Tropical Nights Research Articles

Tropical nights in the Mediterranean: A spatiotemporal analysis of trends from 1950 to 2022

AbstractThe Mediterranean region, noted for its climatic uniqueness and rapid urban expansion, is a critical area for climate change studies. This research investigates the increase in extreme temperatures, particularly focusing on tropical nights and their socio‐economic implications. Our aim was to analyse the spatiotemporal changes, including long‐term variation and trends in the tropical night indices in the Mediterranean region over 73 years (1950–2022). To achieve this, we utilized ERA5‐Land reanalysis data, conducting a comparative analysis to highlight the differential impacts of urbanization on tropical nights in urban and non‐urban areas. The study reveals a significant rise in the frequency of tropical nights region‐wide. Specifically, the onset of the tropical night season is occurring earlier, with an advancement of approximately 17.3 days per decade, while the season's end is delayed by about 17.1 days per decade, effectively prolonging the duration of tropical nights. This change is most pronounced in urban areas, where tropical nights have increased more significantly compared to non‐urban regions, highlighting the exacerbating effect of urbanization on nocturnal temperature trends. Overall, our findings underline the combined effects of anthropogenic climate change and urban development on the increased occurrence and intensity of tropical nights in the Mediterranean region.

A protective role of urban greenspace on the association between night-time heat and suicide in Seoul, South Korea

Suicide, a leading cause of death among the youth, has shown a positive association with high temperatures. However, few studies have explored the association between tropical nights and suicide and the potential role of greenness on this association. We investigated the association between suicide and two hot night indices: hot night duration (HNd) and hot night excess (HNe), representing heat duration and excess heat during night-time. We also explored whether the association was modified by urban greenspace, measured by satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), across 25 districts in Seoul, South Korea from 2000 to 2020. Based on the multi-district daily time-series data, we performed a space-time-stratified case-crossover analysis with a distributed lag linear model with lags of up to 7 d for HNd and HNe, adjusting for daily mean temperature and relative humidity. We added an interaction term between the hot night index and NDVI to assess the effect modification of greenness. In total, 14 693 suicides were included in this study. The relative risk (RR) of suicide per a 10% increase in HNd was 1.059 (95% CI: 1.017–1.103) in low NDVI areas and 1.031 (95% CI: 0.988–1.075) in high NDVI areas. The RR per a 1 °C increase in HNe was 1.011 (95% CI: 0.998–1.024) and 1.005 (95% CI: 0.992–1.018) in low and high NDVI areas, respectively. Greenspaces have expanded over time in all districts of Seoul, and the risk of suicide for night-time heat decreased over time in both low and high NDVI areas. Our findings suggest that exposure to night-time heat is associated with an increased risk of suicide, but this risk may be mitigated by greater greenspaces in urban areas. Prioritizing development and maintenance of urban greenspaces will be a critical co-benefit strategy for promoting public mental health in changing climates.

A novel approach for evaluation of CMIP6 GCMs in simulating temperature and precipitation extremes of Pakistan

AbstractThe study used a hybrid approach to evaluate the performance of 20 global climate models (GCMs) from CMIP6 in reproducing 20 extreme temperature and precipitation indices over Pakistan. This study first analysed the future simulations of extremes and discarded the GCMs whose projections fell outside the 95% confidence interval. The remaining GCMs' performance was evaluated using the Kling Gupta Efficiency‐based criteria. The changes in extreme climatic events in Pakistan were projected using the multi‐model ensemble (MME) median of the selected GCMs for four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) in two future periods, 2020–2059 and 2060–2099. Four GCMs' showed inconsistency in projecting future climatic extremes and were discarded initially. The past performance of the remaining GCMs revealed EC‐Earth3‐Veg‐LR, GFDL‐ESM4, MRI‐ESM2‐0 and NOR‐ESM2‐MM to be effective in reproducing extreme indices for the historical period. The MME median of the selected GCMs showed a gradual increase in most of the temperature and precipitation extreme indices in the future periods for all SSPs across the country. Specifically, it showed a higher increase in daily maximum temperature (TXx) by 4.5–5°C, daily minimum temperature (TNn) by more than 4.5°C, consecutive days with a temperature higher than the 95th percentile (WSDI) by >160 days, one‐day maximum rainfall by 9–15 mm and days with precipitation above the 95th percentile by >50 mm in northern high‐elevated areas during 2060–2099 for SSP585. Similarly, a higher increase in TXx by 4.5–5°C, TNn by >4.5°C, WSDI by 140 days and tropical nights by 40–60 days was also found in the western arid region during 2060–2099 for SSP585. The study highlights that northern high‐elevated and western arid regions are at a higher risk of extreme temperatures and precipitation due to climate change.

