Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity Research Articles

The Scavenging Activity and Safety Effect of Red Marine Algae Acanthophora spicifera Ethanol Extract

The red algae, Acanthophora spicifera, are major species grown in Asia and Pacific areas, especially along the coast of southern Thailand. They have the fast growth rate that leads to an abundant supply; thus, they are currently used for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, an ethanolic extract from A. spicifera has been used as a food supplement because of its perceived antioxidant property. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain and evaluate the antioxidant activity and safety of the ethanolic extract from A. spicifera. Safety tests showed that the extract did not have cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects at concentrations less than 100 µg/mL. In term of antioxidant activity, the DPPH and ABTS assays showed a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 5.24±0.44 and 4.03±0.13 mg Trolox/g of the extract, respectively. In conclusion, A. spicifera extract is relatively safe and has a rather high efficacy in scavenging free radicals, which makes it suitable for use as food supplement and cosmetics. However, there are a number of caveats regarding its uses in terms of excessive concentrations and exposure duration to avoid causing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. HIGHLIGHTS The study evaluates the antioxidant activity of spicifera extract was very strong potential. The ethanol extract of Spicifera is safe in both of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to cell lines. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimization of pressurized ethanol extraction for efficient recovery of hyperoside and other valuable polar antioxidant-rich extracts from Betula pendula Roth leaves

Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaves, known for their long-standing uses in traditional medicine, are bioactive compound-rich by-products of the birch logging industry, abundantly available throughout the northern hemisphere. Considering the current demands for the sustainable valorization of various plant materials and their processing by-products, this study aimed to optimize pressurized ethanol extraction (PLE-EtOH) parameters in order to produce hyperoside and other valuable polar antioxidant-rich extracts from silver birch leaves. A central composite design along with response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) was used to optimize the temperature and time of PLE-EtOH for yield, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) measured in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, and hyperoside content measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS2) analysis. The optimal PLE-EtOH conditions were 86 °C and 39 min, which produced an extract with 32.2% yield, high TPC (97.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), TFC (37.3 mg quercetin equivalents/g) and proanthocyanidin (301.2 mg catechin hydrate equivalents/g) content, also strong in vitro antioxidant capacity in ORAC, CUPRAC and ABTS assays (999.3, 297.0 and 392.3 mg Trolox equivalents/g, respectively). Hyperoside (54.1 mg/g), betuloside (18.3 mg/g) and chlorogenic acid (11.5 mg/g) were the prime phenolic compounds in the PLE-EtOH extract. Additionally, a high sun protection factor (37.4 at 1 mg/mL) was determined by in vitro method for this extract. Such products from B. pendula leaves have potential cosmetical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.

Evaluation of Interactions of Added Soybean Peroxidase with Other Nutrients Present in Fish Feeds Using an In Vitro Digestive Simulation.

Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the control of contaminants like aflatoxin B1 in fish feeds. However, its potential negative interactions with the macro and micro components of feeds have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PO's addition to a feed on compounds like fatty acids and polyphenols using an in vitro simulation of the digestive tract of the tilapia. The influence on fatty acids was determined by changes in the peroxide index, with the feed including PO presenting values four times higher than those of the control feed. On the other hand, the in vitro digestive simulation also evidenced an effect of PO on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols significantly influenced by the total digestion time and temperature. The bioaccessibility of polyphenol ranged from 2.09 to 16.23 μmol of the total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity for the combinations evaluated in the study. The greatest bioaccessibility was observed at the central point under the following conditions of digestive hydrolysis: pH of 7, 30 °C, 4.5 h of digestive hydrolysis and an absence of PO.

Optimization of postharvest progesterone treatment to alleviate chilling injury in mango fruit, maintaining intracellular energy, cell wall stability, and antioxidant activity

