True Body Research Articles

Relationships of eggshell, air cell, and cloacal temperatures of embryonated broiler hatching eggs during incubation ,

The relationships of eggshell, air cell, and embryo cloacal temperatures in Ross × Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs were determined. Twenty eggs were weighed and set on each of 3 tray levels of a single incubator. Eggshell temperature (EST) of the eggs were recorded once in the morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) between 0 and 19 d of incubation (DOI) using an infrared thermometer (IRT). All eggs were candled and a transponder was implanted in the air cell of eggs containing live embryos (12 per tray level) at 12 DOI. At 19 DOI, transponders were implanted in the cloaca of live embryos from those same eggs. Air cell temperature (ACT) and EST readings were recorded once in the AM and PM between 12 and 19 DOI, and ACT and cloaca temperature (CLT) readings were recorded every 6 h between 19 and 21 DOI. The EST and ACT readings between 13 and 19 DOI were positively correlated. However, their respective mean temperatures between 13 and 19 DOI differed. The EST and ACT were not significantly influenced by tray level. Nevertheless, a main effect due to location (eggshell vs. air cell), and an interaction between DOI and time of day (AM and PM) in the 13 to 19 DOI interval were observed. Furthermore, an interaction was observed between location (air cell and cloaca) and the 6 h sequential time periods in the 19 to 21 DOI interval. However, across the entire 19 to 21 DOI interval, mean ACT and CLT were not significantly different, and were positively correlated. These data suggest that ACT readings are higher than those of EST during the last half of incubation, and that between 13 and 19 DOI, ACT readings may have the potential for use as a minimally invasive method by which to more accurately estimate the true core body temperature of broiler embryos. The effects of this method on hatchability and post-hatch performance need determination to better establish its practicality.

A Long Roll of Buddhist Images of the Dali Kingdom and the True Body of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara

A Long Roll of Buddhist Images of the Dali Kingdom and the True Body of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara

Measurement error models with interactions.

An important use of measurement error models is to correct regression models for bias due to covariate measurement error. Most measurement error models assume that the observed error-prone covariate (WW ) is a linear function of the unobserved true covariate (X) plus other covariates (Z) in the regression model. In this paper, we consider models for W that include interactions between X and Z. We derive the conditional distribution of X given W and Z and use it to extend the method of regression calibration to this class of measurement error models. We apply the model to dietary data and test whether self-reported dietary intake includes an interaction between true intake and body mass index. We also perform simulations to compare the model to simpler approximate calibration models.

Agenda Suprema – interesses em disputa no controle de constitucionalidade das leis no Brasil

Neste artigo discutimos os papéis que o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) tem desempenhado ao arbitrar interesses em disputa no controle de constitucionalidade das leis, via ações direitas de inconstitucionalidade (ADIs). Para isso, baseamo-nos na análise quantitativa das ADIs julgadas pelo tribunal entre os anos de 1988 e 2014, mapeando o conteúdo de sua agenda decisória, verificando em que medida o Supremo tem feito diferença nas arenas de conflito social e político do país. Concluímos que apesar do Supremo arbitrar importantes disputas sociais e políticas, sua agenda tem sido tomada por uma pauta ligada ao delineamento das carreiras públicas, decidindo sobre expansão ou contenção das prerrogativas da burocracia do Estado. Entre os diversos papéis que a literatura corrente acerca da judicialização da política tem atribuído às supremas cortes ao redor do mundo, num cenário de expansão do poder político do Judiciário, verificamos que no caso do Brasil, mais do que instituição contramajoritária ou instância de implementação de direitos sociais e coletivos, o STF tem desempenhado papel de verdadeiro órgão de deliberação corporativa.

