Tropical Climate Area Research Articles

Occurrence and management of the emerging pathogen Epicoccum sorghinum.

Epicoccum sorghinum is a notorious fungal pathogen that causes leaf spot symptoms on a wide range of plants, leading to devastating losses in crop production and quality. Here, all reports regarding the occurrence and management of E. sorghinum are covered for the first time. E. sorghinum has been detected in tropical and subtropical climate areas during the rainy season, mainly from March to August, since 2016. Although E. sorghinum shows broad host spectrum, the disease incidence is especially notorious in cereal crops and ornamental plants, suggesting that these plants are especially susceptible. Control methods based on synthetic fungicides, plant extracts, and microbial biocontrol agents have been reported. However, most agents were applied using only in vitro conditions, restricting the information about their actual applicability in field conditions. Additionally, E. sorghinum can colonize cereal grains and synthesize the carcinogenic mycotoxin tenuazonic acid, posing an enormous hazard for human health. Furthermore, although E. sorghinum is an emerging pathogen that is currently causing yield penalties in important crops, there is lack of information about its pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors, and there is currently no commercial antifungal agent to manage E. sorghinum. Collectively, it is imperative to conduct in vivo studies to determine the efficacy of antifungal agents and the most effective methods of application in order to develop suitable management strategies against E. sorghinum.

A hybrid solar-driven membrane distillation-assisted liquid desiccant air conditioning system: Mathematical modeling and feasibility analysis

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising method for liquid desiccant (LD) regeneration as it can mitigate LD carryover and produce freshwater as a by-product. Previous research on MD regeneration was mainly focused on performance evaluation and optimization of the regenerator itself. This paper proposed a hybrid solar-driven direct contact MD (DCMD) regeneration-assisted liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) system for air dehumidification, cooling, and freshwater production. A mathematical model for the DCMD regenerator was first developed by considering both temperature and concentration polarizations. This model was validated against the experimental data in terms of the outlet channel temperature and LD solution concentration in the feed tank with relative deviations of ± 9.8 % and ± 0.5 %, respectively. The DCMD model was further integrated into an LDAC system with a batch-wise operation. To investigate the technical feasibility of the proposed system, a one-week simulation was conducted in a residential house during summer in a tropical climate area of Australia. The results showed that the latent heat load was effectively removed from the process air and the regenerated liquid desiccant solution can meet the dehumidification requirement with a concentration over 30.0 wt%. The dehumidification rate and regeneration rate were at 0.49–1.25 kg/h and 0.95–4.25 kg/h, respectively. Solar energy contributed to 52 %-78 % of the total system thermal energy consumption. Furthermore, this system can produce 11.0–12.8 kg of water daily.

The Application of Terawang (Roster) Wall Material on Building Facades in Tropical Climate Areas

Terawang (Roster) wall building material is a building material made from clay or cement which is easily available in tropical climates. The use of this roster material provides the opportunity for air to flow easily into the building. The use of this material is becoming a trend in Indonesia, which has a tropical climate. Research on the application of Terawang (Roster) wall material on building facades in tropical climate areas, which was carried out using descriptive qualitative methods, provides the results of an overview of how Roster walls are placed on building facades and the benefits obtained for the building. The use of this material also supports the realization of a sustainable human environment.

The Impact of Orientation on Energy Use in Affordable Housing in Humid Tropical Climate Area

The Impact of Orientation on Energy Use in Affordable Housing in Humid Tropical Climate Area

Literature review: The effect of environmental arrangement on malaria incidence in dry tropical climate areas in NTT

"Indonesia Bebas Malaria 2030" is the Indonesian government's target proclaimed by the Indonesian Ministry of Health at this time. This set target is inversely proportional to several discoveries found in eastern Indonesia, especially East Nusa Tenggara. For example, in 2022 in Sikka Regency, there will be an increase in malaria cases reaching 55 people. Based on research conducted in Africa, it is known that the treatment of malaria can not only be overcome by medication but by improving the physical environment such as housing and the surrounding environment. Therefore, an article search was carried out in several reputable journals for the past ten years to determine the influence of external and internal environmental settings on the incidence of malaria, especially in the East Nusa Tenggara region. From the search that has been done, it is known that environmental factors provide and biological factors are the factors that most influence the thermal characteristics of the incidence of malaria in NTT.

