Nonionic Surfactant Triton X-100 Research Articles

Simultaneous Determination of Brilliant Green and Basic Fuchsin by Cloud Point Extraction–scanometry

In this study, cloud point extraction‒scanometry as a new, simple and inexpensive method was developed for the separation, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of brilliant green (BG) and basic fuchsin (BF) in mixture. The method is based on the extraction of analytes simultaneously from aqueous solution using a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 as a cloud point extractor. After phase separation, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with ethanol, digital image of the solution taken with a flatbed scanner and RGB parameters of the enriched analytes were calculated by special software written in visual basic (VB 6). The influence of analytical parameters including pH of system, the concentration of the surfactant, equilibration temperature and time were optimized. The method was linear in the concentration ranges of 0.025‒1.00 and 0.05‒2.50 mg/L with limits of detection of 0.008 and 0.019 mg/L for BG and BF, respectively. The preconcentration factors were 29 for BG and 28 for BF. The enrichment factors were found to be 34 and 16, precision (RSD, %) of the method, 1.9 and 1.3% for BG and BF, respectively. The effects of interfering ions and dyes were investigated. Finally, the proposed method was applied for the determination of BG and BF in real water samples with satisfactory results.

Spectrofluorimetry - Cloud point extraction determination of trace arsenic (III) with 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein

In this work, explains a separation and Preconcentration procedure for the determination of arsenic (III) by spectrofluorimetric method after complexation with the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein as a fluorogenic reagent agent presence by the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 in λex 271 nm and λem 537 nm, after that, the quantitatively isolated into a unimportant volume of the surfactant-rich phase later a centrifugation. The optimum conditions, such as pH, volume of surfactant and reagent (TritonX-114), equilibrium temperature and incubation time on the cloud point extraction procedure, were studied and optimized on the extraction productivity percentage. In this method limits of detection and quantification LOD and LOQ of As(III) ion was (0.102) and (0.525) ng/mL respectively, and a linear calibration range of ( 5.0 -50.0) ng/mL for As(III). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of As(III) ion in water samples with agreeable results.

Statistical evaluation of spectrophotometric determination of nickel(II) using Micelle-mediated extraction.

An organic reagent namely 2-(2-bromophenyl)imino)methyl)-4- (5,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)diazenyl)phenol was synthesized and used for the determination of nickel after preconcentration using Micelle-mediated extraction.In this precocentration method the ligand (2-(2-bromophenyl)imino)methyl)-4- (5,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)diazenyl)phenol was used as a chelating agent for the extraction of Ni(II), using the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 medium. Uv-Vis spectrophotometry was applied for the quantitation of the analyte at λmax(650)nm. All factors affecting the extraction and determination of Ni(II) ion using micelle mediation extraction(e.g. pH, surfactant and reagent concentrations, incubation time and temperature) were executed by using a classical optimization, the calibration plot was subjected to the statistical evalution by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), The method was applied to the determination of Ni (II) in invironmental samples.

Production and properties of a bioemulsifier obtained from a lactic acid bacterium

In the present work, the production of bioemulsifier (BE) by a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) grown at 25 °C in lactic whey-based media for 24 h was evaluated. Maximum production was detected in a medium containing yeast extract, peptone and lactic whey (LAPLW medium), with a yield of 270 mg L−1. The BE proved to be more innocuous for Caco-2 cells, used as a toxicological indicator, than the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. In addition, the microbial product presented higher stability to changes in temperature (37 °C to 100 °C), pH (2–10), and salt concentration (5% and 20%, w/v) than the synthetic surfactant. Regarding emulsifying capacity tested against different hydrophobic substrates (kerosene, motor oil, diesel, sunflower oil, and grape oil), the BE displayed E24 values similar to or even better than those of Triton X-100. Finally, Triton X-100 caused irreversible modifications on the giant unilamellar vesicles (used as model membrane system), promoting the solubilization of the lipid bilayers. Nevertheless, BE induced temporary modifications of the membrane, which is associated with incorporation of the bioproduct in the outer layer. These results demonstrate the role of BE in biological processes, including reversible changes in microbial membranes to enhance the access to hydrophobic substrates.