Resolution in crosswell traveltime tomography: The dependence on illumination

The key aspect limiting resolution in crosswell traveltime tomography is illumination, a well-known result but not well-exemplified. We have revisited resolution in the 2D case using a simple geometric approach based on the angular aperture distribution and the Radon transform properties. We have analytically found that if an isolated interface had dips contained in the angular aperture limits, it could be reconstructed using just one particular projection. By inversion of synthetic data, we found that a slowness field could be approximately reconstructed from a set of projections if the interfaces delimiting the slowness field had dips contained in the available angular apertures. On the one hand, isolated artifacts might be present when the dip is near the illumination limit. On the other hand, in the inverse sense, if an interface is interpretable from a tomogram, there is no guarantee that it corresponds to a true interface. Similarly, if a body is present in the interwell region, it is diffusely imaged, but its interfaces, particularly vertical edges, cannot be resolved and additional artifacts might be present. Again, in the inverse sense, there is no guarantee that an isolated anomaly corresponds to a true anomalous body, because this anomaly could be an artifact. These results are typical of ill-posed inverse problems: an absence of a guarantee of correspondence to the true distribution. The limitations due to illumination may not be solved by the use of constraints. Crosswell tomograms derived with the use of sparsity constraints, using the discrete cosine transform and Daubechies bases, essentially reproduce the same features seen in tomograms obtained with the smoothness constraint. Interpretation must be done taking into consideration a priori information and the particular limitations due to illumination, as we have determined with a real data case.

Effects of the difference between actual body condition and body image perception on nutrient intake, weight control and mental health in Korean adults: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the body shape discordance, the difference between true body type based on body mass index (BMI) and self-recognized body image, on nutrient intake, weight control attempt, and mental health in Korean adults. Methods: Subjects were persons aged 19~64 years (4,382 men and 6,226 women) who participated in the 2010~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were categorized as RL (Group recognized as lighter than BMI criteria), RA (Group with agreement between BMI criteria and self-recognized body image), and RH (Group recognized as heavier than BMI criteria) according to the difference between actual body type based on BMI and self-recognized body image. Results: Means of BMI in RH groups were lower than or equal to that of RA groups in all groups. No significant differences in total energy intake were observed among the three groups in men, but total energy intake was higher in the RL group than in the RH group in 30~49 year old women. Proportion of carbohydrate was the highest in the RL group among 30~49 year old women. RH groups paid more attention to weight control and had less weight gain than other groups. Higher proportions of depressive symptoms were reported in the RH group in 19~29 year old men, while a higher proportion of depressive symptoms were reported in the RL group in 50~64 year old men. Conclusion: The current findings suggest an association of perceiving body shape with energy intake, weight control attempt, or depressed mood in some age groups. Body image perception can influence eating, weight control attempt, and depressed mood, therefore proper body image perception should be established in Korean adults.

18FDG-TEP/TDM dans l’endocardite. Faut-il inclure les membres inférieurs dans le champ d’acquisition ?

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare disease in which prognosis remains poor. The latter is in particular related to septic embolism, which can affect all tissues. IE diagnosis, rendered difficult by various presentations, relies on echocardiography (EC). EC can be overlooked, especially in IE affecting valvular prosthesis. 18FDG-PET may be helpful in IE; it is a one-step exploration helping in the establishment of diagnosis, in the determination of the existence of metastatic localisations and of a potential portal of entry. Mycotic aneurysms (MA), often asymptomatic, are potentially lethal. Therefore, it is important to detect them early. Systematically extending the 18FDG-PET acquisition field of view to a true whole body exploration (i.e. from vertex to toe) when exploring IE may help discovering these AM.

Optical power transfer and communication methods for wireless implantable sensing platforms.

Ultrasmall scale implants have recently attracted focus as valuable tools for monitoring both acute and chronic diseases. Semiconductor optical technologies are the key to miniaturizing these devices to the long-sought sub-mm scale, which will enable long-term use of these devices for medical applications. This can also enable the use of multiple implantable devices concurrently to form a true body area network of sensors. We demonstrate optical power transfer techniques and methods to effectively harness this power for implantable devices. Furthermore, we also present methods for optical data transfer from such implants. Simultaneous use of these technologies can result in miniaturized sensing platforms that can allow for large-scale use of such systems in real world applications.

Knowing power grids and understanding complexity science

Complex networks theory has been well established as a useful framework for studying and analysing structure, dynamics and evolution of many complex systems. Infrastructural and man-made systems like power grids, gas and water networks and the internet, have been also included in this network framework, albeit sometimes ignoring the huge historical body of knowledge surrounding them. Although there seems to exist clear evidence that both complexity approach in general, and complex networks in particular, can be useful, it is necessary and profitable to put forward some of the limits that this scheme is facing when dealing with not so complex but rather complicated systems like the power grid. In this introductory paper, we offer a critical revision of the usefulness of the complexity and complex networks' approach in this later case, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses. At the same time we emphasise the disconnection between the so called complex and the more traditional engineering communities as one of the major drawbacks in the advent of a true body of understanding, more than simply knowing the subtleties of this kind of complex systems.