Thermal Comfort in Humid Tropical Climate Areas (Case Study on Open Spaces and Shaded Spaces in Medan City)

Humid tropical climates are areas with high humidity temperature characteristics. This high temperature is partly due to sunlight which is always constant throughout the day, while high humidity is usually associated with relatively high rainfall. Because of this, in general, buildings in this area have a fairly wide canopy or what is often referred to as a shading element in architecture. This will ultimately affect the thermal comfort of buildings in the humid tropics. In this study the authors tried to look at the two main factors that shape thermal comfort, namely the level of temperature and humidity. The author will compare three types of outdoor spaces, namely sheltered outdoor spaces with walls on one side, shaded rooms without walls and outdoor spaces without shade. The research was conducted by measuring temperature and humidity simultaneously at the three locations. Measurements were carried out for two weeks, at five different times with an interval of two hours. The results obtained show that there are significant differences in temperature and humidity between open spaces and shaded spaces. Where the shaded room has lower temperature and humidity. As for other shaded rooms, it is known that shaded rooms without walls have lower temperature and humidity.

Are South China granites special in forming ion-adsorption REE deposits?

Ion-adsorption REE deposits associated with clay minerals are the main global HREE producer. The majority of these deposits are formed by the weathering of granites in South China, but whether there is any fundamental difference between the granites in and outside South China is still unclear. Besides, an effective evaluation system of granite mineralization potential is urgently needed for HREE exploration.To answer this question, we compiled a global granite geochemical dataset from within (n = 1932) and outside (n = 6109) South China, together with a dataset of representative REE deposits in South China (n = 128). The geochemical comparation shows that the South China granites share similar REE contents with those of many granites from places outside South China. Such similarity has also been found between REE ore-related and ore-barren granites in South China. This shows that granites from outside South China could also have ore-forming potential. Warm humid climate and quasi-equalized crustal state promote chemical weathering to continuously leach REEs and store them in the weathering crust. The enrichment ratio (Rx) can be used to quantify the climatic effect between orebodies and parent rocks. The calculated average Enrichment Ratios (Rx) of LREE- and HREE-rich deposits are 2.41 and 2.68, respectively. Sufficient REE content in granite is the prerequisite for mineralization, and we propose that the combination of the minimum REE + Y (172 and 108 ppm in LREE- and HREE-rich parent rocks, respectively) and REE oxide ratio (1.32) can reveal the granite metallogenic potential. Together with the suitable tropical and temperate climate area with ion-adsorption REE deposits, we further identified certain regions with high REE mineralization potential outside South China to assist future exploration.

PERANCANGAN BOARDING SCHOOL DI KOTA PONTIANAK DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR TROPIS

Poverty is one of the many problems that exist in Indonesia. Based on the data, one of the causes of poverty is the low level of education of an individual so that they do not have sufficient productivity to carry out a business or job. The level of education is an indicator that determines the level of the Human Development Index (IPM) in a region. West Kalimantan Province is one of the areas with a low HDI level in Indonesia. In an effort to increase the HDI in the province of West Kalimantan, it is necessary to have a place to accommodate underprivileged children who want to go to school. The boarding school system can be an appropriate alternative that not only provides learning opportunities but also self-development for students. Actors in boarding schools live and carry out activities fully in the school environment so that they help pay attention to character growth, children's health, and can also ease the burden on family life. The design of the boarding school uses the glassbox (rational) method where data collection and analysis forms the basis before creating a work that is logical and in accordance with its function. The location of the boarding school design is located in an area that has a tropical climate. In designing a boarding school using a tropical architectural approach. The application of tropical architecture in boarding schools is expected to be able to solve various problems that are owned by tropical climate areas so that the relationship between the environment and buildings and user activities in buildings can run optimally.

Reduced Tropical Climate Land Area Under Global Warming

AbstractRegions along the edges of the tropics host vast populations and ecosystems which are sensitive to climate change. Here we examine the extent of tropical land areas in the ERA5 and MERRA‐2 reanalyses and in high‐emission scenarios of 45 models participating in phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5/6). Based on the definition of tropical climate land areas as regions where the diurnal temperature range exceeds the seasonal temperature range, we find a net reduction of tropical land area with global warming. This change is primarily due to an increased seasonal temperature range driven by enhanced summer warming, which in turn is largely driven by reduced evaporative cooling. The reduction of tropical climate area is consistent with a narrowing of the tropical rain belt and with an equatorward and poleward expansion of the subtropical dry zones. Understanding the links between these trends requires further study.

