up to assess the extent to which kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) waste (KW) could substitute cereal grains in the concentrate mixture and empty pea (Pisum sativum) pods (EPPs) as that of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) hay in total mixed ration (TMR) for livestock. In the first experiment, sundried finely ground kinnow waste replaced barley grains on N basis at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels in concentrate mixtures. The comparable N-content indicated that the concentrate mixtures were iso-nitrogenous. The EE and cell wall constituents (CWC) increased linearly with the increase in level of KW. The replacement of barley with KW did not affect net gas production (NGP), true OM digestibility and ME availability up to 50% level of replacement. Total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial biomass production improved up to 50% level of replacement but declined thereafter. In the second experiment, sundried finely ground EPPs replaced berseem hay on N basis at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels in TMR. The EE and CWCs content was not affected up to 50% level but thereafter EE content decreased, whereas CWCs content increased. The NGP, digestibility of true DM and OM, VFAs production, ME availability and microbial biomass synthesis improved up to 50% level of replacement of berseem hay with EPPs, thereafter it declined. The hydrogen recovery, hydrogen consumption and fermentation efficiency were not affected upto 50% level of EPPs but at higher levels these parameters were depressed. Therefore, KW could replace barley grains in concentrate mixture while EPPs could replace berseem hay in TMR up to 50% level without affecting nutrient utilization, VFA production, ME availability and microbial biomass production under in vitro conditions.

1441-P: Predicting Diabetes (DM) Diagnoses Dates Using the Electronic Health Record (EHR)

Surveillance of DM status, type, and date of diagnosis requires chart review. We previously showed that ≥ 2 international classification of diseases (ICD) DM codes predicts DM status well. This project aimed to derive an EHR-based algorithm to predict diagnosis date. Youth (&amp;lt; 20 yrs) with potential DM evidence in 2017 (ICD DM code, elevated glucose or HbA1c, or DM medication) were identified from the inpatient and outpatient EHR data of 3 Children’s Hospitals participating in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Potential cases were chart reviewed to determine true DM status, DM type, and diagnosis date. Cases were restricted to those with diagnosis date and data post-2008 due to EHR limitations. We compared 2 algorithms for predicting diagnosis date: (1) first occurrence of an ICD DM code, and (2) first occurrence of any of the following: ICD DM code, elevated glucose or HbA1c, or DM medication. Among cases identified by the ICD status algorithm (n=3,678), the ICD code and multi-criteria algorithms classified diagnosis year correctly 88.9% and 88.4% of the time, respectively. Classification accuracy improved over time (Figure). Performance was poorer for type 2 than type 1. An ICD code model to predict date of diagnosis can accurately identify diagnosis date within these pediatric hospital systems. Improvement over time is likely due to increases in the amount of EHR data. Manual review of type 2 cases may be necessary. Disclosure K.M. Lenoir: None. L.E. Wagenknecht: None. J. Divers: None. R. Casanova: None. J.M. Lawrence: None. D. Dabelea: None. C. Pihoker: None. S. Saydah: None. A.D. Liese: None. D. Standiford: None. B.J. Wells: None. Funding Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5U18DP006131-05-00)

PSVII-4 Ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production of legumes containing condensed tannins fed in continuous culture

Abstract A continuous culture fermentor study was conducted to assess nutrient digestibility, VFA concentration, microbial protein synthesis, bacterial N efficiency and enteric methane (CH4) production of 4 legumes containing different condensed tannins (CT) concentrations. Legumes were fermented in a 50:50 diet with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.): 1) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; ALF no CT); 2) Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; BFT, low CT); 3) Crown vetch [Securigera varia (L.); CV, moderate CT]; 4) Sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.); SL, high CT]. Diets were randomly assigned to 4 fermentors in 4 periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Temperature, pH and CH4 concentrations were recorded. Effluent samples were analyzed for pH, VFA, and DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF for determination of apparent (DM, OM, NDF and ADF) and true (DM and OM) nutrient digestibilities. Microbial protein synthesis and bacterial efficiency were estimated by analysis of N flows and purines. Forage samples were analyzed for DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, minerals and CT concentrations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The CT concentrations (g/kg DM) were 3, 21, 38 and 76 in ALF, BFT, CV and SL, respectively. Apparent and true DM and OM digestibilities were lower (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in SL than in ALF and BFT. Bacterial N efficiency per kg of truly digested DM and OM was lower (P = 0.05) in SL than in BFT and CV. The lowest (P &amp;lt; 0.001) CH4 production per unit of digestible nutrients was found in SL. There was a negative correlation (P &amp;lt; 0.001) between CT concentration and CH4 production. However, tradeoffs in ruminal fermentation (reduced nutrient digestibility, VFA concentration and bacterial N efficiency) must be considered when SL is used.