The Republican Statesman: William Henry Seward

In 1860, most Americans agreed that the West, with its abundant lands and resources, would secure prosperity and freedom for years to come. But whether wage labor or slavery, industry or agriculture, or some amalgam in between was to embody the new, modern America remained unresolved. At the heart of the Republican Party's imperial design stood Chicago. city, fueled by a decade of development in rails and commerce, epitomized a nation of dramatic growth, wage labor, and interconnected markets. A small town of about 30,000 in 1850, Chicago more than tripled its population in the next ten years. With a horsecar line, public sewer system, and university, the city had begun to attract women and men, such as George Pullman, who looked to capitalize on the region's growth. They filled the gas-lit western metropolis with an infectious can-do spirit, one that the Republican Party no doubt hoped to emulate when it chose Chicago for a national convention. As Republican delegates and supporters arrived in May 1860, they gathered in the Wigwam, a building on Market and Lake Streets (today the southeast corner of Lake and Wacker). party backed free homesteads, tariff reform, and internal improvements—they were adamant that slavery remain confined to states where it already existed. Such policies, they believed, were the founda- tion of American progress. A newcomer to the political scene, the Republican Party was enlivened by recent victories—their strength was proven in Ohio, where Salmon P. Chase won the governorship in 1856, and Pennsylvania, where Simon Cameron won a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1857. Unexpected trouble in the Democratic Party, the one true national political body, likewise boosted Republican aspirations. In April, the Democrats, amid debate over western expansion and the sanctity of slavery, failed to select a presidential candidate. The work before the Republicans, announced New York's Jamestown Journal on May 11, is, therefore, to rout a disabled enemy.

Validation of Anthropometric Indices of Adiposity against Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging – A Study within the German European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cohorts

BackgroundIn epidemiological studies, measures of body fat generally are obtained through anthropometric indices such as the body mass index (BMI), waist (WC), and hip circumferences (HC). Such indices, however, can only provide estimates of a person’s true body fat content, overall or by adipose compartment, and may have limited accuracy, especially for the visceral adipose compartment (VAT).ObjectiveTo determine the extent to which different body adipose tissue compartments are adequately predicted by anthropometry, and to identify anthropometric measures alone, or in combination to predict overall adiposity and specific adipose tissue compartments, independently of age and body size (height).MethodsIn a sub-study of 1,192 participants of the German EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) cohorts, whole-body MRI was performed to determine adipose and muscle tissue compartments. Additional anthropometric measurements of BMI, WC and HC were taken.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and height, BMI, WC and HC were better predictors of total body volume (TBV), total adipose tissue (TAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) than for VAT, coronary adipose tissue (CAT) and skeletal muscle tissue (SMT). In both sexes, BMI was the best predictor for TBV (men: r = 0.72 [0.68–0.76], women: r = 0.80 [0.77–0.83]) and SMT (men: r = 0.52 [0.45–0.57], women: r = 0.48 [0.41–0.54]). WC was the best predictor variable for TAT (r = 0.48 [0.41–0.54]), VAT (r = 0.44 [0.37–0.50]) and CAT (r = 0.34 [0.26–0.41]) (men), and for VAT (r = 0.42 [0.35–0.49]) and CAT (r = 0.29 [0.22–0.37]) (women). BMI was the best predictor for TAT (r = 0.49 [0.43–0.55]) (women). HC was the best predictor for SAT (men (r = 0.39 [0.32–0.45]) and women (r = 0.52 [0.46–0.58])).ConclusionsEspecially the volumes of internal body fat compartments are poorly predicted by anthropometry. A possible implication may be that associations of chronic disease risks with the sizes of internal body fat as measured by BMI, WC and HC may be strongly underestimated.

Predicting "heart age" using electrocardiography.