One-step synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica from olivine and its pore size tailoring

Abstract This study investigates the reaction of sulfuric acid with olivine for the synthesis of long-range ordered mesoporous silica at low-temperatures. By synthesizing mesoporous silica directly from olivine, no high temperatures or reactants with a high CO2 footprint are required. The silicic acids released from olivine are directly guided to form high quality ordered mesoporous silica in a one-step synthesis with the use a micellar liquid crystal prepared from the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. The produced mesoporous structures feature specific surface areas of up to 1000 m2/g and narrow pore size distributions around 2–4 nm. In addition, the optimal conditions and the limits of the preparation method are investigated. It was shown that Triton X-100 concentrations between 20 and 30% and olivine contents between 10 and 20% are the optimal conditions. Moreover, the washing process of the product is investigated, resulting in high silica purities. Furthermore, the pore size can be tailored into larger sizes with the addition of heptane. Therefore, olivine can be a green alternative source for the synthesis of well-tailored ordered mesoporous silica.

Adsorption of Triton X-100 in aqueous solution on activated carbon obtained from waste tires for wastewater decontamination

Adsorption of Triton X-100 non-ionic surfactant in aqueous solution on activated carbon was performed. The activated carbon was prepared from waste tires by chemical impregnation at 10, 20, 30, and 40% w·w−1 of potassium hydroxide. Two carbonization temperatures, 700 and 900° C were used with a heating rate of 2 °C·min−1 and a 3 h retention time in N2 flow of 100 mL·min−1. The carbons obtained were characterized by N2 adsorption at − 196 °C, scanning electron microscopy, infrared microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and titration of functional groups. In adsorption studies of Triton X-100, the amount of adsorbed Triton X-100 was characterized by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, and Redlich-Peterson models were evaluated. The solids showed an area between 42 and 528 m2·g−1 with characteristic isotherms of micro-mesoporous solids, and a pore distribution of 7.0 to 8.0 A by Dubinin-Astakov with a chemical surface having acid and basic groups. The carbon that adsorbed the most Triton X-100 was QK409 with Q0 220 mg·g−1.

Bioremediation vs. Nanoremediation: Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) Using Integrated Remediation Approaches

Integration of physicochemical and biological approach represented by sequential application of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI dispersion) and bioaugmentation by bacterial strains isolated from the PCB-contaminated site seems to be an innovative way to remove the PCB contamination, which still persists in the environment. First, nanoremediation of the minimal mineral medium artificially contaminated with Delor 103 and of historically contaminated sediment was performed in 70% and 46% PCB removal efficiency. Integrated remediation was carried out as bionanoremediation initiated by addition of bacterial strains and finished by addition of nZVI dispersion Nanofer 25S. Nanobioremediation initiated by nZVI and followed by the addition of bacterial strains A. xylosoxidans, S. maltophilia, and O. anthropi was more effective and led to the increase of PCB degradation to 75%, 85%, and 99%. The bacterial mixed culture (BMC) consisted of 7 bacterial strains with PCB-degrading activity was used for integrated remediation, as well. By the nanobioremediation of the historically contaminated sediment, 78% degradation of PCBs was achieved by combining the nZVI and BMC, with the addition of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. The sediment was periodically reinoculated with fresh nZVI dispersion and BMC inoculum. The possible toxic effects of nZVI in concentration used in integrated remediation 2 g l−1 were evaluated on bacterial strains used for integrated remediation. The cell concentrations of the bacterial strains A. xylosoxidans, S. maltophilia, and O. anthropi, expressed as CFU ml−1, decreased in the presence of nZVI by 75%, 52%, and 61%, respectively.