390 Effects of dietary-induced pH changes on feed digestion, nitrogen metabolism, fermentation, and biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters

Abstract Ruminal pH decreases as greater concentrations of grain are consumed, and as a result, reduces biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty-acids. Our objective was to investigate effects of diet on pH and biohydrogenation activity in vitro. Eight dual-flow, continuous culture fermenters were blocked by side of the room and randomly assigned, within block, to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of 100:0 roughage-to-concentrate (Grass), 50:50 roughage-to-concentrate plus flax oil supplement (Mix+F), 10:90 roughage-to-concentrate plus corn oil supplement (Con+C), or 10:90 roughage-to-concentrate plus flax oil supplement (Con+F). Fermenter pH, area under the curve, and maximum pH were lowest for Con+C and Con+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Apparent and true DM, OM, and NDF digestibility were greater with grain inclusion (P &amp;lt; 0.05) while ADF digestibility was not affected by treatment (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Protein degradation was lowered as grain inclusion increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Total VFA concentrations were lowest for Grass, highest for Con+C and Con+F, and intermediate for Mix+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Acetate-to-propionate was lowest for Con treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 fatty-acids were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with inclusion of concentrate regardless of roughage-to-concentrate ratio. Concentrations of stearic acid recovered from effluent were greatest for Grass, intermediate for Mix+F, and lowest for both Con+C and Con+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Linoleic acid proportions in effluent were greatest for Con+C and Con+F and intermediate for Mix+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and inclusion of concentrate, regardless of amount, increased the amount linoleic acid recovered from fermenter overflow (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Between Con+C and Con+F concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was greater when flax oil was supplemented (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Proportions of ALA in effluent was similar (P &amp;gt; 0.10) between Grass and Con+C; however, between Mix+F and Con+F ALA concentrations tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for Con+F. Omega6-to-omega3 ratios were similar across Grass, Mix+F, and Con+F (P &amp;gt; 0.10) and greatest for Con+C (P &amp;lt; 0.05).

PSIX-41 The potential for different supplement sources to reduce frothy legume bloat based on in vitro degradation characteristics

Abstract Previous research has shown that supplementation of corn silage or grass hay can reduce the incidence of frothy legume bloat in cattle. However, forage-based supplements may not be the most feasible supplements due to the infrastructure required for harvest, storage, and feeding. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different supplement sources, commonly available in the upper Midwest, on in vitro digestion kinetics and extent of digestion of alfalfa-based diets. Two ruminally-cannulated steers (928.1±25.5 kg BW) were fed alfalfa hay at 2.0% of BW and served as donors of rumen fluid. Treatments were early-bud alfalfa (CON) or a combination (DM basis) of 80% early-bud alfalfa with 20% of corn silage (CS), brome grass hay (BGH), soybean hulls (SBH), beet pulp (BP), corn grain (CORN), dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS), or wheat middlings (MIDD). Tubes were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 48, or 72-h and assessed for rate and extent of digestion. Samples were run in duplicate and replicated over 4 days. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Measurements reported are from the 48-h incubation. Apparent DM and OM digestibility was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with SBH, BP, CORN, and MIDD and decreased with BGH. True DM digestibility was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with SBH, BP, CORN, and DDGS and decreased with BGH. All treatments besides BGH and MIDD reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.001) NDF digestibility in comparison to CON. All treatments besides BP reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.001) the absolute initial rate (3-h) of apparent DM digestion, and SBH had the lowest rate. These data show that SBH increases the extent of digestion, while reducing the initial rate of degradation, suggesting that SBH has potential to reduce the incidence of frothy legume bloat as an alternative to corn silage or grass hay.

