Trouble Shooting Research Articles

Development defect model for immersion photolithography

With the continuous shrinking of semiconductor manufacturing technology node, the pattern size has become smaller and the pattern density has become higher. This can cause the lithography defects to be more difficult to remove, because the developing fragments have a larger relative surface area, and thus more sticky to the patterned substrate surface. Although the defect can be reduced or removed by the rinse process, it may require more time and effort. As we know, the process optimization is related to the co-optimization of the rinse dispense volume, the nitrogen gas dispense recipe, and the wafer rotation speed. In the limit that we push the three parameters to the highest level, the defect can be removed. However, the adverse effect is that the resist patterns may be damaged, such as pattern collapse. It may also cause an increase in the cost for the process and more trouble shooting time in finding an optimizing recipe. It will be very helpful that we can develop a simulation program that can do the optimization. We present a model based on viscous fluid dynamics and calculate the removing force distribution across the 300-mm-diameter wafer for the defect residual. We assume that the defect, mostly the partially deprotected and developed photoresist polymer residual. We assume that once the removing force made by a sum of the flowing rinse water, the nitrogen gas, and the centrifugal force by wafer rotation reached certain threshold level, the defect can be removed. We have performed some simulation study and compared our results with previous studies. We found that we can reproduce the defect distribution patterns, such as the two rings, from the previous studies. From the simulation, we have learned the interrelations between the three parameters and find that we can get the minimally required strength from the three parameters for defect removal. We have also studied the situation of the 450-mm diameter wafer, and we found that we can get the defect clean result with reduced wafer rotation speed. In summary, we have built a defect model for photolithography development that can model the defect removal mechanism during the rinse process.

R & D and Technology Development of Ultra-Gas Chromatography for Estimation of Excessive Residual Solvents

There are many definition of chromatography and separation of micro impurities is very personal research mind and these impurity get enter medical product. Zero residual solvent emission by the estimation of OVIs researcher never though they needed to do. Micro peaks resolution it is a sign of pooling of organic volatile impurities in formulation. This technique, depending on the nature of the compounds, gas chromatography is very efficiently found in organic volatile impurities. A pharmaceutical impurity has many routes to get merge into pharmaceutical products. It is approved by International Pharmacopoeia up to some level limit; it has recommendate to health concern for human use. They don't harm human being. A pharmaceutical impurity is unplanned synthesis of chemical entity, which has not listed chemical drug products; these are not accepted by IUPAC and other regulatory body. If it is shows in synthesis so it can be eliminated separately, identified cause by method development and solutions. So it will not get harm to anyone. There are multiple methods of segregation of impurity, organic volatile impurity can be absorb by gas chromatography method, it is under controlled to do safe and desired product as per pharmaceutical transcription. It can be leaching and forms various stages of synthesis as well as production steps. It can be eliminated before impurity proliferation goes up high in medicinal product. It has many subtitled types of impurity that can be check and eliminated through advance analytical technique. It is developed by through the understanding of environmental monitoring and defense purpose, so it is easy to remove air bubble in column and pump and get sharp linear and enough nonlinear resolution. Nonlinear peaks can extend to broad shape and it will be merging into linear peaks by the solutions selection criteria and it has a novelty of work. Also reduce the multiple using solutions and avoidance of hazardous solvent system means column don't get trouble shoot in other methods this is known other advantages of methods development for OVIs. This estimation is not unusual, when product looking around the bend educational analysis of product is important.

Structure determination of protein-ligand complexes by NMR in solution.

In this paper, we discuss methods for determining structures of protein-ligand complexes by NMR in solution. Our discussion is based on small ligands (<2 kDa) as for example drugs, metabolites or oligo-peptides, but most of the considerations also apply to more general cases. In NMR in solution, the kinetics of association and dissociation of the complex - the exchange rate - determines the optimal sample preparation and the NMR experimental approach. Additionally, depending on the part of the complex that will be studied (only the bound ligand, the protein, the protein-ligand interface or the entire protein-ligand complex structure), different types of NMR experiments are needed. Therefore, the choice of a combination of the appropriate experiment and a suitable sample preparation in terms of ligand to protein ratios are discussed in detail. Also, considerations for practically preparing samples of protein-ligand complexes and carrying out experiments including trouble shooting are described. For structure determination, the scope of this paper is limited to NOE-based methods and some of the most recent approaches will be covered.