English

Indonesia lies in a tropical climate area and depends on rainfall as the main source of irrigation. Changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature directly impact the water availability for irrigation purposes, including Danda Besar Swamp Irrigation Area (DIR). DIR Danda Besar is a tidal swamp irrigation field, but the tidal power cannot reach several areas, so it needs to use rainwater to supply water demand and becomes rainfed agriculture. The observation of changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature from 2001 to 2020 was conducted using daily TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) data split into 2 observation periods: Period I from 2001 to 2010 and period II from 2011 to 2020. The data analysis process consists of validation and correction to the TRMM data before it is used for water balance analysis, calculation of effective rainfall for rice and evapotranspiration, and analysis of water availability and demand. From the comparison of water availability discharge between Period I (2001-2010) and Period II (2011-2020), the highest increase in mid-month water availability occured on December 1 and December 2, and the highest decrease in water availability occured on November 1 and November 2. The results of the water balance analysis are based on water demand according to the cropping scenario with two cropping scenarios. Water balance 1 has a deficit in water availability for Periods I and II; water balance 2 is recommended for cropping patterns due to climate change, so the water balance is calculated based on water availability for Period II. No water deficit in Water balance 2.

MAINTENANCE OF SPLIT WALL TYPE AC COOLING SYSTEM FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF WORSHIP IN AL-MADINAH AL-MUNAWWAROH PERUM. SUNRISE GARDEN BUKIT PUTRA CILEUNGSI WEST JAVA

The cooling system (AC) nowadays is included in the category of basic needs, especially for tropical climate areas such as Jakarta and many other areas in Indonesia. The use of AC provides many benefits for human life, namely providing comfort during work activities thereby increasing productivity and maintaining the health of the human body. One type of AC cooler that is often used by the public is the Split wall (non-inverter) type AC because it has several advantages, including the price is cheaper and the installation is quite easy. Like most other electronic products, the air conditioner must also be maintained regularly, according to product guidelines and usage time levels, so that the air conditioner can work optimally without problems and extend the life of the air conditioner

Hubungan Kesiapsiagaan Remaja Dengan Keterampilan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir di Desa Padas Kecamatan Tanon, Kabupaten Sragen


 
 
 
 Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) conveys that a disaster in English is understood as a disaster is any event that causes damage, loss of human life. The territory of Indonesia is located in a tropical climate area with two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) recorded that 424 disaster events occurred in Indonesia in November 2019 and these events were domiciled by floods. Floods have also caused hundreds of houses to be submerged, thousands of hectares of agricultural area. From the data collected, there are 842 hectares of submerged agricultural area. The water level in the agricultural area reaches more than two meters, resulting in hundreds of hectares of land like a sea of ​​water. Objective: to analyze the relationship between adolescent preparedness and skills in dealing with floods in Padas Village, Tanon District, Sragen Regency. Methods: this study uses a quantitative method that is analytic survey. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 68 respondents. Analysis of the data used in this study in the form of bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test. Results: the results of the Chi-Square test obtained a p-value of 0.002 < (0.05) so that there is a relationship between adolescent preparedness and skills in dealing with floods in Padas Village, Tanon District, Sragen Regency. Conclusion: There is a relationship between adolescent preparedness and skills facing flood disaster in Padas Village, Tanon District, Sragen Regency.
 
 
 

Thermal Behaviour and Micro Climate Studies of Several Wall Insulation on Houses in a Tropical Climate (Aw) Area

Standard brick walls have caused a gradual increase in the area’s temperature due to the bricks’ emissivity. Therefore, several effective technologies to overcome this problem have been proposed, one of which is thermal insulation by covering the outer walls of bricks from exposure to sunlight. This study compares thermal insulation effectiveness with Glass Fiber Reinforced Cement (GRC) and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) material to obtain better insulations. This study is performed by modeling the area of 4 housing units using ENVI-met V4 in a humid tropical climate, focused in an east-west direction in a clear sky. Each building measures eight times 6 m2, with 4 meters in height, with a distance between buildings of 3 meters. GRC and EPS are affixed to the entire surface of the outer wall of the building, both on the east side and west sidewalls. The parameter observed is the wall surface temperature. The results showed that walls with GRC and EPS gave more effective results in lowering the surface temperature of brick walls, with values ranging from 8-23%. The use of insulation intervention on the east wall at 06.00-12.00 and the west wall at 13.00-18.00 shows higher accumulated surface temperature than the standard brick wall at peak hours, which means that the insulation material controls solar radiation. However, the phenomenon on the east wall at 12.00-07.00 and the west wall at 18.00-13.00 shows a controlled temperature above the surface temperature when using a standard brick wall.