Coronary artery culprit lesions progression and ambient temperature exposure - personalised analysis.

Global warming is claimed to be an important cardiovascular disease risk factor. The air pollution and ambient temperatures are believed to have a significant influence on increased morbidity and premature deaths. To point out possible causative factors for coronary angiography progression in patients presenting with chronic coronary syndrome. There were 66 patients (41 [62%] men and 25 [38%] women) with a median age of 71.5 (62-76) years, who underwent repeated coronary angiographies due to chronic coronary syndrome within a median time interval of 145 (96-296) days. In 18 (27%) patients coronary artery lesion progression was observed despite optimal pharmacotherapy. The demographical, clinical, and personalised epidemiological factors including air pollution particles and ambient temperature exposure were taken into account in the analysis. In the multivariate logistic regression model with backward stepwise elimination method, tropical nights (p = 0.047) and mean daily temperatures (p = 0.043) were revealed as predictors of coronary lesion progression > 30%. The analysis of seasonal temperature changes showed significant differences related to minimal winter temperatures between both groups (p = 0.018). Coronary artery lesion progression can be related to either high values of daily temperatures or to low ambient temperature. The dichotomous characteristics of temperature exposure to atherosclerosis progression suggest a detrimental role of environmental extremities on human health.

Investigation of Temporal Trends and Spatial Patterns of Extreme Temperatures and Their Relationship to Climate Circulation Indices in Tanzania

This paper examined the spatial and temporal patterns of selected temperature extreme indices using the Mann-Kendall method (MK), the standard t-test, and the Pearson correlation analysis method. The relationship between extreme temperature events and climate circulation indices was analysed in Tanzania between 1983 and 2016 using data from 1961 to 2018. The results uncover a rise in the frequency and intensity of balmy days and nights across Tanzania. It suggests a significant increase in trends and the frequency of mild temperature index days and warm nights. It also indicates an increase in the trends for warm temperature indices (hottest days (TXx), coldest days (TNx), warm days (TX90p), tropical night (TR20), and Warm Spell Duration Indicator (WSDI); and a decrease in cold temperature indices (cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), cold days (TXn), and Cold Spell Duration Indicator (CSDI); which imply that the lower temperature was gradually decreasing more than in the past. The results further suggest that warm days and nights are significantly correlated with the Tropical Northern Atlantic Index (TNA), the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The circulation indices, which were found to be substantially associated with temperature extreme indices, can aid in forecasting, and may potentially serve as a foundation for future studies, particularly in the dynamics and physical mechanisms related to temperature extremes. The results presented in this paper are also vital for developing proper mitigation and adaptation measures to reduce future risks associated with extremely high-temperature events.

Simulation of Temperature Extremes Over West Africa With MPAS

AbstractA large ensemble of 51 simulations with the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) has been applied to assess its ability to reproduce extreme temperatures and heat waves in the area of West Africa. With its global approach the model avoids transition errors influencing the performance of limited area climate models. The MPAS simulations were driven with sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice extent as the only boundary condition. The results reveal moderate cold biases in the range from −0.6° to −0.9°C for the daily mean temperature and −1.2° to −2.0°C for the area mean of the daily maximum temperature. The bias in the number of tropical nights ranges from +3 to −10 days. An underestimation by up to 50% is also present regarding the number of summer days. The heat wave duration index is underestimated regionally by 10%–60%. MPAS simulations are generally closer to the reanalysis results than they are to the observational reference. The results from long term runs and from short term runs with selected SST years are similar. Shortcomings in the reproduction of the temperature and precipitation indices found in the present investigation indicate that the global MPAS approach does provide a fidelity similar to that of the regional climate models.