Effect of supplementation of Kappaphycus alvarezii based seaweed product on rumen fermentation parameters under in vitro conditions

In vitro trials were conducted to study the effect of supplementation of different levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%) of K. alvarezii based seaweed product ( K. Alvarezii powder: Gracilaria salicornia powder : K. alvarezii sap powder in 1: 1: 1 ratio) to basal substrate on digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters. The results showed that supplementation of different levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%) of K. alvarezii based seaweed product to the basal substrate (sugargraze fodder and concentrate mixture in 60: 40 ratio) did not affect in vitro true DM and OM digestibility, total gas production, methane production, ammonia-N, microbial biomass production and metabolisable energy values to any significant extent.

Effects of source and level of dietary energy supplementation on in vitro digestibility and methane production from tall fescue-based diets

There is a lack of information about the effect of different sources, levels, and the mixtures of energy supplements commonly fed to cattle grazing tall fescue. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate different common energy sources for beef cattle grazing tall fescue using an in vitro fermentation system. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (571 ± 16.1 kg BW) were fed tall fescue hay once daily and served as donors of rumen contents for an in vitro fermentation experiment. Treatments were tall fescue hay (CON), soybean hulls (SBH), corn gluten feed (CGF), corn (CORN), or combinations (SBH + CGF, SBH + CORN, CGF + CORN, SBH + CGF + CORN) of these. Flasks were incubated for 48 h and then assessed for digestion by measuring true DM digestibility, VFA and ammonia concentrations, and total gas and methane production. Supplemental energy sources did not affect total VFA concentration, ammonia concentration, valerate proportion, isobutyrate proportion, isovalerate proportion, or acetate:propionate ratio. True digestibility and digestible energy were generally greater than CON (Table 3; P < 0.001) in all CORN containing treatments. The CORN (P < 0.001) and CGF + CORN (P = 0.023) treatments had a lower acetate proportion than CON. Propionate proportion was reduced by CORN (P < 0.001). Corn grain supplementation increased butyrate proportion in all corn-containing treatments (P < 0.035). All treatments containing energy supplements increased methane production and CH4-E (P < 0.027). The DE loss from CH4-E was increased in CORN, SBH + CGF, SBH + CORN, CGF + CORN, and SBH + CGF + CORN (P < 0.01). Corn grain supplementation at low levels (≤0.20 diet DM) can improve diet utilization by increasing digestibility and energetic efficiency to improve beef cattle production.

Comparison of warm season and cool season forages for dairy grazing systems in continuous culture.

The objective of this study was to compare warm-season annual grasses to cool-season perennial (CSP) grasses for ruminal nutrient digestibility and N metabolism in a dual-flow continuous culture fermentation system. Dietary treatments were 1) fresh alfalfa, 2) CSP grasses and legumes, 3) brown-midrib sorghum-sudangrass (BMRSS), and 4) teff grass from an organic dairy production system. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used during two consecutive 10-d periods consisting of 7 d for stabilization followed by 3 d of sampling. Fermenter samples were collected on days 8, 9, and 10 for analysis of pH, NH3-N, and VFA. Apparent DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility were on average lesser (P < 0.05) in CSP grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses compared with alfalfa. True DM and OM digestibility were lesser (P < 0.05) for CSP grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses compared with fresh alfalfa. Total VFA were not affected (P > 0.05) by forage. The NH3-N concentrations were highest (P < 0.05) with alfalfa compared with the other CSP grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses. CP digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by forage treatment. Flow of NH3-N was greatest (P < 0.05) for alfalfa, reflecting the greatest NH3-N concentration. Flow of total N was greatest (P < 0.05) for alfalfa, intermediate for teff, and lowest for CSP grasses and legumes and BMRSS. Flows of bacterial N, efficiency of bacterial N, non-NH3-N, and dietary N were not affected (P > 0.05) by forage source. Overall, fermentation of warm-season grasses was similar to the cool-season grasses and legumes which indicate dairy producers may use warm-season grasses without concerns about negative impact on rumen health.

Enteric methane production and ruminal fermentation of forage brassica diets fed in continuous culture.