Intraoperative complications during VATS lobectomies from conversion to minimally-invasive "trouble-shooting".

The aim of this study was to explore intraoperative complications during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy. Vascular and bronchial injuries, after a robust learning curve, can be sometimes successfully managed by VATS. During a VATS lobectomy, it is necessary: to be prepared in potentially dangerous situations; to think about strategies to handle intraoperative complications and to share these strategies with your own staff. Herein we present some videos showing cases where vascular injuries led to conversion and others where a minimally-invasive trouble shooting of intraoperative complications was achieved.

PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI SISWA SMK MELALUI PELATIHAN SISTEM BAHAN BAKAR EFI

SMK students of Automotive department, Especially Light Vehicle Engineering, need some skills that will be used when students are finishing the study at school. One of the skill are they have good competency of electroni fuel injection system (EFI system). The purpose of the training program is to develop and improve the ability of automotive technology, especially ototronc technology, basic knowledge of EFI system, and to train and guide SMK student. For diagnostic and trouble shooting of EFI system. This training program uses the several method, i.e; presentation, watching video and animation of EFI system, discussion, demonstration, guidence and direct practical. After done this training, have improvement of knowledge and skill of trainee. On of indicator is improvement of postest value, i.e; have mean about 119% from pre-test value. Beside that, based on observation as long as training proggram, attitude and skills of trainees are better than befor.

射出成形機の型締力変化からの運転モードの推定（生産中の射出成形機から取得したビッグデータの活用）

This article suggests the machine operation mode can be estimated from sensors attached to the machine in the production line. An injection molding machine (IMM), which is widely operated in the plastics industry, was used in this research within an actual production line. Four strain sensors were attached to the IMM to measure the clamping force in each production cycle. Auto or semi-auto mode was estimated from the clamping force sequence. Auto mode is continuous production by the machine itself, while semi-auto mode involves intermittent human operation and includes such functions as machine start, machine finish, and trouble shooting. Approximately 340000 cycle data were obtained in 10-week production. The changing value was calculated by the binomial filter statistical technique, as well as the differencing of time series data from the clamping force in each cycle. And the relationship between changing value and operation mode is evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) calculated from the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). As a result, we obtained that AUC value was 0.86 from 10-week production data, which means operation mode can be estimated from the changing value of clamping force in a high level. This estimating method has a low computational cost; therefore it is easy to install on a machine's board control system. We expect that this method will be used to detect the defective product, the machine malfunction or the mold failure.

A case series discussing the intrathecal drug delivery system to improve the quality of life in terminal cancer patients

Cancer is a life changing diagnosis and chronic pain in these terminally ill patients is extremely debilitating. In the present case series, the feasibility of continuous infusion of low dose local anaesthetics and opioids through the intrathecal route has been discussed pertaining to patient selection, technique, drugs used and trouble shooting. The intrathecal catheters were connected through a subcutaneous port to an external ambulatory infusion device (CADD pump) and used on a home care basis.

Cardiomyocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

In vitro generated human cardiomyocytes hold the ultimate promise for heart patients for repair of injured or diseased myocardium, but they also provide experimental models for studying normal cardiomyocyte development, for disease modeling and for drug development. Here we provide reliable protocols for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional cardiomyocytes, together with Notes about troubleshooting and optimizing such protocols for specific cell lines. This chapter also briefly discusses other published protocols and those further adapted for differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes.