Climate Change and Extreme Events in Northeast Atlantic and Azores Islands Region

In small island regions, the influence of climate change assumes particular relevance. In the Azores archipelago, made up of nine islands, the geographical circumstances, oceanic condition, territorial dispersion, land use model and other physiographic constraints reinforce and enhance the vulnerability of the islands to changes in current weather patterns. Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 (CMIP6) projections are used for the northeast Atlantic region to evaluate daily extreme climate events in large scale for the Azores region. Results shows changes in the annual maximum number of consecutive dry days, the annual number of wet days, and especially in the annual number of tropical nights. Despite limitations due to the lack of spatial detail, the large-scale framework suggests changes that may be enhanced by topography, particularly with respect to precipitation. The conclusions point to the need to establish standard rules in the processes of design, reviewing and/or amending territorial management instruments at the municipal scale in the Autonomous Region of the Azores, with the goal of adapting to a different climate from the recent past.

Contemporary Climate Change in Montenegro

Contemporary Climate Change in Montenegro

Climate Change and Urban Climate in the Western Balkans

Global climate change is a process that inevitably affects the European continent, and thus the countries of the Western Balkans, i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is located in Southeast Europe. Increasingly intense and long-lasting heat waves (especially during the summer period), the occurrence of intense cold waves in winter, intense short-term precipitation periods, as well as long-term dry periods are the consequences of climate change characteristic of the Western Balkans, and thus Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such temperature and precipitation extremes have become more frequent in the last twenty‒thirty years, as evidenced by the annual air temperatures in all Western Balkan countries, i.e. it is clear that most of the last few years are the warmest years since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to such extreme weather events, it is clear that urban areas in the Western Balkans are under stronger, primarily thermal pressure, due to the already modified micro and local climate due to the characteristics of surface geometry. As a result, even higher temperatures and a significantly higher number of tropical nights occur during the heat waves, and have a direct threat to the health of the population and the economy in urban areas. This study analyzed 49 publications that directly or indirectly analyze, primarily thermal values and indices, in urban areas in the Western Balkans, in Banja Luka, Novi Sad, Belgrade, Tirana and Skopje. The results clearly show higher thermal pressure in urban areas, when it comes to temperatures and indices of thermal comfort, and maximum differences in relation to the natural environment occur in the most urbanized and industrial parts of the city. Also, analyzes of thermal risk on the quality and mortality of the population in urban areas show that increased mortality is in the category of residents over 65 years of age.

Assessing outdoor comfort near graduation towers: An experimental calibration study in a public open space

This study focuses on the experimental calibration of a numerical model to quantify the cooling effects of graduation towers under heat wave conditions. Given the increasing number of hot days, tropical nights and ongoing urbanization, simulation tools for predicting and enhancing outdoor comfort have become increasingly important. To investigate the influence of the water mist emitted by the graduation towers, a 3D model was constructed using the microclimate simulation tool ENVI-met and calibrated against in-situ measurements. By means of evaporation, both air temperature and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) could be reduced by up to 14.8K and 9.5K, respectively, resulting in no thermal stress in the vicinity of the graduation towers. The calibrated model can assist municipalities in assessing the cooling performance of graduation towers, enabling them to adjust water usage according to weather conditions and enhance outdoor comfort for the well-being of the population in recreational areas.

Diverse relationship between the tropical night in South China and the water vapor transport over the South China Sea and the plausible causes

South China (SC) frequently suffers from tropical night (TN), which features extreme high nighttime temperature with abnormal high humidity usually. This study explores the relationship between the TN in SC and the water vapor transport (WVT) over the South China Sea (SCS), an important water vapor source. 64% and 36% of the TN occurs under abnormally increased and decreased SCS WVT (named positive and negative SCS-WVT cases), manifesting their diverse relationship. The positive SCS-WVT cases feature above-normal humidity and subsidence over SC, favoring TN via adiabatic heating, longwave radiation and sensible heat persistently from day to night. The negative SCS-WVT cases feature strong subsiding anomaly over SC, which not only induces adiabatic heating, but also reduces the cloud cover, increases the daytime solar insolation and provides pre heating for TN.The diverse relationship between the TN in SC and SCS WVT is modulated by an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific. For positive SCS-WVT cases, the anticyclone is related to two suppressed convection originating from the southwest and south of the subtropical high and moves westward. The anticyclone is centered east of the SCS on TN onset, inducing anomalous southerly SCS WVT. For negative SCS-WVT cases, the anticyclone is related to a suppressed convection originating from the southwest of the subtropical high and moves northwestward. The anticyclone is centered northwest of the SCS on TN onset, inducing anomalous northerly SCS WVT. SC is dominated by the anomalous subsidence in the northwest (east) of the anticyclone for positive (negative) SCS-WVT cases, and the subsidence is stronger for negative cases due to the vertically upward increase of negative vorticity advection associated with a northward-tilting structure. It is highlighted that different structures of anticyclonic anomaly could result in distinct features of extreme high temperature.