The aim of the current study was to determine nutrient digestibility, VFA production, N metabolism, and CH4 production of canola (Brassica napus L.), rapeseed (B. napus L.), turnip (Brassica rapa L.), and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) fed with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in continuous culture. Diets were randomly assigned to fermentors in a 4 × 4 Latin square design using 7 d for adaptation and 3 d for collection. Diets were: 1) 50% orchardgrass + 50% annual ryegrass (ARG); 2) 50% orchardgrass + 50% canola (CAN); 3) 50% orchardgrass + 50% rapeseed (RAP); and 4) 50% orchardgrass + 50% turnip (TUR). Feedings (82 g DM/d) occurred four times daily throughout 4, 10-d periods at 730, 1030, 1400, and 1900 h. Methane samples were collected every 10 min using a photoacoustic gas analyzer (LumaSense Technologies, Inc.; Santa Clara, CA) during the last 3 d of the experiment. Effluent samples were collected on d 8, 9, and 10, composited by fermentor, and analyzed for VFA and pH as well as DM, OM, CP, and fiber fractions for determination of nutrient digestibility. Forage samples were analyzed for CP, NDF, ADF, minerals, and glucosinolate (GLS) concentrations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Apparent DM, OM, and NDF digestibilities and true DM and OM digestibilities were similar (P > 0.28) among diets (45.1, 63.2, 44.1, 67.1, and 87.2%, respectively). Total VFA (87.2 mol/100 mol), pH (6.47), and acetate (A: 44.6 mol/100 mol) were also not different (P > 0.20) among diets. The A:P (P = propionate) ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in ARG and CAN than RAP and TUR. Daily CH4 production was greater (P < 0.01) in ARG than all other diets (68.9 vs. 11.2 mg/d). Methane, whether expressed as g per g of OM, NDF, digestible OM, or digestible NDF fed was greatest (P < 0.01) in ARG but similar (P > 0.18) among brassica diets. A significant negative correlation was observed between total GLS and CH4 production. However, when multiple regression analysis on CH4 production was completed, neither total GLS nor individual GLS were a significant component of the model. Addition of brassicas provided similar nutrient digestibility to ARG while reducing daily CH4 production, potentially making brassicas an alternative for ARG in pasture-based ruminant diets.

Relative Feed Value and Digestibility of Caramba (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba) for Ruminants

The aim of present study was to determine relative feed value and estimate the in vitro digestibility of caramba (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba), a variety of Italian ryegrass, for ruminants. Caramba was harvested at the five times when the plant height was about 42 cm for each harvesting. The fresh and dry herbage yields of caramba obtained from the first, second, third and fourth harvests were similar and higher (P<0.001) than those of the fifth harvest. The highest and lowest CP yields were obtained from the first and fifth harvests at 39.43±1.96 and 10.18±0.39 kg/da, respectively. While CP and ME contents of caramba decreased (P<0.001) depending on increasing in harvest number, crude fiber, ADF, NDF and ADL values increased (P<0.001). The relative feed value (P<0.001) along with the in vitro true dry matter digestibility and in vitro true NDF digestibility were decreased (P<0.001) with increasing in harvest number. The highest values (P<0.001) of in vitro true DM digestibility and in vitro true NDF digestibility for caramba obtained from the first harvest were 87.02±0.43 and 44.18±0.50%, respectively. In vitro true DM digestibility and in vitro true NDF digestibility values of caramba for the mean of five harvests were 80.45±1.09 and 41.55±0.37%, respectively. As a result, considering all of the investigated parameters in the present study, it may be deduced that harvesting of caramba was possible up to five times in a year. Although, the chemical composition, relative feed value and in vitro true digestibility of caramba obtained from the first fourth harvests were higher than those of the fifth harvest, it could be said that caramba obtained from each of the five harvests possess the potential as a roughage for ruminant depending on the specific situation.

Synergism of Cattle and Bison Inoculum on Ruminal Fermentation and Select Bacterial Communities in an Artificial Rumen (Rusitec) Fed a Barley Straw Based Diet.

