Truck Carriers Research Articles

인천항 중고자동차 수출 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

Purpose: This study presents practical support measures for problems found in the status and analysis of used car exports from the Port of Incheon.
 Research design, data, and methodology: The research method focuses on a study of the literature.
 Results: In the first half of 2023, there were 234,614 used cars exported through Incheon’s port, an increase of 56.9% compared to the same period in the previous year, which accounted for 76.3% of national exports. However, there has not been enough research conducted recently on the export of used cars, and it is time to perform various studies to promote used cars as a new export engine for Incheon.
 Conclusions: Accordingly, to increase the export of used cars from Incheon, it is necessary to implement the following. First, attract pure car and truck carriers (PCTCs) and container routes; second, expand multimodal transport; third, secure container loading sites for used cars; fourth, operate an incentive system to attract port traffic from different countries; and lastly, revitalize Incheon Smart Auto Valley to serve as an export complex for used cars, providing it on time.

Optimization of container transportation between multi terminals based on carrier cooperation

To optimize the inter-terminal transportation (ITT) problem, trucks transporting containers from one terminal to another are likely to have the situation of "Full load to empty vehicle return" or "empty vehicle to full load return", a container transportation method proposed in which container carriers. Taking the maximization of the carrier's profit as the goal, considering the terminal operation’s busy degree, the task volume between terminals, and the carrier’s number, a container transportation task allocation model based on carrier cooperation is established. The analysis and comparison between the carrier's "cooperation" strategy and the "non-cooperation" strategy show that if multiple container truck carriers cooperate by sharing trucks and orders, The total profit will increase by 32.3% and the number of trucks will decrease by 25.7%.

Collaborative planning for intermodal transport with eco-label preferences

Sustainability is a common concern in intermodal transport. Collaboration among carriers may help in reducing emissions. In this context, this work establishes a collaborative planning model for intermodal transport and uses eco-labels (a series of different levels of emission ranges) to reflect shippers’ sustainability preferences. A mathematical model and an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search heuristic are proposed for intermodal transport planning of carriers and fuzzy set theory is used to model the preferences towards eco-labels. For multiple carriers, centralized, auction-based collaborative, and non-collaborative planning approaches are proposed and compared. Real data from barge, train and truck carriers in the European Rhine-Alpine corridor is used for extensive experiments where both unimodal carrier collaboration and intermodal carrier collaboration are analyzed. Compared with non-collaborative planning without eco-labels, the number of served requests increases and emissions decrease significantly in the collaborative planning with eco-labels as transport capacity is better utilized. • A conceptual framework for collaborative planning of intermodal transport is proposed. • The eco-label preferences are taken into account to achieve sustainable intermodal transport. • The centralized approach, auction-based collaborative approach, and non-collaborative approaches are proposed and evaluated comparatively. • Two scenarios of collaborative planning, i.e., collaboration among unimodal carriers and collaboration among intermodal carriers, are considered. • Realistic transport networks in the European Rhine-Alpine corridor are used to conduct extensive experiments.

Influence of sea areas and season in navigation on the ship vulnerability to the parametric rolling failure mode

The influence of areas and season in navigation on the ship vulnerability to the parametric rolling failure mode is investigated. The second check of level 2 vulnerability criterion, defined in the interim guidelines on the second generation intact stability criteria (SGISC), is used for the assessment of ship vulnerability to the parametric rolling failure mode. In the framework of SGISC, even ships failing to pass the vulnerability criteria are allowed to operate by implementing the operational limitations. In order to prepare operational limitations related to areas or routes, and season, area-specific and season-specific wave scatter tables are made using Global Wave Statistics. Service speed and major navigation routes/areas of containerships and pure car and truck carriers are determined by analysing global satellite AIS data. Then, the vulnerability is assessed for a C11 class containership and a pure car and truck carrier for the determined limited navigation areas to identify the failure risk depending on the sea areas. Further, the effect of seasonality on the risk of stability failure due to parametric rolling is discussed.