Projection of climate change impacts on extreme temperature and precipitation in Central Poland

Climate change is exacerbating the risk of the occurrence of extreme weather. This study has projected the change in mean and extreme climate conditions in Central Poland during near-future (2026–2050), mid-term (2051–2075), and far-future (2076–2100) periods under two climate-change scenarios in six General Circulation Models (GCMs) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The results showed that, compared to the historical reference period (1990–2014), Central Poland will experience an increase in temperature and precipitation by the end of the twenty-first century. It is expected that the mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation totals will increase by 1–4.8 °C and 2–7.5%, respectively. Furthermore, it is projected that the average number of hot, very hot days and extremely hot days (Tmax > 25 °C, > 30 °C, and > 35 °C), tropical nights (Tmin > 20 °C), and extremely high daily precipitation (> 10 mm, > 20 mm and > 30 mm) will also increase, while the average number of slight frost days (Tmin < 0 °C), and frost and severe frost days (Tmax < 0 °C, Tmax < − 10 °C) will decline on average by the end of the twenty-first century. Therefore, it is essential for policymakers to take some appropriate measurements and strategies in advance to strengthen resilience to extreme climate events.

Projection of Future Climate Change and Its Influence on Surface Runoff of the Upper Yangtze River Basin, China

Global climate change will modify precipitation and temperatures’ temporal and spatial distribution, trigger more extreme weather events, and impact hydrological processes. The Yangtze River basin is one of the world’s largest basins, and understanding future climate changes is vital for water resource management and supply. Research on predicting future climate change in the upper Yangtze River basin (UYRB) and introducing machine learning algorithms to analyze the impact of climate factors, including extreme weather indicators, on surface runoff is urgently needed. In this study, a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was used to forecast the future climate in the UYRB, and the Mann–Kendall (MK) or modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend test at a 5% level of significance was applied to analyze temporal trends. The Spearman rank correlation (SRC) test at a 5% level of significance and random forest regression (RFR) model were employed to identify the key climatic factors affecting surface runoff from annual precipitation, annual temperature, maximum 5-day precipitation (R×5Day), number of tropical nights (TR), and consecutive dry days (CDD), and the RFR model was also used to predict future runoff. Based on the results, we found that, compared to the selected historical period (1985–2014), the mean annual precipitation (temperature) during the mid-term (2036–2065) increased by 18.93% (12.77%), 17.78% (14.68%), 20.03% (17.03%), and 19.67% (19.29%) under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5, respectively, and during the long term (2071–2100), increased by 19.44% (12.95%), 22.01% (21.37%), 30.31% (30.32%), and 34.48% (37.97%), respectively. The warming and humidification characteristics of the northwestern UYRB were more pronounced. The key climatic factors influencing surface runoff were annual precipitation, maximum 5-day precipitation (R×5day), and annual temperature. Because of warming and humidification, surface runoff in the UYRB is expected to increase relative to the historical period. The surface runoff during the mid-term (long term) increased by 12.09% (12.58%), 8.15% (6.84%), 8.86% (8.87%), and 5.77% (6.21%) under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5, respectively. The implementation of sustainable development pathways under the low radiative forcing scenario can be effective in mitigating climate change, but at the same time, it may increase the risk of floods in the UYRB.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Extreme Climate Events in Northwestern China from 1960 to 2020