This study evaluated the effect of increasing the proportion of bison relative to cattle inoculum on fermentation and microbial populations within an artificial rumen (Rusitec). The experiment was a completely randomized design with a factorial treatment structure (proportion cattle:bison inoculum; 0:100, 33:67, 67:33, and 100:0) replicated in two Rusitec apparatuses (n = 8 fermenters). The experiment was 15 d with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Fermenters were fed a diet of 70:30 barley straw:concentrate (DM basis). True digestibility of DM was determined after 48 h of incubation from d 13 to 15, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured on d 9–12. Protozoa counts were determined at d 9, 11, 13, and 15 and particle-associated bacteria (PAB) from d 13 to 15. Select bacterial populations in the PAB were measured using RT-qPCR. Fermenter was considered the experimental unit and day of sampling as a repeated measure. Increasing the proportion of bison inoculum resulted in a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on straw, concentrate and total true DM disappearance and on straw and total neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) disappearance, with greater disappearances observed with mixed inoculum. There were no effect of source or proportion of inoculum on ADF disappearance (P > 0.05). Increasing bison inoculum linearly increased (P < 0.05) concentrate aNDF disappearance, total and concentrate N disappearance as well as total daily VFA and acetate production. A positive quadratic response (P < 0.05) was observed for daily NH3-N, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate production, as well as the acetate:propionate ratio. Increasing the proportion of bison inoculum linearly increased (P < 0.05) total protozoa numbers. No effects were observed on pH, total gas and methane production, microbial N synthesis, or copies of 16S rRNA associated with total bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium or Prevotella bryantii. Increasing bison inoculum had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on Fibrobacter succinogenes, and tended to linearly (P < 0.10) increase Ruminococcus flavefaciens and decrease (P < 0.05) Ruminococcus albus copy numbers. In conclusion, bison inoculum increased the degradation of feed protein and fiber. A mixture of cattle and bison rumen inoculum acted synergistically, increasing the DM and aNDF disappearance of barley straw.

Influence of main dietary chemical constituents on the in vitro gas and methane production in diets for dairy cows.

BackgroundModification of chemical composition of diets fed to dairy cows might be a good strategy to reduce methane (CH4) production in the rumen. Notable reductions of CH4 production compared to conventional high-roughages rations were more frequently observed for very concentrated diets or when fat supplements were used. In these cases, the reduction in the gas emission was mainly a consequence of an overall impairment of rumen function with a reduction of fiber digestibility. These strategies do not always comply with feeding standards used in intensive dairy farms and they are usually not applied owing to the risks of negative health and economic consequences.Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of seven commercial diets with contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), protein and lipids ranging 325 to 435 g/kg DM, 115 to 194 g/kg DM, and 26 to 61 g/kg DM, respectively, on in vitro degradability, gas (GP), and CH4 production.ResultsIn this experiment, changes in the dietary content of NDF, crude protein (CP) and lipids were always obtained at the expense or in favor of starch. A decreased of the dietary NDF content increased NDF (NDFd) and true DM (TDMd) degradability, and increased CH4 production per g of incubated DM (P < 0.001), but not that per g of TDMd. An increase of the dietary CP level did not change in vitro NDFd and TDMd, decreased GP per g of incubated DM (P < 0.001), but CH4 production per g of TDMd was not affected. An increased dietary lipid content reduced NDFd, TDMd, and GP per g of incubated DM, but it had no consequence on CH4 production per g of TDMd.ConclusionsIt was concluded that, under commercial conditions, changes in dietary composition would produce small or negligible alterations of CH4 production per unit of TDMd, but greater differences in GP and CH4 production would be expected when these amounts are expressed per unit of DM intake. The use of TDMd as a standardizing parameter is proposed to account for possible difference in DM intake and productivity.