Modeling the Impacts of Off-Peak Delivery in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area

Off-peak-hour delivery (OPHD) has the potential to reduce congestion in busy urban areas and at the same time improve the efficiency of logistics providers, shippers, and receivers. There has been growing interest in OPHD in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA), an important freight hub in Canada. The Government of Ontario is considering permanently relaxing noise by-laws to promote OPHD throughout the province. The purpose of this study is to provide quantitative assessments of the impacts of region-wide adoption of OPHD for the GTHA. A recently developed commercial vehicle (CV) model for the GTHA is presented in the paper. Various OPHD scenarios have been tested with the CV model. The impacts of induced passenger demand have also been demonstrated. Modeling outcomes indicate that OPHD could result in 5,530 vehicle-hours saved in a day after induced demand is accounted for. Light truck carriers would benefit the most by shifting to off-peak hours and prioritizing Toronto and Peel Region customers would yield the highest travel time savings during the off-peak hours.

Improving the Resilience of Port–Hinterland Container Logistics Transportation Systems: A Bi-Level Programming Approach

Port–hinterland container logistics transportation systems (PHCLTSs) are significant to economic and social development. However, various kinds of unconventional emergency events (UEEs), such as natural or human-caused disasters, threaten PHCLTSs. This study aims to measure and improve the resilience of PHCLTSs. Bi-level programming models with two different lower level models are established to help PHCLTSs recover their capacity efficiently in the face of UEEs. In the upper level model, the government makes immediate recovery decisions about a damaged PHCLTS with the goal of improving the resilience of the PHCLTS. In the lower level models, truck carriers make decisions about transportation routes and freight volume in the recovered PHCLTS. They cooperate fully to pursue the maximization of total profit and are coordinated by a central authority, or they make their own decisions to pursue maximization of their own profit noncooperatively. An algorithm combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) and traditional optimization algorithms is proposed to solve the bi-level programming models. The numerical experimental results show the validity of the proposed models.

LCTC Ships Concept Design in the North Europe- Mediterranean Transport Scenario Focusing on Intact Stability Issues

In late years, the size of RoRo cargo ships has continuously increased, leading to the so-called Large Car Truck Carriers (LCTC). The design of these vessels introduced new challenges that shall be considered during the ship design since the conceptual stage, which has a very strong impact on the technical and economic performances of the vessel during all its life-cycle. In this work, the concept design of an LCTC is presented based on Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM). A large set of design alternatives have been generated and compared in order to find out the most promising feasible designs. The proposed approach is based on a Mathematical Design Model (MDM) capable to assess all the main technical and economic characteristics for each design. Among the others, here focus has been done on the ship stability to assure the compliance with statutory rules within the MDM. A new stability metamodel has been developed capable to define the cross curves of stability at the concept design stage. The proposed MADM methodology has been applied to North Europe-Mediterranean transport scenario highlighting the impact of main particulars describing hull geometry on the technical and economic performances of an LCTC ship.

Direct Strength Assessment of Pure Car and Truck Carrier under Maximum Cargo Loads

Yearly world vehicle production has continued to increase, and the global seaborne trade volumes also are recovering. Based on these positive trends, as demand for cargo ships increases in the freight transportation market, Pure car and truck carriers (PCTCs) with large gaps between decks continue to be ordered. The structural analysis of the cargo hold was performed in order to confirm its structural safety in accordance with the guidance for the direct strength assessment of the Korean Register (KR) of Shipping. And, according to the type of cargo, the maximum deflection and structurally weak area that occurred in deck 5 was confirmed. Also, it was found that the weight of the cargo had a significant effect on the deck, the primary members of the deck’s structure, and pillars. The results of the structural analysis conducted in this study were added to the existing cargo load planning software. This was done so that the prediction of the maximum stress and the deflection of the deck based on the information about the cargo could be confirmed quickly. In addition, the data will be used as the basic data for rapid information management response to changes in cargo items.

Evaluation of the Consequences of a Cistern Truck Accident While Transporting Dangerous Substances through a Tunnel.