In the context of global warming, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climate events have been increasing. Characterized by scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems, Northwest China has experienced a climate shift since the 1980s. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of changes in the indices of climate extremes, based on daily maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation at 172 meteorological stations in Northwest China, were analyzed for the period 1960–2020. A total of 26 indices divided into two categories, 16 extreme temperature indices and 10 extreme precipitation indices, were used. Analysis of these indices revealed a general warming trend in the region, which consistent with global warming. The regional occurrence of summer days, tropical nights, growing season length, warm nights, warm days, and warm spell duration index increased by 0.22, 0.14, 0.29, 0.73, 0.46, and 0.11 days/decade, respectively. Over the same period, the occurrence of frost days, icing days, cool nights, cool days, and cold spell duration index decreased by −0.38, −0.21, −0.93, −0.44, and −0.13 days/decade, respectively. The decreasing trends in cold extremes were greater than the increasing trends in warm extremes. Additionally, many regions have experienced increasing trends in several precipitation indices. The annual total wet-day precipitation increased by 5.3 mm/decade. Increasing trends were also evident in simple daily intensity index, heavy precipitation days, very heavy precipitation days, very wet days, and extremely wet days. Consecutive dry days decreased by −1.5 days/decade, while no significant change was observed in consecutive wet days. In contrast to the remarkable spatial consistency of temperature extremes, precipitation extremes exhibited large and expected spatial variability. Most precipitation indices showed increasing trends in the western region of Northwest China and decreasing trends in the eastern part of Northwest China. These results indicate a transition from cold–dry to warm–wet in Northwestern China. Our findings suggest that Northwest China is experiencing more extreme climate events, which could consequently impact hydrological processes, ecological processes, and human health. These observations increase our understanding of the interactions between climate change and regional climate variability, which is conducive to improving disaster prevention.

Climate change information tailored to the agricultural sector in Central Europe, exemplified on the region of Lower Franconia

There is a growing societal, economic, and political demand to translate available data on regional climate change into sector-specific, practice-oriented, and user-friendly information. The study presents a demand-driven approach to specify the impacts of regional climate change on agriculture, viticulture, and fruit and vegetable growing in Lower Franconia, southern Germany, a region with heterogeneous topography, diversified land use patterns, and intense activities in the sectors specified above. The approach is based on an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model projections, a bias correction tool, and a large spectrum of meteorological (extreme) indicators that are crucial to the agricultural sector in Central Europe, as inferred from a stakeholder survey.For several decades, Lower Franconia represents a hotspot region of climate change with enhanced heat waves, prolonged droughts, and intermittent local flooding by heavy rainfall events. Results of the high-resolution regional climate model projections indicate an increase of hot days and tropical nights by a factor of 5 and 12, respectively, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow until 2100 according to the RCP8.5 emission scenario. At the same time, droughts will occur more frequently and last longer while rainfall intensity enhances. A longer growing period starting more than 40 days earlier (compared to the reference period 1970 to 1999) implies a higher risk of late frost damage for crops, fruits, grapes, and even some tree species. In contrast, the thermal prerequisites for viticulture will be satisfied across the entire region, even at higher-elevation sites. These facets of regional climate change are made accessible to users and the public via an interactive field-resolving web portal. Altogether, they gravely challenge the historically developed land use systems in Lower Franconia and require timely adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Mortality during Heatwaves and Tropical Nights in Vienna between 1998 and 2022

Rising summer temperatures lead to heat waves and tropical nights, which can result in health problems among the population. This work examined if mortality among Viennese people has increased under such weather conditions or whether the population was able to adapt to those periods of extreme heat. Therefore, the daily climatic data of the Austrian Weather Service and the number of daily deaths in Vienna from 1998 to 2022 have been put into relation. After calculating the mean values from those data sets, we analyzed the total number of daily deaths but also the death rate per 100,000 inhabitants for the total Viennese population, for men and women. The impact of age structure on possible trends was analyzed and ruled out. The analysis showed that the mortality on days with heat events was still higher, but the mean values of daily deaths decreased over time, despite a doubling of heatwaves and tropical nights, which speaks for an adaptation to heat events by the Viennese population.