Dose-response and inclusion effects of pure natural extracts and synthetic compounds on in vitro methane production

This study explored the effects of one ionophore compound (monensin) and four pure extracts (limonene, allyl sulfide, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production of a commercial diet for dairy cows. Four consecutive incubations at 24h were conducted using an automated gas production (GP) system, where gas was vented at fixed pressure. Bottles (317ml) were filled with 1.0±0.010g of diet and 150ml of buffered rumen fluid. Additives were added at two dosages: 0.015 (low) or 0.030mg/g of diet (high) for monensin, 3 (low) or 30mg/g of diet (high) for the pure extracts. In each incubation, eleven treatments were tested in 3 replications: a control (CTR; bottles without additive), plus 5 additives×2 dosages. Twelve bottles (3/run), containing only the buffered rumen fluid, were included as blanks. At the end of each incubation, gas samples were collected from bottle headspace and analyzed for CH4. The proportion of CH4 lost with venting was calculated. Fermentation fluids were analyzed for aNDF (NDFd) and true DM (TDMd) degradability, ammonia N, and VFA. Data were analyzed using a model considering the treatment as fixed factor and run as a random factor. Additives were ineffective at the low dosage. Compared to CTR, the high dosage of monensin reduced NDFd (−17%), TDMd (−3%), and CH4 produced per g of truly degraded DM (−19%). Acetate was reduced (−13%) in favor of propionate (+25%), but the total VFA production did not change. Compared to CTR, the high dosage of limonene reduced NDFd (−66%), TDMd (−14%), GP (−25%) and CH4 production (−34%) per g of truly degraded DM, and the total production of VFA (−25%), acetate (−31%), and propionate (−13%) (P<0.001 for all). The high dosage of allyl sulfide did not influence NDFd and TDMd, reduced GP (−14%) and CH4 production (−32%) per g of truly degraded DM, the total VFA (−12%) and acetate production (−24%), but increased that of propionate (+15%). The high dosage of cinnamaldehyde did not influence NDFd, TDMd or the total VFA production, reduced GP (−10%), CH4 production (−12%) per g of truly degraded DM and acetate production (−14%), but increased that of propionate (+9%). The high dosage of eugenol reduced only NDFd (−18%) and TDMd (−3%). In conclusion, the most promising results were observed for the high dosage of cinnamaldehyde, as in vitro CH4 production was reduced without effects on degradability and VFA production. However, these effects should be confirmed using dosages and experimental conditions proper of in vivo trials.

Differentiating type 2 DM and true type 3c DM in patients who have survived severe acute pancreatitis

took place in the duodenum, which contributed to the full duodenal digestion. All patients stopped pain. For 5 years after the operation indicators of exo-, endocrine functions of the pancreas have stabilized and are consistent with the values âVhâVhbefore surgery. Quality of life score was much better than before procedure. Conclusion: analysis of long-term results showed that organ-preserving (not resection) type of operation and creating pancreatodigestive anastomosis with the inclusion of duodenal in the digestive is an alternative intervention to resection surgery in patients with CP.

The effects of Lactobacillus kefiri and L. brevis on the fermentation and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus kefiri (strain DSM 19455) and Lactobacillus brevis (strain DSM 23231) on the fermentation and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage. After chopping, sugarcane was treated as follows (as fed basis): no additives (C), Lactobacillus brevis DSM 23231 at 2×105cfu/g (Lb), Lactobacillus kefiri DSM 19455 at 2×105cfu/g (Lk), Lactobacillus brevis DSM 23231 at 1×105cfu/g plus Lactobacillus kefiri DSM 19455 at 1×105cfu/g (Lb+Lk). Treated forage was packed in laboratory silos (capacity 20L) and stored for 75d. All inoculants decreased nutrient losses during anaerobic storage, by at least 26%. Inoculated silages (Lb, Lk, and Lb+Lk) had higher soluble sugars and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) concentrations. Silage inoculated with Lk had higher in vitro true DM digestibility than the control and Lb treatments. Although all silages had low pH values (≤3.86), the inoculants decreased the concentrations of ethanol, lactic acid, and most trace compounds. Treatment with Lk increased the concentration of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol and decreased the yeast population compared with that of all other treatments. Compared with untreated silage, inoculation was unable to improve stability when silages were exposed to air. In conclusion, L. kefiri and L. brevis applied at 2×105cfu/g were able to mitigate the formation of volatile organic compounds and decreased the loss of nutrients during the fermentation of sugarcane silages.