The transportation of dangerous substances by truck carriers harbors important safety issues in both road and mine tunnels. Even though traffic conditions in road and mine tunnels are different, the potential geometric and hydrodynamic similarities can lead to similar effects from the uncontrolled leakage of the dangerous material. This work was motivated by the design study of the LAGUNA-LBNO (Large Apparatus studying Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics and Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillations) project. The considered neutrino detector requires a huge amount of liquid argon, which must be transported down the tunnel. The present work focuses on the estimation of the most credible incident and the resulting consequences in the case of a truck accident in the tunnel. The approach and tools used in the present work are generic and can be adapted to other similar situations.

The impact of lanes segmentation and booking levels on a container terminal gate congestion

Recent trends in port performance improvement include the coordination of intermodal transport logistics to reduce congestion and inefficiencies generated at the gates of the terminals. Congestion at the gate of a terminal generates several problems such as pollution and long waiting times for truck carriers. As part of the strategies and best practices to reduce congestion, some ports worldwide have implemented advanced booking systems in order to coordinate truck arrivals and deliveries at the gate of their container terminals. We will refer to these systems as truck appointment systems. In general terms, a truck appointment system provides a mechanism where truck carriers coordinate their time of arrival at the container terminal based on an advanced booking. In this way, gate managers are able to better plan their port operations and equipment allocation, to reduce the waiting times of trucks and improve the turnaround time for container deliveries. In order to account for the real benefits of such systems, the particular conditions of each container terminal need to be considered. In this paper, a case study of a Chilean port terminal is analyzed. The aim is to provide recommendations that may reduce congestion and improve the container terminal´s gate control of truck arrivals, turnaround times and container deliveries by means of efficient lane segmentation policies. Several scenarios were examined under which different booking levels are considered for an environment in which the arrival of containers can vary significantly from day to day and on a seasonal basis. As a basis for our study a fractional factorial design is performed in order to analyze the impact of controllable factors on two service levels measures, which reduce the number of scenarios needed to obtain robust conclusions.

Modeling, analysis and feasibility study of new drivetrain architectures for off-highway vehicles

Electrified powertrains/propulsion systems have gained a significant interest in transport industry to develop energy-efficient vehicular systems. In these powertrains, rechargeable energy storage systems (such as High Energy Batteries, Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors or High Power Batteries), electric motors, energy management strategies and advanced power electronics converters play an important role in the development of new generations of clean vehicles. Therefore, this paper proposes new drivetrain architectures for Straddle Truck Carriers, as one of off-highway vehicles, which are used in harbors to move containers, in order to improve the Straddle Truck Carriers drivetrain efficiency and to reduce the greenhouse emissions as well as the energy bills. The proposed drivetrains are: (1) series hybrid Straddle Truck Carrier based on a small rechargeable energy storage system (option A), (2) series hybrid based on a reduced internal combustion engine (option B), (3) full electric drivetrain, and (4) new full electric drivetrain based on dynamic wireless-power transfer system.In this paper, an accurate quasi-static model of the conventional Straddle Truck Carrier drivetrain is developed and described in detail. Then, the proposed drivetrain architectures are designed and modeled using Matlab/Simulink. This article also presents the optimal design of rechargeable energy storage systems that can be utilized in those drivetrains. Based on the rechargeable energy storage system type, a thorough comparative study of new Straddle Truck Carrier drivetrains is described in detail. Finally, the developed model and simulation results have been validated with real measurements of the drivetrain.

Cooperation among truck carriers in seaport containerized transportation

Nowadays the majority of goods passing through seaports are transported by road, resulting in a large number of empty movements and high total costs. This paper proposes an optimization model for the cooperative planning of multiple truck carrier operations in a seaport environment for maximizing the total profit derived from their cooperation. A compensation mechanism is introduced to motivate carriers to share their trips. Time windows, trip deadlines and fleet sizes are considered. The planning approach is evaluated using real data sets from the Italian port of Genoa. Numerous scenarios are tested and an extensive computational analysis is reported.