Trouble Shooting of Implant Treatments during Dental Visits

<b>Trouble Shooting of Implant Treatments during Dental Visits</b>

Development of an adaptive non-parametric model for estimating maximum efficiency of disc membrane

Membrane separation and filtration process are a technique of removing the impurities from the feed stream based on the pore size of the membrane bed. Permeate stream produced by the membrane are good quality due to this membrane found wide application in the field of water purification, gas-gas separation, etc. In the concerned study, the ability of the cellulose acetate disc membrane for improving the quality of the rubber industrial effluent of Tripura has been investigated in pilot scale. GMDH-multilayered feedback algorithm has been implemented to predict the maximum efficiency of the membrane. The efficiency of the membrane is maximised for the optimal value of pore size, inlet velocity, and operating pressure. It has been found that efficiency of the membrane is maximised when the pore size of the membrane is kept 2.060538 µm, inlet velocity is 0.201896 m/sec and operating pressure is 694.7201 kPa. The performance of the prepared GMDH model is evaluated by using model evaluation technique like NSE, PBIAS, slope and Y-intercept, RSR. It has been found that software predicted data can be used for trouble shooting and optimal design of the membrane bed.

Sense of social contribution as a predictor of work motivation: A survey among workers to conduct trouble shooting

Sense of social contribution as a predictor of work motivation: A survey among workers to conduct trouble shooting

DNA Methylation Analysis of Free-Circulating DNA in Body Fluids.

Circulating cell-free DNA in body fluids is an analyte of great interest in basic and clinical research. The analyses of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns in body fluids might allow one to determine the certain state of a disease, in particular of cancer. DNA methylation biomarkers in liquid biopsies, i.e. blood plasma samples, may help optimizing personalized therapy for individual patients. DNA methylation analyses of specific loci usually require a bisulfite conversion of the DNA, which requires a sufficiently high amount of DNA at the appropriate concentration. However, free-circulating DNA is generally low concentrated. Therefore, high volumes of body fluids need to be analyzed. This high volume needs to be reduced in order to facilitate the bisulfite conversion. In addition, disease-related free-circulating DNA is even less abundant than normal DNA in the total amount of free-circulating DNA. Accordingly, analytical and pre-analytical methods are needed, which permit an accurate and sensitive quantification of single methylated DNA copies in the presence of unmethylated DNA in abundance.This protocol describes two methods for DNA enrichment from body fluids: DNA extraction by means of magnetic beads and polymer-mediated enrichment of DNA. Subsequent bisulfite conversion is achieved by means of a high-speed conversion protocol. Adaptions of the workflow required for the analysis of hydroxymethylation via oxidation 5-hydroxymethylcytosines to 5-formylcytosines prior to the bisulfite conversion are introduced. A quantitative real-time PCR based on the methylation-specific and HeavyMethyl PCR methodologies is introduced. This qPCR assay allows for an accurate and sensitive quantification of single copies of the DNA methylation biomarkers SHOX2 and SEPT9 in blood plasma. Specific issues regarding the analysis of body fluids and respective trouble shooting approaches are discussed.

A Method Based on Multi-signal Flow Graph Model for Disassembly and Assembly Process Simulation

Maintenance procedure simulation of disassembly and assembly is an important way to record trouble shooting, applying it in the field of maintenance training will benefit the air crew to improve their skill any time they want. Because of the shortage of disassembly and assembly modeling about the whole process simulation, we build matrix relations of tool flow, parts relation flow and assembly and disassembly process flow, then build the whole process simulation model about troubleshooting. Applying the method in the operation of temperature fault of afterward cargo compartment, and proves the method reasonable and effective for disassembly and assembly simulation.