Mango is a tropical fruit that is highly susceptible to chilling injury (CI) when stored at low temperatures, resulting in reduced quality and shelf life. In this study, we investigated the potential of progesterone (PROG) treatment concentration and duration to reduce CI in mango during storage under low-temperature conditions and optimised the treatment using response surface methodology (RSM). The study was conducted over two consecutive seasons. The first trial was conducted using different submergence concentrations and periods (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 µM for 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 min), the experimental data were analyzed using RSM to optimize and determine the optimal concentration and timing of treatment based on several measurements, including CI index, firmness, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage. Based on this, the optimal conditions for PROG treatment were used, which were at a concentration of 12 µM for 15 min, and their different effects on fruit quality were studied in comparison to the control in the following season. We evaluated the effects of progesterone treatment on fruit quality parameters during storage at 6 ± 1 °C for up to four weeks, depending on CI, fruit firmness, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, total phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, PROG residue in mango mesocarp, proline, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase activity, lipoxygenase, assay of pectin-modifying enzymes activity (polygalacturonase, β-galactosidase, and pectin methylesterase), ATP, and ATPase activity. We also conducted a principal component analysis between these indicators. Our results indicate that progesterone treatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CI in mangoes, with the highest effect observed at a concentration of 12 µM. Under these conditions, mangoes exhibited lower CI, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, and lipoxygenase activity, in addition to higher firmness, and antioxidant activity, compared to the control samples. Overall, our findings demonstrate that progesterone treatment can effectively reduce CI and improve the quality and shelf life of mangoes during storage under low-temperature conditions.

Association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic: a cross-sectional study.

Is dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity related to semen quality? The only statistically significant association of semen quality parameters with dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) detected was an inverse association between DTAC and ejaculate volume. Growing interest exists regarding the role of diet in influencing semen quality. While DTAC is linked to favorable health outcomes, its association with semen quality, especially among men attending infertility clinics, remains understudied. This cross-sectional study was carried out between June and December of 2020. In total, 1715 participants were included in the final analysis. Men who attended an infertility clinic in China were enrolled. Experienced clinical technicians performed the semen analysis. The DTAC indices included the ferric-reducing ability of plasma, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, total reactive antioxidant potential, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. The quantile regression model was used for multivariate analysis. After adjustment for a variety of confounding variables, a significant inverse association was identified between DTAC and ejaculate volume (βcontinuous FRAP = -0.015, 95% CI = -0.023, -0.006, βT3 vs T1 = -0.193, 95% CI = -0.379, -0.006, Ptrend = 0.007; βcontinuous TRAP = -0.019, 95% CI = -0.041, 0.002, βT3 vs T1 = -0.291, 95% CI = -0.469, -0.112, Ptrend = 0.002). The majority of DTAC indices have no statistically significant association with semen quality parameters. We cannot infer causality because of the nature of the cross-sectional study design. The robustness of the conclusion may be compromised by the exactness of non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity estimation. Our findings demonstrated no association between DTAC indices and semen quality parameters among men attending an infertility clinic, except for ejaculate volume. Even though our findings are mostly non-significant, they contribute novel knowledge to the field of study while also laying the groundwork for future well-designed studies. This work was supported by the JieBangGuaShuai Project of Liaoning Province [grant number 2021JH1/10400050], the Clinical Research Cultivation Project of Shengjing Hospital [grant number M1590], and the Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital [grant number M1150]. The sponsors had no role in study design, or in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, or in the writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. N/A.

Deep eutectic solvent mediated extraction of polysaccharides and antioxidants from Persian manna (Taranjabin): Comparison of different extraction methods and optimization by response surface methodology

In this work, sixteen deep eutectic solvents and four conventional solvents were tested for polysaccharide and antioxidant extraction from Persian manna (Taranjabin). Choline chloride-xylitol was selected as the best solvent. Extraction variables such as temperature (T), time (t), water content in DES (WC), and liquid-to-solid ratio (L/s) in ultrasonic-assisted extraction were optimized by the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM). At optimal conditions (T = 70 ◦C, WC = 10% v/v, L/s ratio = 100 mL/g and t = 40 min), total carbohydrate content and extraction yield were 2.5 mg Glu per gram of dried and deffated material (gddm) and 55.5%, respectively. Based on monosaccharide composition analysis, extracted polysaccharides had rhamnose, arabinose, glucose and galactose (molar ratio: 1.68:0.69:1.00:2.16). Different antioxidant assays such as total phenolic and total flavonoid content, DPPH assay, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power and reducing power assay were also performed. Optimal extraction conditions for total phenolic content were T = 70 ◦C, WC = 50% v/v, L/s ratio = 100 mL/g and t = 20 min. Experimental TPC was 2.15 mg GAE/gddm. Extraction efficiencies of the DES-based ultrasonic-assisted method for total carbohydrates and phenolics contents (2.50 mg Glu/gddm and 2.15 mg GAE/gddm) were better than microwave-assisted extraction (1.03, 1.15), maceration (0.64, 0.72) and Soxhlet methods (1.13, 0.88). In comparison of DES and water in ultrasonic-assisted extraction, extraction improvement for DES (choline chloride-xylitol) was about 26% in TCC (1.057 vs. 0.839 mg Glu/gddm), and 56% in TPC (0.528 vs. 0.339 mg GAE/gddm) with respect to water.

Dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes of 2-hydroxy-4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones alkylated via N or S atoms. Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition performance

Using the synthesis method, we produced a series of 2‑hydroxy-4-benzyloxybenzylidene N- or S-alkyl chains substituted thiosemicarbazones and their dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes containing long alkyl chains (pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl). A series of dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with 2‑hydroxy-4-benzyloxybenzylidene thiosemicarbazones substituted by long alkyl chains, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl, on the N- or S atoms were synthesized. Analytical and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the compounds. As a representative molecule, the molecular structure of complex I named cis-dioxo-(N1–2‑hydroxy-4-benzyloxybenzylidene-N4-pentylthiosemicarbazonato)-methanol-molybdenum(VI) was identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Using the method of cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, the ONN donor thiosemicarbazones (LV-LVIII) were found to have higher trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values than those with ONS (LI-LIV). Furthermore, the inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase and the scavenging effects of the compounds on the hydroxyl radical were examined. Complex VII was the most effective XO inhibitor with an IC50 value of 33.41 μM in similar to allopurinol as a potential XO inhibitor (IC50: 33.14 μM), and it can be used as XO inhibitor in treatment of XO-based disorders.

Modulation of blood redox status by the progression of induced apical periodontitis in rats.

This study aimed to investigate if apical periodontitis in different periods changes systemic levels of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant parameters in Wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were randomly allocated into healthy animals, apical periodontitis at 14days (AP14) and apical periodontitis at 28days (AP28). The first mandibular molars were accessed in the AP groups, and the pulp chamber was exposed to the oral environment, inducing the apical lesion. After 14 and 28days, the animals were anesthetized, euthanized, and hemimandibles were collected for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis to measure lesion volume, bone volume (BV), percent of bone to total tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular space (Tb.Sp). A histological examination of the remaining bone was also performed. Finally, blood samples were collected for oxidative biochemistry analysis, investigating glutathione (GSH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). The lesion volume was greater at 28 than at 14days, as shown by micro-CT. AP14 and AP28 had decreased BV and Tb.Th, but only AP28 showed a reduction in BV/TV. Tb.N and Tb. Sp were increased in apical periodontitis at 28 days. In the histopathological analysis, AP14 had focal regions of moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, and AP28 had an intense inflammatory infiltrate with bacterial colonies. In the biochemical evaluation, GSH, TEAC, and TBARS were increased after 14 days. However, GSH returned to control levels, TEAC was similar to AP14, and TBARS increased significantly after 28days. Therefore, the oxidative biochemistry response was modulated according to the progression of periapical damage. After 14days, the organism could still react to the injury. However, at 28days, the antioxidant response decreased, associated with an increase in TBARS.

Serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers is changed in pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with or without psychiatric disorders

The objective of the present study was to assess the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSB) in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis (TLE-MTS) in order to investigate a possible role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathophysiology of such disease. Ninety-eight participants were included and distributed in three groups: group 1 (G1) - 25 patients with pharmacoresistant TLE-MTS, without comorbid PD; Group 2 (G2) - 21 patients with pharmacoresistant TLE-MTS with PD; Group 3 (G3) - 52 healthy control subjects. Serum levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione plus oxidated glutathione (total GSH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed through spectrometry. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Sociodemographic data were similar in all groups (P>0.05). A family history of epilepsy was more frequent among G1 and G2 groups when compared to G3 (P = 0.0002). Compared to controls, G1 and G2 presented higher CAT (P<0.0001) and TBARS levels (P = 0.001), as well as lower GPx (P<0.0001), G6PD (P = 0.005) and total GSH levels (P = 0.04). The presence of psychiatric disorders (PD), analyzed both separately and together, was not associated with significant differences in OSB levels (P>0.05). The lower levels of GPx, G6PD, and total GSH, as well as the higher CAT and TBARS levels observed in pharmaco-resistant TLE-MTS patients can indicate an imbalance between oxidizing agent production and elimination, supporting the hypothesis of a possible role of OS in the pathogenesis of this condition.