Rail-truck multimodal freight collaboration: a statistical analysis of freight-shipper perspectives

ABSTRACTDue to the effects of congestion, capacity reduction of truck-freight carriers, growing freight transportation demand, and increasing social and environmental concerns, there is a critical need for freight shippers to improve shipping quality and reduce transportation costs. Rail-truck multimodal freight collaboration can potentially address this need. In this study, we explore freight-shipper perspectives relating to the factors that may foster or impede their usage of rail-truck multimodal freight collaboration services, and the correlations of their operational and behavioral characteristics with these factors. The study provides insights to rail and truck carriers on collaboration mechanisms that can address the needs of freight shippers, including adopting synergistic technology to improve in-transit visibility, accommodating non-containerized cargo, improving the transshipment process, designing service quality control strategies, and constructing investment and revenue-sharing plans.

Classifying the purpose of stopped truck events: An application of entropy to GPS data

This paper applies the concept of entropy to mine large volumes of global positioning system (GPS) data in order to determine the purpose of stopped truck events. Typical GPS data does not provide detailed activity information for a given stop or vehicle movement. We categorize stop events into two types: (1) primary stops where goods are transferred and (2) secondary stops where vehicle and driver needs are met, such as rest stations. The proposed entropy technique measures the diversity of truck carriers with trucks that dwell for 15min or longer at a given location. Larger entropy arises from a greater variety of carriers and an even distribution of stop events among these carriers. An analysis confirms our initial hypothesis that the stop locations used for secondary purposes such as fuel refills and rest breaks tend to have higher entropy, reflecting the diversity of trucks and carriers that use these facilities. Conversely, primary shipping depots and other locations where goods are transferred tend to have lower entropy due to the lower variety of carriers that utilize such locations.

Planning truck carriers operations in a cooperative environment

This paper proposes a heuristic approach for planning the activity of multiple carriers cooperating with the goal of eliminating empty truck trips while maximizing the cost saving resulting from their collaboration. The approach foresees three main phases: in the first step, the transportation demand is decomposed in two parts based on freight flows trade-off; in the second step, a linear optimization model, which takes into account compensation mechanisms among carriers, allows to combine two by two trips belonging to different carriers in order to decrease the number of empty movements. In this second phase, the importance of customers is explicitly taken into account by assigning to each trip a preference value. Finally, in the third step, a second optimization problem enables assigning, for each carrier, trucks to trips with the goal of minimizing their travel costs. The proposed heuristic approach has been tested on some instances and the results obtained are analyzed and discussed in the paper.

The Impact of Strategic Collaboration with Truck Carriers on Providers' Service Performance and User's Supply Chain Performance

The Impact of Strategic Collaboration with Truck Carriers on Providers' Service Performance and User's Supply Chain Performance

Decision support for truckload carriers in one-shot combinatorial auctions

Combinatorial auctions have become popular for shippers to secure transportation services. It is, however, very difficult for truck carriers to solve bid generation and evaluation problems in combinatorial auctions. The objective of this paper is to develop a bidding advisor to help truckload (TL) carriers overcome such challenging problems in one-shot combinatorial auctions. The proposed advisor integrates the load information in e-marketplaces with carriers’ current fleet management plans, and then chooses the desirable load bundles. In this paper, a TL carrier’s bid generation and evaluation problems in one-shot combinatorial auctions are formulated as a synergetic minimum cost flow problem by estimating the average synergy values between loads through the proposed approximation. The conventional solution approaches for solving the minimum cost flow problems cannot be applied to the synergetic network flow problem. Thus, we propose a column generation approach to solve this specific network flow problem. The main contribution of this paper is that a TL carrier adopting the proposed advisor can easily determine the desirable bid packages without evaluating all 2 n − 1 possible bundles of loads, where n is the number of loads.

North American Container Port Capacity: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract Major North American container ports were surveyed for their opinions of capacity concerns in consideration of rapidly rising container volumes. The results indicate several areas of concern. For one, the ports expect capacity issues to worsen in the next ten years, implying current congestion problems will also deteriorate. The ports are also highly concerned about a considerable number of capacity drivers, many of which are controlled by other stakeholders including governments, railroads, truck carriers, and labor unions. These results point to a need for an immediate and coordinated approach among multiple stakeholders to address imminent port capacity issues.