The effect of building shape and orientation on energy use at sloped sites in tropical climates using sefaira

One of the biggest contributors to energy usage are built infrastructures (up to 40%). Minimizing energy usage efficiently could reduce cost and give a better impact on the environment in terms of sustainability. As a tropical country that experiences sun exposure throughout the year, designing a building in Indonesia needs to respond to the impact of solar radiation inside the room for comfort and energy-saving effort. In addition, the topography of the site is considered throughout the process of designing a building, in which the site is located on sloped terrain (with a slant of 15 degrees celsius) and may influence the orientation and shape as it affects access to sunlight and view. This paper aims to identify which building orientation and shape of a project have the least energy usage during its preliminary phase on sloped terrains in tropical climate areas. 3 different building orientations (west-east, combination, North-east – South-west) and shapes are analyzed through experimental method by utilizing Sefaira as a plugin to Sketchup software using ASHRAE 90.1 - 2019 (ZONE 2) as material standard for the analysis. This research focuses on how a sloped site, as well as climate, affects building efficiency and how the orientation and shape of the building affect the building’s energy consumption. Difference in characteristics of the land, preferably regarding flat or sloped terrain lands, does not guarantee whether the energy usage will change, but it shows that sloped terrain sites could benefit on reducing the cooling load of a building as well as daylighting.

Quantitative and qualitative diversity of chili (Capsicum spp.) genotypes

Abstract. Sahid ZD, Syukur M, Maharijaya A, Nurcholis W. 2022. Quantitative and qualitative diversity of chili (Capsicum spp.) genotypes. Biodiversitas 23: 895-901. The diversity of chili species in tropical climate areas, especially Indonesia, is very diverse. Information on the performance of chili both quantitatively and qualitatively is needed to form the basis for future research. This study aimed to obtain qualitative and quantitative character information on several chili genotypes. The results showed that there were differences in chili genotypes based on qualitative and quantitative characters. The genotype that excelled quantitatively in terms of fruit weight was CK 12. In addition, this genotype had a square fruit shape that was absent in other genotypes. The highest number of fruit in this study was indicated by pure lines F8 145291-14-9-3-12-1-1 and Bara. Cluster analysis based on quantitative characters (HCA Analysis) grouped all genotypes into three major groups where the CK 12 genotype separated into one group of its own. The information in this study is very useful for research and development of chili plants.

MDPrePost-Net: A Spatial-Spectral-Temporal Fully Convolutional Network for Mapping of Mangrove Degradation Affected by Hurricane Irma 2017 Using Sentinel-2 Data

Mangroves are grown in intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical climate areas, which have many benefits for humans and ecosystems. The knowledge of mangrove conditions is essential to know the statuses of mangroves. Recently, satellite imagery has been widely used to generate mangrove and degradation mapping. Sentinel-2 is a volume of free satellite image data that has a temporal resolution of 5 days. When Hurricane Irma hit the southwest Florida coastal zone in 2017, it caused mangrove degradation. The relationship of satellite images between pre and post-hurricane events can provide a deeper understanding of the degraded mangrove areas that were affected by Hurricane Irma. This study proposed an MDPrePost-Net that considers images before and after hurricanes to classify non-mangrove, intact/healthy mangroves, and degraded mangroves classes affected by Hurricane Irma in southwest Florida using Sentinel-2 data. MDPrePost-Net is an end-to-end fully convolutional network (FCN) that consists of two main sub-models. The first sub-model is a pre-post deep feature extractor used to extract the spatial–spectral–temporal relationship between the pre, post, and mangrove conditions after the hurricane from the satellite images and the second sub-model is an FCN classifier as the classification part from extracted spatial–spectral–temporal deep features. Experimental results show that the accuracy and Intersection over Union (IoU) score by the proposed MDPrePost-Net for degraded mangrove are 98.25% and 96.82%, respectively. Based on the experimental results, MDPrePost-Net outperforms the state-of-the-art FCN models (e.g., U-Net, LinkNet, FPN, and FC-DenseNet) in terms of accuracy metrics. In addition, this study found that 26.64% (41,008.66 Ha) of the mangrove area was degraded due to Hurricane Irma along the southwest Florida coastal zone and the other 73.36% (112,924.70 Ha) mangrove area remained intact.