Direct amplification of biological evidence and DVI samples using the Qiagen Investigator 24plex GO! Kit

Omitting DNA extraction and quantitation can save valuable time in criminal investigations and disaster victim identification (DVI) efforts. In this study, we applied different collection methods and a combination of direct amplification and lysis to various sample types in combination with the Qiagen Investigator 24plex GO! Kit. This “megaplex” kit was designed for direct PCR of DNA references, and validated with Investigator STRGO! lysis buffer. Preliminary experiments resulted in different approaches for each sample type. Missing person reference and/or post-mortem samples like hair roots, toothbrush bristles, muscle tissue and bone shavings could be successfully typed after a Proteinase K lysis step with 2mL of the volume as PCR input. Blood and saliva stains, touched fabrics and fingerprints on glass were tested with direct PCR after collection using tape lifts, cuttings, and various swab types. Using COPAN microFLOQ swabs is the most convenient collection method, but other methods, like tape lifts and small swab cuttings work as well.The two quality standards incorporated in the Qiagen 24plex kits are helpful for trouble shooting. This is especially important in the absence of Q-PCR data. Several samples, e.g. paper tissue cuttings and surface swabs from fingerprints, eye glasses and razors showed inhibition. The PCR may have been affected by the loss of reaction volume through absorption by the swab. Sources of inhibitors could have been the swab or tissue substrate, or the items, e.g. make-up on eye glasses.

Counterweight Measurements Device Development

This article describes the use of a remotely controlled and smart measurement device that is applied in very harsh environments to measure vibrations inside a medium speed internal combustion engine. The developed device is exposed to oil, high temperature and vibration and is able to measure, compute and send the results simultaneously, for example, to a website monitoring tool. The key feature of this device is that the analysis of the results is done inside the device by utilizing signal processing algorithms. The method is very efficient as it enables very long measurement times due to a low power consumption. The smart data analysis makes it easy and fast to utilize the data for product development and trouble shooting.

273 - In Registered Nurses Who Care for Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices, Does a Standardized Hands on Education Program as Outlined By the Heart Mate II Competency Checklist Increase Confidence and Reduce Anxiety as Assessed by the Nursing Anxiety and Self-Confidence with Clinical Decision Making (NASC-CDM) Scale and Reduce Hospital Length of Stay Over 4 Weeks ?

Registered nurses working in hospitals and outpatient offices today face many challenges. The increasing complexity and the rapidly expanding knowledge base in healthcare moves at a blistering pace. Hospital organizations are shifting from fee for service to outcomes based reimbursement models. The days of trying to complete as many procedures as possible to being great at doing a single procedure is the future. In order for registered nurses to stay current on expanding knowledge and to maintain competence in the skills they have acquired takes exposure. The skills that are done every day are easily remembered and proficiency maintained. The skills one uses only occasionally are the most challenging to maintain proficiency to be ready when duty calls. Organizations with active left ventricular assist device (LVAD) programs for patients with end stage heart failure are often institutions that registered nurses find these challenges in patient care. As evidenced in the literature, most adults are “performance based” or “hands on learners”. It is limited exposure to performance based skills such as those outlined on the Heartmate II SkillsTM checklist that can invoke a sense of anxiety and diminished self-confidence with this type of clinical decision making that can be so troubling. Patients who have received an LVAD require time, patience, and repeated teaching for them and their families to become competent to go home with this technology safely. In LVAD programs, much time is invested in the development of a few experts who are responsible for teaching patients and the staff the skills needed to allow for patient success. These expert resources can be limited and It is important that the front-line registered nurse be proficient in trouble shooting and re-enforcing patient teaching. It is the thesis of this project that through an active hands-on training program for registered nurses taking care of LVAD patients that the anxiety associated with these skills can be reduced while increasing their self-confidence as measured by Nursing Anxiety and Self-Confidence with Clinical Decision MakingTM scale while simultaneously decreasing hospital length of stay.

Modeling of the slab heating process in a walking beam reheating furnace for process optimization

A new methodology involving the integration of a three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and a two-dimensional (2D) heat transfer model for the study of the slab reheating process in a walking beam reheating furnace has been proposed. A comprehensive 3D CFD model has been developed to simulate the flow characteristics, combustion process and multi-mode heat transfer phenomena inside an industrial slab reheating furnace. A customized 2D heat transfer model for the slab reheating process has also been developed based on the finite difference method. The simulation results from the 3D CFD model provide detailed heat transfer boundary conditions for the 2D heat transfer model. Instrumented slab trials were conducted under typical operating conditions of the furnace and the results were used to calibrate the 2D model. By comparing the slab temperatures measured from the instrumented slab trials and those predicted using the models, it was demonstrated that the 3D CFD and 2D heat transfer models predict the reheating process reasonably well. The proposed methodology is fairly easy to be used by mill engineers for trouble shooting and optimizing of the slab reheating process.