Optimization of aqueous extraction of antioxidants from Chrysanthemum (C. morifolium Ramat and C. indicum L.) flowers and evaluation of their protection from glycoxidation damage on human αA-crystallin

Chrysanthemum tea is commonly consumed by Chinese consumers mainly due to the Chrysanthemum flower being a potential source of antioxidants. The current study investigates the effects of extraction time and temperature on Chrysanthemum flower aqueous extract (CFAE) antioxidant capacity, including Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferrous iron-chelating activity, and superoxide radical scavenging capacity (SRSC) using a two-factor, three-level factorial design of the response surface method (RSM). The TEAC and SRSC of CFAE are higher at higher temperatures and longer times up to a certain point, and the highest TEAC and SRSC are achieved at a 100 °C extraction temperature for 45 min. The fructose induced-αA-crystallin (Cry) glycation model system was used to evaluate the effects of the CFAE on anti-glycoxidation activities. The antioxidant ingredients obtained from CFAE significantly impede the production of advanced glycation end products from protein glycoxidation products (dityrosine, kynurenine, and N′-methylkynurenine) in the glycation process of αA-Cry and exhibit strong anti-glycating activity. The glycation inhibitory effects of CFAE are concentration-dependent. C. indicum L. exhibits greater potential for preventing cataracts compared to C. morifolium Ramat CFAE's antioxidant and anti-glycation properties suggest its potential application as a natural ingredient in the development of agents to combat glycation.

A comparative evaluation of nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of six Malaysian edible seaweeds

Agriculture in the 21st century faces challenges in adopting efficient and sustainable production methods to feed the growing population. In this context, seaweed offers greater advantages over terrestrial plants. This study investigated the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of six edible seaweeds found in Malaysia. The seaweeds studied were brown (Padina australis, Sargassum binderi, Sargassum polycystum), green (Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa sertularioides), and red (Garcilaria changgi) seaweeds. The moisture, ash, protein, fat, and total dietary fibre contents of the seaweeds were analysed according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Total available carbohydrate content was assessed using the Clegg-anthrone method. Mineral, amino acid, and fatty acid contents were determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography methods, respectively. Results revealed that the seaweeds were all high in total dietary fibre (53.96–76.97 g/100 g dried weight, dw) and ash (4.46–18.53 g/100 g dw) whereas their fat (0.05–4.62 g/100 g dw) content was generally low. The brown seaweeds were good sources of calcium. Red seaweed G. changii had the highest content of essential amino acids whereas brown seaweed S. binderi had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid and lowest saturated fatty acid contents. Fucoxanthin could only be detected in brown seaweeds. Methanolic extracts of seaweeds showed good antioxidant activities measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) assays. Overall, this study contributed knowledge on underexploited Malaysian seaweeds and proposed them as an alternative source of nutrients for humans to meet food security challenges.

Large litter size increases oxidative stress and adversely affects nest-building behavior and litter characteristics in primiparous sows.

The study examined 24 primiparous sows (Landrace × Large white) and their offspring, which were grouped based on litter size: NORMAL (n = 8, average litter size 11.5 ± 1.2), with litter size between 7 and 14, and LARGE (n = 16, average litter size 15.9 ± 1.0), with litter size between 15 and 20. Sows were group-housed during gestation, and housed in an adjustable loose housing system (2.4 × 2.3 m) during farrowing and lactation. All the sows were confined in the farrowing crates (0.6 × 2.3 m) for 7 days after the onset of parturition. Saliva samples of sows were collected on days 35, 21, and 7 before farrowing (D-35, D-21 and D7, respectively), and on days 1, 7, and 28 after farrowing (D1, D7, and D28, respectively) to measure the levels of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Colostrum samples were collected for oxytocin and prolactin assays. Nest-building behavior (NB) for 24 h before parturition and farrowing was observed through video analysis. The results showed that LARGE sows had higher levels of H2O2 on D1 and D7 and AOPP during late gestation (p < 0.05, for all) and lower TEAC levels during late gestation and on D7 and D28 after farrowing (p < 0.05, for all) than NORMAL sows. Additionally, LARGE sows tended to have higher levels of TNF-α on D1 and D7 (p < 0.10, for both). LARGE sows showed shorter duration and lower frequency of NB during 24-12 h before parturition (p < 0.05, for both), and tended to have lower prolactin levels (p = 0.10). Furthermore, large sows tended to show longer farrowing duration and higher stillbirth rate (p = 0.06, p = 0.07, respectively). In conclusion, this study confirmed that large litter size may increase oxidative stress in sows during late gestation and lactation. The data also suggested that this could adversely impact prolactin release, leading to reduced NB.