Energy-Efficient Building Design for a Tropical Climate: A Field Study on the Caribbean Island Curaçao

Based on an extensive literature review on passive building designs for tropical climates, seven energy-efficient building design principles for tropical climate areas were deduced. These are: 1. To orientate a building design in such a direction that it protects from excessive solar radiation; 2. To accommodate for indoor natural ventilation; 3. That it makes maximal use of indirect instead of direct natural light; 4, That it reduces the amount of heat transmission through the roof as much as possible by natural ventilation between roof and ceiling and by lowering the roof surface temperature; 5. By preventing the use of high thermal mass materials; 6. By reducing through the exterior walls as much as possible heat transmission by e.g., preventing direct sunlight on the external walls and applying reflective paints on the external walls and; 7. By creating outdoor and transition spaces such as balconies, terraces atriums and corridors. The insights from the literature review were used as input to conduct a field study to evaluate the practice of applying passive building design principles. To this end, for 626 buildings on the Caribbean island Curaçao, it was investigated to what extent the recommended passive design principles for tropical climates were actually applied. Based on the results of the field study, several recommendations are made to improve the practice of applying passive building principles.

Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities: A Review for Tropical Climate Areas

Brazil is the largest broiler meat exporter in the world. This important economic activity generates income in different branches of the production chain. However, the decomposition of residues incorporated in the poultry litter generates several gases, among them ammonia. When emitted from the litter to the air, ammonia can cause several damages to animals and man, in addition to being able to convert into a greenhouse gas. Thus, the aim of this article was to carry out a review of the ammonia emission factors in the production of broilers, the methodologies for measuring, and the inventories of emissions already carried out in several countries. The main chemical processes for generating ammonia in poultry litter have been introduced and some practices that can contribute to the reduction of ammonia emissions have been provided. The PMU, Portable Monitoring Unit, and the SMDAE, Saraz Method for Determination of Ammonia Emissions, with the required adaptations, are methodologies that can be used to quantify the ammonia emissions in hybrid facilities with a natural and artificial ventilation system. An ammonia emission inventory can contribute to the control and monitoring of pollutant emissions and is an important step towards adopting emission reductions. However, quantifying the uncertainties about ammonia emission inventories is still a challenge to be overcome.

Railroad ballast of granites and basic rock in tropical regions: relationships between petrography, physical-mechanical properties and alterability

The objective of this study was to evaluate, comparatively, the evolution of this degradation of three rock types, two granitoids and a microgabbro which, eventually, could be used as ballast, due to the proximity of the quarries to the design route of a railroad to be built between São Paulo and around Campinas, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. They were tested for alterability in sodium sulfate and ethylene glycol solutions. Based on detailed petrographic analysis, Micro-Deval and Slake Durability Index tests were performed with and without conjugation to the referred alterability tests. The results obtained are punctual, valid and positive for the samples of the rock masses carefully selected and described, considering the different characteristics of the granitoids belonging to the Morungaba and Cantareira Complexes. In the case of basic rock, the microgabbro, should not be used as ballast in the studied tropical climate area, since the exposed fragments that make up the ballast are intensely affected by chemical weathering (notably reactions accelerated by water and temperature), which culminate in the decomposition of primary minerals and, consequently, in the faster physical-mechanical degradation of this rock. In practice, more frequent periodic maintenance and higher costs.

The effect of ambient temperature on blood pressure of patients undergoing hemodialysis in the Pantanal-Brazil

The objective was to analyze the association of changes in pre-dialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure with air temperature in a municipality in the Brazilian Pantanal, a tropical climate area. Longitudinal panel study, with analysis of mixed effects models of 133 hemodialysis patients in the city of Cáceres-Mato Grosso in 2014. Air temperature showed an inverse association with pre-dialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure. With each increase of 1 °C in the mean air temperature, the pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure decreases -0.730mmHg (p ≤ 0.000) and the pre-dialysis diastolic blood pressure decreases -0.280mmHg (p ≤ 0.000). The estimated effect was greater for systolic blood pressure, but both pre-dialysis blood pressure measures are reduced with an increase in lag (up to two days), even when adjusted for relative air humidity. Air temperature is determinant for changes in pre-dialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. The temperature effect was greater for systolic blood pressure than for diastolic blood pressure.