Knowledge of a patient's cardiac age, or “heart age”, could prove useful to both patients and physicians for better encouraging lifestyle changes potentially beneficial for cardiovascular health. This may be particularly true for patients who exhibit symptoms but who test negative for cardiac pathology. We developed a statistical model, using a Bayesian approach, that predicts an individual's heart age based on his/her electrocardiogram (ECG). The model is tailored to healthy individuals, with no known risk factors, who are at least 20 years old and for whom a resting ∼5 min 12-lead ECG has been obtained. We evaluated the model using a database of ECGs from 776 such individuals. Secondarily, we also applied the model to other groups of individuals who had received 5-min ECGs, including 221 with risk factors for cardiac disease, 441 with overt cardiac disease diagnosed by clinical imaging tests, and a smaller group of highly endurance-trained athletes. Model-related heart age predictions in healthy non-athletes tended to center around body age, whereas about three-fourths of the subjects with risk factors and nearly all patients with proven heart diseases had higher predicted heart ages than true body ages. The model also predicted somewhat higher heart ages than body ages in a majority of highly endurance-trained athletes, potentially consistent with possible fibrotic or other anomalies recently noted in such individuals.

Reply

Sir: We sincerely thank Dr. Swanson for his vivid interest in our recent large-scale prospective study on the impact of preoperative symptom severity of body dysmorphic disorder on subjective outcomes in aesthetic rhinoplasty. This study highlights for the first time the inverse correlation between the severity of preoperative body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and the postoperative satisfaction of rhinoplasty patients. First, we clearly state that we agree fully with Dr. Swanson’s opinion about the importance of clinical judgment on the risk-to-benefit ratio in the preoperative evaluation of aesthetic rhinoplasty patients, as is the case in any surgical setting. In aesthetic rhinoplasty, the identification of the severe body dysmorphic disorder patient, presenting with delusional thoughts and a perfect nasal shape, is not a challenge. We here deal with the true preoperative challenge, which is the identification of those patients with a “surgically correctable” nasal deformity and discrete body dysmorphic disorder traits, that are at risk of not being satisfied with the postoperative results. In the latter case, clinical judgment is only considered a weak base for evaluating the degree of severity of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, and objective tools are warranted for research purposes. Most rhinoplasty surgeons agree that the recognition of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms can be challenging, and underdiagnosis of the latter may be a reason for postoperative dissatisfaction. In a previous study by our group, we highlighted the high prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in an aesthetic rhinoplasty population using validated questionnaires and confirmed the low prevalence of true body dysmorphic disorder. We want to explicitly point out that some colleagues may draw false conclusions from our results, such as the statement of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms being the result of the nasal deformity. As our data clearly demonstrate the lack of correlation between the objective evaluation of the nasal shape by the surgeon and the body dysmorphic disorder symptom severity, they do not support the argument of body dysmorphic disorder being the consequence of a nasal deformity. Of note, many other authors have already demonstrated that the subjective evaluation of the nasal deformity does not correspond to the objective scoring of the deformity by the surgeon. Furthermore, the discrepancy between the low percentage of rhinoplasty patients meeting the criteria for full body dysmorphic disorder and the high percentage of patients with significant body dysmorphic disorder symptoms highlights the difficulties of applying the current diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder in an aesthetic surgery setting. We recognize that not all patients with moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms concerning their appearance have body dysmorphic disorder, as explicitly stated in the article. Finally, we would like to comment on the remark concerning the lack of comparison between postoperative results and preoperative baseline scores. Taking into account the wide variety of baseline scoring of the nasal deformity and the variable degree of percentage of improvement of scoring of the nasal deformity by the patient, the authors felt the most interesting approach was to study the correlations between the preoperative body dysmorphic disorder symptom severity and the final appreciation of the nasal shape by the patient. Considered together, we are convinced that our large-scale prospective study on the impact of body dysmorphic disorder symptom severity on the subjective outcomes of rhinoplasty contributes significantly to the field of facial plastic surgery, as it demonstrates for the first time the importance of non–surgery-related reasons for (dis)satisfaction in aesthetic rhinoplasty patients. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this communication. Valerie A. Picavet, M.D. Peter W. Hellings, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Hospitals Leuven Leuven, Belgium

Dzień Pański w nauczaniu św. Cezarego z Arles w świetle studium jego "Kazań do ludu"

Speaking about the Lord’s Day, saint Caesar of Arles († 543) explains to the faithful the importance of this day and other religious holidays. Going to church has a social dimension and clearly distinguishes Christians from Pagans. Bishop of Arles attaches much importance to the fact that Christians systematically and regularly attend church services, care about punctuality and do not leave the church before the end of the Mass. St Caesar, being an experienced pastor, ins­tructs the faithful how to behave in the church. He shows the difference between Christianity and Paganism. Christians celebrate on Sunday, Pagans on Thursday in honour of Jupiter. He asks the faithful not to conduct any court cases on Sunday and abstain from work. Bishop of Arles put the Eucharist in the centre of the Lord’s Day. He teaches that the Eucharist is true Body and Blood of Christ. He points out that the Holy Communion is like medicine for a human being, for his body and his soul, hence the concern of the Bishop so that faithful receive the Eucharist with a pure heart. A necessary condition for receiving of the Eucharist is to forgive a neighbour.