Open access tools for quality-assured and efficient data entry in a large, state-wide tobacco survey in India

ABSTRACT Background: A large state-wide tobacco survey was conducted using modified version of pretested, globally validated Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire in 2015–22016 in Tamil Nadu, India. Due to resource constrains, data collection was carrid out using paper-based questionnaires (unlike the GATS-India, 2009–2010, which used hand-held computer devices) while data entry was done using open access tools. The objective of this paper is to describe the process of data entry and assess its quality assurance and efficiency. Methods: In EpiData language, a variable is referred to as ‘field’ and a questionnaire (set of fields) as ‘record’. EpiData software was used for double data entry with adequate checks followed by validation. Teamviewer was used for remote training and trouble shooting. The EpiData databases (one each for each district and each zone in Chennai city) were housed in shared Dropbox folders, which enabled secure sharing of files and automatic back-up. Each database for a district/zone had separate file for data entry of household level and individual level questionnaire. Results: Of 32,945 households, there were 111,363 individuals aged ≥15 years. The average proportion of records with data entry errors for a district/zone in household level and individual level file was 4% and 24%, respectively. These are the errors that would have gone unnoticed if single entry was used. The median (inter-quartile range) time taken for double data entry for a single household level and individual level questionnaire was 30 (24, 40) s and 86 (64, 126) s, respectively. Conclusion: Efficient and quality-assured near-real-time data entry in a large sub-national tobacco survey was performed using innovative, resource-efficient use of open access tools.

The Design and Implementation of a Remote Fault Reasoning Diagnosis System for Meteorological Satellites Data Acquisition

Under the background of the trouble shooting requirements of FENGYUN-3 (FY-3) meteorological satellites data acquisition in domestic and oversea ground stations, a remote fault reasoning diagnosis system is developed by Java 1.6 in eclipse 3.6 platform. The general framework is analyzed, the workflow is introduced. Based on the system, it can realize the remote and centralized monitoring of equipment running status in ground stations，triggering automatic fault diagnosis and rule based fault reasoning by parsing the equipment quality logs, generating trouble tickets and importing expert experience database, providing text and graphics query methods. Through the practical verification, the system can assist knowledge engineers in remote precise and rapid fault location with friendly graphical user interface, boost the fault diagnosis efficiency, enhance the remote monitoring ability of integrity operating control system. The system has a certain practical significance to improve reliability of FY-3 meteorological satellites data acquisition.

Interpretation of EQA results and EQA-based trouble shooting.

Important objectives of External Quality Assessment (EQA) is to detect analytical errors and make corrective actions. The aim of this paper is to describe knowledge required to interpret EQA results and present a structured approach on how to handle deviating EQA results. The value of EQA and how the EQA result should be interpreted depends on five key points: the control material, the target value, the number of replicates, the acceptance limits and between lot variations in reagents used in measurement procedures. This will also affect the process of finding the sources of errors when they appear. The ideal EQA sample has two important properties: it behaves as a native patient sample in all methods (is commutable) and has a target value established with a reference method. If either of these two criteria is not entirely fulfilled, results not related to the performance of the laboratory may arise. To help and guide the laboratories in handling a deviating EQA result, the Norwegian Clinical Chemistry EQA Program (NKK) has developed a flowchart with additional comments that could be used by the laboratories e.g. in their quality system, to document action against deviations in EQA. This EQA-based trouble-shooting tool has been developed further in cooperation with the External quality Control for Assays and Tests (ECAT) Foundation. This flowchart will become available in a public domain, i.e. the website of the European organisation for External Quality Assurance Providers in Laboratory Medicine (EQALM).