Effects of diet on the biological activities and content of functional components of silkworm Bombyx mori and its faeces

Abstract Silkworm, Bombyx mori, and its faeces are notable healthy foods because of their biologically active components originating from mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves. However, in modern sericulture, silkworms are reared on artificial diet made primarily from defatted soybeans and dried mulberry leaf powder throughout the year. Neither the contents of functional components nor the biological activities of silkworms and their faeces raised on artificial diet have been investigated. Therefore, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) content, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total phenolic, total flavonoid and chlorophyll content were evaluated in silkworms and their faeces reared on mulberry leaves, artificial diet and then artificial diet switched to mulberry leaf from the fifth instar for four days. The DNJ content of silkworms depended on that in their diet and was significantly lower in silkworms fed with artificial diet than in those fed with mulberry leaves similar to the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. On the contrary, TEAC, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were similar in all silkworms regardless of feeding conditions. In the faeces of the artificial diet-reared group, TEAC, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were significantly higher than those of the mulberry leaf-reared group. Chlorophyll content in faeces depended on the content of diet, whereas that in silkworms was low regardless of the diet type. The biological activities and contents of functional compounds in the artificial diet-reared group were at similar levels with those of the mulberry leaf-reared group when the diet switched to mulberry leaf from the first day of the fifth instar for four days, indicating that the biological activities and content of functional components in silkworms and its faeces are defined by diet and changeable over a short period.

Drying treatment impact on oil yield extracted from black soldier fly larvae using supercritical carbon dioxide and its biological activities

Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are considered economically viable as an alternative source of oil and bioactive compounds. The drying and extraction methods are critical steps in the extraction of oil and have an impact on the characteristics and composition of the extracted oil. Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from black soldier fly larvae allows for the extraction of important bioactive compounds and oils while causing the least amount of change. The effect of different pre-treatment tray-drying and freeze-drying methods on the quantity and biological activities of oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae using supercritical CO2 was investigated in this study. Oil extraction from tray-dried and freeze-dried black soldier fly larvae samples could be done at low temperatures for a shorter extraction time, resulting in higher yields while avoiding the negative effects of high temperatures on lipids and other valuable components. The oil extracted from tray-dried and freeze-dried black soldier fly larvae contained major fatty acid compositions such as lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, as well as total phenolic compounds (0.067-0.113 mg gallic acid/g oil), antioxidant capacity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) (0.36-0.56 μmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/10 g oil), and antioxidant capacity 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (0.23-0.55 μmol TEAC/10 g oil, and ferric reducing antioxidant power antioxidant capacity (0.33-0.64 μmol TEAC/10 g oil). The oil extracted from tray-dried and freeze-dried larvae samples had a shelf life of approximately 2.42-3.63 months and 2.51-3.40 months, respectively, at storage temperatures ranging from 25 to 55 °C. The oil extracted from tray-dried and freeze-dried larvae samples extracted using supercritical CO2 had high acid values which could inhibit keratinocyte growth by 76.70 and 75.04%, respectively, at 100 mg/ml concentrations. Furthermore, the tray-drying and freeze-drying methods had no effect on the physicochemical properties of the supercritical CO2-extracted oil from dried black soldier fly larvae samples.