A Qualitative Assessment of the My True Body Bariatric Surgery Preparation Program

Background: The My True Body (MTB) group intervention incorporates cognitive restructuring and social support into bariatric surgery preparation. Purpose: To identify and describe program components that support long-term behavioral modifications and influence confidence in healthy weight maintenance. Methods: Semistructured telephone interviews exploring motivations for participation, advantages, disadvantages, and differentiating characteristics of MTB were conducted among participants who completed MTB between March 2010 and December 2011. Qualitative data analysis was performed to identify emergent themes. Results: Four primary themes emerged: (1) the value of interpersonal support and shared experiences, (2) possibilities for psychological transformations, (3) MTB's philosophy as an alternative to dieting, and (4) increased capacity for healthy weight maintenance. All study participants identified at least one psychosocial benefit. Key cognitive benefits included clarified motivations for weight loss surgery and changed attitudes toward food and eating. Discussion: Support and shared experiences and adoption of MTB's philosophical orientation provide pathways to psychological transformation; such transformation appears to be prerequisite to increasing capacity for healthy weight maintenance through increased self-efficacy. Translation to Health Education Practice: Integrating psychological self-exploration, social support, and behavior modification training into presurgical education might enhance weight loss and stress management, with or without bariatric surgery, among obese individuals.

The utility of fat mass index vs. body mass index and percentage of body fat in the screening of metabolic syndrome

BackgroundIt has been well documented that obesity is closely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although body mass index (BMI) is the most frequently used method to assess overweightness and obesity, this method has been criticized because BMI does not always reflect true body fatness, which may be better evaluated by assessment of body fat and fat-free mass. The objective of this study was to investigate the best indicator to predict the presence of MetS among fat mass index, BMI and percentage of body fat (BF %) and determine its optimal cut-off value in the screening of MetS in practice.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 1698 subjects (aged 20–79 years) who participated in the annual health check-ups was employed. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated. Sex-specific FMI quartiles were defined as follows: Q1: <4.39, Q2:4.39- < 5.65, Q3:5.65- < 7.03, Q4:≥7.03,in men; and Q1:<5.25, Q2:5.25- < 6.33, Q3:6.33- < 7.93,Q4:≥7.93, in women. MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The association between FMI quartiles and MetS was assessed using Binary logistic regression. Receiver operating curve(ROC) analysis was used to determine optimal cutoff points for BMI,BF% and FMI in relation to the area under the curve(AUC),sensitivity and specificity in men and women.ResultsThe adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for the presence of MetS in the highest FMI quartile versus lowest quartile were 79.143(21.243-294.852) for men( P < 0.01) and 52.039(4.144-653.436) for women( P < 0.01) after adjusting age, BMI, BF%, TC, LDL, CRP, smoking status and exercise status, and the odds ratios were 9.166(2.157-38.952) for men( P < 0.01) and 25.574(1.945-336.228) for women( P < 0.05) when WC was also added into the adjustment. It was determined that BMI values of 27.45 and 23.85 kg/m2, BF% of 23.95% and 31.35% and FMI of 7.00 and 7.90 kg/m2 were the optimal cutoff values to predict the presence of MetS among men and women according to the ROC curve analysis. Among the indicators used to predict MetS, FMI was the index that showed the greatest area under the ROC curve in both sexes.ConclusionsHigher FMI levels appear to be independently and positively associated with the presence of MetS regardless of BMI and BF%. FMI seems to be a better screening tool in prediction of the presence of metabolic syndrome than BMI and percentage of body fat in men and women.