North American Container Port Capacity: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract Major North American container ports were surveyed for their opinions of capacity concerns in consideration of rapidly rising container volumes. The results indicate several areas of concern. For one, the ports expect capacity issues to worsen in the next ten years, implying current congestion problems will also deteriorate. The ports are also highly concerned about a considerable number of capacity drivers, many of which are controlled by other stakeholders including governments, railroads, truck carriers, and labor unions. These results point to a need for an immediate and coordinated approach among multiple stakeholders to address imminent port capacity issues.

Harbor of the Heartlands: A History of the Inland Seaport of Stockton, California, from the Gold Rush to 1985 by Nicholas P. Hardeman

322 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE grams. Perhaps the authors will continue their critique of the authority with studies of other projects. Leland R. Johnson Dr. Johnson is a public historian of Hermitage, Tennessee, specializing in engi­ neering and construction technology. Harbor of the Heartlands: A History of the Inland Seaport of Stockton, Cal­ ifornia, from the Gold Rush to 1985. By Nicholas P. Hardeman. Stockton , Calif.: Holt-Atherton Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific, 1986. Pp. 275; illustrations, notes, appendix, bibli­ ography, index. $59.95. At first glance, scholars are likely to consider this book, with its original illustrations and extensive color and black-and-white photog­ raphy, as a beautiful publication worthy of display on a coffee table. This would be a serious mistake. Nicholas P. Hardeman, a professional historian known for his ability to communicate with a wide reading public, has prepared a meaningful text replete with analysis and inter­ pretation. All the scholarly apparatus is there, and he succeeds in relating regional history to national and international events. For sev­ eral decades he has observed, thought about, and written on the evolution of the Port of Stockton, 75 nautical miles up the delta of the San Joaquin River from the Golden Gate on the Pacific, and with the encouragement and support of the Port of Stockton and the Uni­ versity of the Pacific he has now shared his understanding. The theme of Harbor ofthe Heartlands is the application of the everimproving technology related to the shipping business through time and its influence on a regional economy, society, and culture. Indians using the San Joaquin—Sacramento delta in their tule balsas were overwhelmed by sailboats and steamers that appeared during the Gold Rush. Mining activities, principally hydraulic mining, led to the silting of the river channels and the delta. A crusade was launched in 1869 to reopen the river by means of a canal system by the Stockton Ship Canal Company, which was hoping to handle the bountiful shipment of wheat arriving by wagon and rail from the San Joaquin Valley. For three decades, debate raged over the economic and technical viability of developing an inland port. Citizens turned to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for money and technical expertise, but until 1890 the state of California had contributed more support than the federal government. Herbert Hoover, as secretary of commerce, broke the deadlock when on inspection he announced that “the engineering side of the question is easy.” According to Hardeman, the Port of Stockton was reborn in the worst month of the worst year of the nation’s worst depression when Congress appropriated funds to augment money TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 323 from the state and local bond issues. Straightening the channel, dredg­ ing it to a depth of 26 feet, deepening it to 30 feet for larger ocean steamships, building adequate wharves and docks, realigning the rail­ road tracks, and constructing terminal facilities all occurred steadily thereafter, providing jobs and bolstering the regional economy. One reads and sees much about the utilization and technical modifications in dredges, loading cranes, rotary railcar dumpers, and cargo-han­ dling equipment associated with these developments. One of the world’s most concentrated areas for food production, processing, and preserving thus found a worldwide outlet. World events, including three wars, led to uncertainty, with a boom in ship­ ping alternating with postwar adjustment. For example, the federal government took full command of the facility for the duration of World War II, using it as a subdepot of the arsenal at Benicia for storing and shipping material to the Pacific theater. Port management was challenged by cargo containerization and the local effect of labormanagement disputes that involved the entire Pacific coast, continuing trade imbalances, and the fluctuating size and price of oil shipments. In addition, feuding developed between rail and truck carriers to and from the port. The resulting hard times of the 1960s and early 1970s, including deficit operations, have recently been reversed and pros­ perity restored. Emphasis is placed on the role of contemporary lead­ ers in this change. To repeat, this account can only be described as a story of the triumph of...