Novel coumarin-chalcone derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant, cyclic voltammetry, molecular modelling and biological evaluation studies as acetylcholinesterase, α-glycosidase, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

In this study, a total of 12 coumarin-chalcone derivatives, 6 of which are original were synthesized. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis methods (7g-7l). The antioxidant potencies measured by using CUPRAC method (Trolox equivalent total antioxidant capacity) were as follows: 7j > 7i > 7c > 7d > 7k > 7l > 7f > 7h > 7e > 7g > 7a >7b. Furthermore, the compounds were evaluated against human carbonic anhydrases I, II, acetylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase enzymes. Compounds 7c, 7e, 7g, 7i, 7j and 7l showed promising human carbonic anhydrase I inhibition compared to the standard Acetazolamide (Ki: 16.64 ± 4.72–49.82 ± 5.82 nM vs Ki: 57.64 ± 5.41 nM). In addition, all compounds exhibited strong inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase. Ki values were between 2.39 ± 0.97–9.35 ± 3.95 nM (Tacrine Ki: 13.78 ± 4.36 nM) for acetylcholinesterase, and 14.49 ± 8.51–75.67 ± 26.38 nM (Acarbose Ki: 12600 ± 78.00 nM) for α-glycosidase. Binding of 7g was predicted using molecular docking and stability of the complex was confirmed with molecular dynamics simulations which shed a light on the observed activity against acetylcholinesterase. Finally, cyclic voltammetry was also used for the electrochemical characterization of the synthesized compounds.

Antioxidant Activities, Phenolic Compounds, and Sensory Acceptability of Kombucha-Fermented Beverages from Bamboo Leaf and Mulberry Leaf.

Kombucha is traditional drink made from the fermentation of a black tea infusion, and is believed to offer a variety of health benefits. Recently, exploring kombucha made from alternative substrates has become a research hotspot. In this paper, two novel kombucha beverages were produced with bamboo leaf or mulberry leaf for the first time. Moreover, the effects of fermentation with leaf residues (infusion plus residues) or without leaf residues (only infusion) on the antioxidant properties of kombucha were compared. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, Folin-Ciocalteu method, and high-performance liquid chromatography were utilized to measure the antioxidant capacities, total phenolic contents, as well as some compound concentrations of the kombucha. The results showed that two types of kombucha had high antioxidant capacities. Moreover, kombucha fermented with bamboo leaf residues (infusion plus residues) significantly enhanced its antioxidant capabilities (maximum increase 83.6%), total phenolic content (maximum increase 99.2%), concentrations of some compounds (luteolin-6-C-glucoside and isovitexin), and sensory acceptability, compared to that without residues (only infusion). In addition, fermentation with leaf residues had no significant effect on mulberry leaf kombucha. Overall, the bamboo leaf was more suitable for making kombucha with residues, while the mulberry leaf kombucha was suitable for fermentation with or without residues.

Production of betalain-rich Opuntia ficus-indica peel flour microparticles using spray-dryer: A holist approach

This study aimed to obtain a betalain-rich extract (BRE) from Opuntia ficus-indica peels and protect them through a holistic approach involving microencapsulation via spray-drying. To enhance the stability of the microencapsulated betalains, an antioxidant-rich extract (ARE) obtained through hydrothermal extraction from the residual material remaining after the conventional extraction of betalains was used as a stabilizer during the spray-drying process. The antioxidant activity of the ARE was evaluated by measuring its IC50 value for 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of 65.8 μg/mL, its Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 60.4 gTrolox eq./100 g, and its reducing power of 16.6 g butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) eq./100 g. Spray-drying parameters were optimized using a Box-Behnken design to enhance the total betalain content and minimize by-product formation. The results demonstrated that the addition of the ARE significantly improved the stability of betalains during spray-drying, leading to the formation of microparticles with high betalain content and enhanced stability. The optimal conditions (0.72% starch, 1.50% BRE and 0.25% ARE) resulted in microparticles with a maximum concentration of 6.74 ± 0.09 mgBetalains/g. The predictive model exhibited high accuracy in estimating experimental values. This research provides a natural and sustainable solution for food coloring by effectively utilizing discarded Opuntia ficus-indica peel. Moreover, it offers new scientific understanding on the production of betalain-rich microparticles as a possible substitute for food coloring, with considerable benefits in terms of sustainability and high antioxidant capacity.