Increasing Trends of Heat Waves and Tropical Nights in Coastal Regions (The Case Study of Lithuania Seaside Cities)

Climate change is leading to an annual increase in extreme conditions. Public health is closely related to weather conditions; hence, climate change becomes a major factor concerning every-day human health conditions. The most common extreme natural phenomenon that affects people’s health is the summer heat wave. During the 21st century, as the air temperature continues to rise, the sea surface temperature (SST) rises along with it, especially along the seacoasts. More massive water bodies, such as seas or larger lagoons, that warm up during the day do not allow the ambient air to cool down quickly, causing the air temperature to often be warmer at night in the coastal area than in the continental part of the continent. Currently, not only an increase in the number of days with heat waves is observed, but also an increase in the number of tropical nights in the coastal zone of the Southeastern Baltic Sea. In this work, heat waves are analyzed in the seaside resorts of Lithuania, where the effects of the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon are most dominant.

Future heat extremes and impacts in a convection-permitting climate ensemble over Germany

Abstract. Heat extremes and associated impacts are considered the most pressing issue for German regional governments with respect to climate adaptation. We explore the potential of a unique high-resolution, convection-permitting (2.8 m), multi-GCM (global climate model) ensemble with COSMO-CLM (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling Climate Limited-area Modelling) regional simulations (1971–2100) over Germany regarding heat extremes and related impacts. We find a systematically reduced cold bias especially in summer in the convection-permitting simulations compared to the driving simulations with a grid size of 7 km and parametrized convection. The projected increase in temperature and its variance favors the development of longer and hotter heat waves, especially in late summer and early autumn. In a 2 ∘C (3 ∘C) warmer world, a 26 % (100 %) increase in the heat wave magnitude index is anticipated. Human heat stress (universal thermal climate index (UTCI) &gt; 32 ∘C) and region-specific parameters tailored to climate adaptation revealed a dependency on the major landscapes, resulting in significantly higher heat exposure in flat regions such as the Rhine Valley, accompanied by the strongest absolute increase. A nonlinear, exponential increase is anticipated for parameters characterizing strong heat stress (UTCI &gt; 32 ∘C, tropical nights, very hot days). Providing region-specific and tailored climate information, we demonstrate the potential of convection-permitting simulations to facilitate improved impact studies and narrow the gap between climate modeling and stakeholder requirements for climate adaptation.

Variability of Extreme Events in Coastal and Inland Areas of South Korea during 1961–2020

The increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have led to global warming and an increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Such changes in weather patterns may have unexpected implications for everyday life and water resource management in coastal and inland areas; thus, it is critical to understand the pattern of the changes. This study investigated how extreme weather events have changed in inland and coastal South Korea in the past 60 years (1961–2020) at different temporal scales, from monthly to yearly. This study quantified extreme weather events using multiple meteorological indices such as consecutive dry days (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD), tropical nights, and icy and frosty days. The trends in the extreme weather indices were statistically tested using a non-parametric test. The results showed increases in the minimum and maximum air temperature and the frequency of warm and cold nights and days. The number of CDD and maximum five-day precipitation (RX5day) at the coastal and inland stations increased in the extreme precipitation-related index. The number of warm days and warm nights increased significantly at the majority of weather stations over the 60 year study period. The number of CWD increased during the selected period, but this was not statistically significant. In addition, we found that the temporal variations in the indices became greater over time, which implies the frequency and severity of extreme events such as drought and storm events may increase in the future. This study could help researchers determine the climatic areas at the selected stations that are critical for optimal water resource management planning and/or modeling.

Varietal Evaluation of Anthurium (Anthurium andraenum) under Prayagraj Agro–climatic Conditions

An investigation was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replication. The variety under test was Tropical Red, Flame, Tropical Night, Esmeralda, Acropolis and Condor. The variety Tropical Red recorded maximum plant height(cm), days to first flowering, stalk length(cm), length of spathe(cm), spathe width(cm), diameter of spandix(cm), number of flower per plant and vase life, followed the variety of Condor. The variety of Esmaralda was found least flowers and the highest number of leaves. It was evident from the investigation the Cv. ‘Tropical Red’ had superior performance over all other varieties. The finding of the present investigation can be concluded that different varieties of under-test were significantly varied in their vegetative, floral, yield and post-harvest characters. Variety V1 Tropical Red variety was performed best under this treatment and variety V6 Condor performed best under this treatment. The Tropical Red was also found in the best treatment in Economics Such as Cost of cultivation of Rs 51707, gross return Rs. 115093, Net return of Rs. 63386 and BCR ratio were 2.23.