Micronutrient Status in Children With IBD

In the January 2013 issue of JPGN, Alkhouri et al (1) assessed the micronutrient status in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They concluded that plasma vitamin B12 and folate “deficiencies” are rare at IBD diagnosis and question whether routine monitoring is warranted. Likewise they found that vitamin A and zinc “deficiencies” were common in their cohort and recommend that these should be routinely screened for so that nutritional repletion can commence. Because plasma concentrations of several micronutrients including vitamin A and zinc are known to be significantly influenced by the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) (2–5), these are unlikely to reflect true body stores in children with active IBD. Suboptimal plasma micronutrient concentrations are likely to result from redistribution and sequestration of micronutrients by tissues in the presence of a SIR (3). We have shown this for many micronutrients, and recently for vitamin D, in acute and chronic illness including in children with Crohn disease (2–7). Additionally, because vitamin B12 stores in the liver can last for >2 years, it is unlikely that a previously well child would develop vitamin B12 deficiency early on in IBD. Long-term monitoring is, therefore, essential. The authors’ interpretation of the findings is likely to mislead, resulting in unnecessary nutritional interventions with minimal clinical benefit. We propose that in conditions likely to be associated with SIR, assessment of micronutrient status in plasma should be interpreted in conjunction with measurements of C-reactive protein. Measurements in other cellular matrices (eg, erythrocytes) are likely to be a more reliable marker of body nutrient stores in acute and chronic illness

Population differences in the relationship between height, weight, and adiposity: An application of burton's model

The study of human variation in adiposity and lean mass is important for understanding core processes in human evolution, and is increasingly a public health concern as the "obesity epidemic" expands globally. The dominant measure of population differences in adiposity is Body Mass Index (BMI), which suffers from systematic biases across populations due to variation in the relationship between true body fat, height and weight. Here we develop simplified corrections for such anthropometric-based measures of adiposity that can take into account this population variation. These corrections derive from a recent model proposed by Burton that assumes humans accrue mass in two ways-growth in height that adds bone and muscle, and growth in body fat and the ancillary fat-free mass (FFM) needed to support this additional body fat. We analyze two ethnically diverse datasets with dual X-ray absorptiometry-measured (DXA) fat mass, assessing the fit of Burton's model and deriving novel corrections based on estimated musculoskeletal slenderness. The resulting model provides excellent fit to fat mass within populations (average R2 = 0.92 for women and R2 = 0.83 for men). World populations differ dramatically in musculoskeletal slenderness (up to a difference of 4.4 kg/m2), as do men and women (differences of 3.3-4.5 kg/m2), leading to clear population corrections. These findings point to a conceptually straightforward tool for estimating true differences in adiposity across populations, and suggest an alternative to BMI that provides a more accurate and theoretically based estimate of body fat than that traditionally derived from height and weight measures.

전통애니메이션과 슈렉시리즈에 나타난 몸과 정치권력에 대한 패러디적 특성비교 - 푸코의 정치권력 담론을 중심으로 -

This study provides comparative analysis on the parodying of the body and political powers in the traditional animation and Shrek Series based on the discourse of Foucault. For the research, parody theories and Foucault`s discourse were reviewed through the literature study, and Shrek Series was analyzed through positive study. The Shrek Series overturned stereotypes of the traditional animation by means of parody, especially showing a true body and a political power in the post-modern society. Foucault focused on the body and newly changed political power in the post-modern society. A body was changed into resistant and combative forms rather than obedient and submissive under control of the community power. In addition, political power was changed into relationship-oriented, decentralized and creative power rather than the centralized and class-based. In the traditional fairy tales, heroes and heroines are beautiful and perfect characters who obtain wealth and honor and live a happy life forever. However, heros and heroines in the Shrek Series are not attractive and do not have the ideal body shape, but rather have creative and active personalities and show indifference towards wealth and honor. Furthermore, their dress colors show the change into lower value and higher chroma. The Shrek Series is a future-oriented animation which created a fluid body and a creative political power in the post-modern society.

Fat Bolus Impaction; a Rare Case Report

An impacted esophageal foreign body is most often an urgent, rather than a life-threatening, medical situation. Typically, two types of foreign bodies are encountered: true foreign bodies (buttons, coins, pieces of balloon etc) and food-related foreign bodies. Ingestion of true foreign bodies generally occurs in persons less than 40 years old, with the vast majority being children. The incidence of true foreign body ingestion is also high in incarcerated individuals and in persons with psychiatric disorders. Food-related foreign bodies are more prevalent in persons who are over 60 years of age, who have esophageal disease, anatomic narrowing, motility disorders or who have recently consumed central nervous system depressants, especially ethanol. This article describes the clinical presentation, radiological findings and management of impacted mutton fat bolus as foreign body in an adult male patient.