Effects of Phyllanthus emblica leaves and branches mixture on growth performance, oxidative status and intestinal characteristics in broiler chickens

This study investigated the effect of Phyllanthus emblica leaves and branches mixture (PE) on growth performance, oxidative status and intestinal characteristics in broilers, as well as the in vitro antioxidant potential of PE extract (PEE). As the result of in vitro evaluation, the PEE had a total phenolic compound content of 95.5 ± 2.75 mg of Gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW), and a total flavonoid content of 3.04 ± 0.06 mg of quercetin equivalent/g DW. The PEE exhibited significant antioxidant activity through various mechanisms, including chelation of ferrous iron, reducing power, scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, inhibition of liposome peroxidation and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). A total of 320 Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated into four groups: control, basal diet supplemented with 0.5%, 1%, 2% PE. Each group was fed for 35 d. The results showed that the group fed with 0.5% PE had significantly better weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. Moreover, each PE group significantly reduced coliform and Clostridium perfringens in the ileum and caecum. Additionally, PE group with 0.5% concentration had significantly higher villus height in the jejunum compared to the other group. Furthermore, compared to the control group, each PE group had significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the serum. In the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of chickens, each PE group showed significantly higher mRNA levels of antioxidant-regulated genes, including Nrf2, GST, GCLC, SOD1 and HO-1. In contrast, the expression levels of NOX1 and ROMO1 genes were significantly lower. In conclusion, the inclusion of 0.5% PE in the basal diet could have a positive impact on the growth performance of broilers by modulating intestinal characteristics and oxidative status.

Antioxidant and drought-acclimation responses in UV-B-exposed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum displaying constitutive overproduction of H2O2.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule that regulates antioxidant responses that are crucial for plant stress resistance. Exposure to low levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315nm) can also activate antioxidant defenses and acclimation responses. However, how H2O2 and UV-B interact to promote stress acclimation remains poorly understood. In this work, a transgenic model of Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi nc, with elevated Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity, was used to study the interaction between the constitutive overproduction of H2O2 and a 14-day UV-B treatment (1.75kJm-2 d-1 biologically effective UV-B). Subsequently, these plants were subjected to a 7-day moderate drought treatment to evaluate the impact on drought resistance of H2O2- and UV-dependent stimulation of the plants' antioxidant system. The UV-B treatment enhanced H2O2 levels and altered the antioxidant status by increasing the epidermal flavonol index, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, and catalase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities in the leaves. UV-B also retarded growth and suppressed acclimation responses in highly H2O2-overproducing transgenic plants. Plants not exposed to UV-B had a higher drought resistance in the form of higher relative water content of leaves. Our data associate the interaction between Mn-SOD transgene overexpression and the UV-B treatment with a stress response. Finally, we propose a hormetic biphasic drought resistance response curve as a function of leaf H2O2 content in N. tabacum cv Xanthi.

The Influence of Sulfur Dioxide Concentration on Antioxidant Activity, Total Polyphenols, Flavonoid Content and Individual Polyphenolic Compounds in White Wines during Storage

Wines represent a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenolic compounds, which mostly contribute to the antioxidant activity. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) has mostly been used as a preservative in winemaking to prevent oxidation during storage. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the changes in SO2 levels and the influence of sulfur dioxide addition at seven different concentrations on the antioxidant activity (detected by DPPH-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the ABTS Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity methods), total polyphenols, flavonoid content and individual polyphenolic compounds (determined by the HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography method) of white wines during 5 months of storage. The assayed sulfur dioxide concentrations show a decreasing tendency with time, with a final decrease of more than 50% in comparison with the start of the experiment. Between the first and second measurements, the average decrease in sulfur dioxide was 16%. In the following interval, it was found that the maximum decline in SO2 was 26%. The changes in SO2 levels cannot be considered statistically significant. At the same time, we observed a decreasing tendency in the TPC content during storage. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH method at the beginning of the experiment ranged from 116.75 up to 270.62 mg·L−1, while the antioxidant activity increased with sulfur dioxide concentration. The AA detected by the ABTS method displayed a decreasing tendency during storage. In the case of the TFC content, we observed a significant influence of sulfur dioxide on the concentration. No addition or addition of high SO2 concentrations negatively influenced the flavonoid content in the samples. During storage, we observed a highly variable content of phenolic compounds in relation to SO2 addition. The most abundant compounds were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and epigallocatechin.