Combination Effect of Clove and Orange Peel Oils on in Vitro Digestion of Dairy Total Mixed Ration Using ANKOM DAISY II Incubator

Clove and orange peel oils were used for rumen manipulation in ruminant animal production. However there is limited study with true in vitro rumen digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate combination effect of clove and orange peel oils on in vitro digestion of Dairy Total Mixed Ration (TMR) using ANKOM DAISY II Incubator. Ruminal fluid for in vitro digestion technique was prepared as in vitro digestibility ANKOM method. The results indicated that in vitro true DM disappearance (IVTDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearance (IVNDFD) of dairy TMR were significant (P <0.01) affected by clove, orange peel oils and their combination. Clove increased IVTDMD and IVNDFD and energy estimate (TDN, ME and NEl) of TMR, while orange peel oils decreased. Therefore, there was antagonistic effects between CO and OP 300 ppm when they were used together in combination treatment for decreasing in vitro digestion of dairy TMR. 

Effects of creep grazing and stocking rate on forage selection and nutritive value of the diet for meat goat does and kids on grass/forb pasture

The effects of creep grazing and stocking rate (SR) on forage selection and nutritive value of the diet selected by Spanish does with Boer×Spanish kids and Boer×Spanish does with 3/4 Boer-1/4 Spanish kids were determined using grass/forb pastures. There were four treatments, each replicated, with three stocking rate (SR) treatments and one treatment involving creep grazing. Goats of both types were equally represented in all treatments. Each group of does and kids was allocated to 0.4ha pastures divided into four paddocks that were rotationally grazed in two cycles over a total of 76 days. The three SR were 4 does plus 8 kids (L), 6 does plus 12 kids (M), and 8 does plus 16 kids (H) per 0.4ha pasture. The creep grazing treatment (C) was at the high SR relative to the pasture area common to the does and kids. In this treatment, however, the kids had access to an additional area of a similar 0.4ha pasture sub-divided into four paddocks containing the leguminous tree mimosa (Albizia julibrissin Durazz) planted in rows. A direct observation and simulation method was used to characterize the diet selected by does and kids and obtain representative samples. These samples were evaluated in terms of their CP, NDF, ADF, and ADL concentrations and in vitro true DM digestibility (IVTDMD). There were no significant effects (P>0.10) of stocking rate on botanical composition of the diet selected or its nutritive value. Does and kids selected diets of similar botanical composition and nutritive value for the three treatments without a creep area. When kids were in a creep grazing area, 52.8% of their diet consisted of mimosa leaves leading to an improvement in the overall nutritional value of the diet relative to times when in the base grass/forb pasture (CP 21.9 vs. 19.8%, NDF 34.1 vs. 53.8%, ADF 21.4 vs. 27.5%, and IVTDMD 85.7 vs.79.9%). It was concluded that stocking rate had no impact on diet selection and the nutritive value of the diet of does or kids when grazing forage of low to medium quality. Kids with access to creep areas including mimosa trees, however, preferentially consumed mimosa leaves, thus improving the nutritive value of their diet.

Calibration and performance evaluation of the STICS crop model for simulating timothy growth and nutritive value

Several models for simulating the growth and nutritive value of forage crops have been developed in past decades but most of them are specific to one crop species and focus only on agronomic outputs. In this study, we calibrated and evaluated the performance of the STICS crop model for the simulation of the growth and nutritive value (cell wall concentration and digestibility, in vitro true dry matter [DM] digestibility, and N concentration) of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) under Canadian growing conditions. Equations used for calculating nutritive value attributes were derived from the CATIMO model (CAnadian TImothy MOdel). The calibration included two datasets, one for eastern Canada (cultivar Champ) and one for western Canada (cultivar Climax). Very good agreement between simulations and measurements was obtained for the calibration dataset (RMSE% ≤10% for all variables). Twenty-two datasets including leaf area index (LAI), forage DM yield, N concentration, cell wall concentration and digestibility, and in vitro true DM digestibility were then used to evaluate model performance. The model simulated LAI, forage DM yield, nitrogen concentration and nutritive value of the primary growth fairly well for all sites (RMSE% <30%), but was less successful for the regrowth (i.e. average RMSE of forage DM: 66.5 and 85.9gm−2 for primary growth and regrowth, respectively). The next step in this research will be to perform, multi-annual simulations to evaluate crop reserve simulations and improve regrowth simulation.