ANALYSIS OF INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN MIXED ADSORPTION LAYERS OF SURFACTANTS

The adsorption of the surfactants mixtures of different chemical nature such as Triton X-100 and sodium hexadecyl sulfate at the surface of graphitized carbon black was studied. Using the model of phase separation (the Rubi–Rosen approach), the composition of the mixed adsorption layers and parameters of interaction between the surfactant molecules in the adsorption layers were calculated. It was found that mixed adsorption layers are enriched with molecules of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100.
 The purpose of the work was to study the adsorption of binary mixtures of surfactants of various chemical nature on the surface of non-porous hydrophobic carbon sorbent at different SAS ratio in mixtures.
 The results of calculations show that the composition of the adsorption layer on the surface of the GC is significantly different from the ratio of surfactants in the solution. The value of the parameter χ indicates that the mixed adsorption layer on the surface of the GC is enriched with non-ionic surfactant molecules, even with a small its content in the solution (αTХ-100 = 0,2). With an increase in the ТХ-100 molar fraction in the binary solution from 0,2 to 0,8 its share in the adsorption layer increases in approximately 1.5 times. Negative values of the interaction parameters βs indicate excessive attraction of the molecules and ions of the mixture components in the mixed adsorption layers. An increase in the absolute value of the parameter βs with an increase in αTХ-100 in the solution characterizes the enhancement of the interactions between the components in the adsorption layer.
 Thus, in the course of experiments carried out for mixed systems of SHDS-ТХ-100, the existence of a synergistic effect in relation to an increase in the adsorption of surfactants on the GC surface was established. It is found that mixed adsorption layers are enriched with molecules of the non-ionic surface active substance of the triton X-100.

Molecular Interactions in Binary Surfactant Solutions: Effect of pH

By using surface tension and conductivity measurements, the colloid-chemical properties of the mixtures of cationic hexadecylpyridinium bromide with nonionic Triton X-100 surfactants were investigated both in the bulk solution and at air/solution interface at different pH values. The composition of mixed micelles and adsorption layers, parameters of molecular interactions in mixed micelles βm and adsorption layers βσ, as well as standard free energies of micelle formation ΔG0mic and adsorption ΔG0ads were calculated. It was found that molecules of the nonionic surfactant presumably dominate in the mixed micelles and adsorption layers. It was shown that βm and βσ have negative values, which indicate the strengthening of intermolecular interactions in the mixed micelles and adsorption layers. Based on the data obtained, it was suggested that ion-dipole interactions are involved in the formation of intermolecular structures between nonionic and cationic surfactants in aqueous solution and at the air-solution interface. It was shown that βm, βσ as well as ΔG0mic and ΔG0ads parameter depends on the solution pH value. The complex interplay of ion-dipole, protonation and chelation processes, which occur in the surfactant mixtures at different pH and affect the strength of intermolecular interaction, should be taken into account for data analysis.

Chemiluminescent Reactions of Luminol and N-Octylluminol with a Hypochlorite in Non-ionic Surfactants

The chemiluminescent reaction of luminol is widely used for analytical purposes. Surface-active components of biological membranes are often present in biochemical studies and in many real objects of analysis. Their influence on the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol has not been systematically studied. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this chemiluminescent reaction in organized molecular systems - micellar, vesicular and other systems simulating biological membranes. Micellar medium may also provide an additional opportunity to control chemiluminescent reactions, primarily with the aim of increasing their efficiency. The kinetics of the chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol and its hydrophobic analogue N-octylluminol with a hypochlorite ion in aqueous solutions and micellar solutions of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 was studied in the present work. It was shown that the growth and fading of the luminol and N-octylluminol chemiluminescence is adequately described by a two-exponential dependence, and the effective rate of increase in the intensity of chemiluminescence is directly proportional to the concentration of the hypochlorite ion. The dependences of the rate of accumulation and consumption of the intermediate product on the presence and concentration of surfactants in the reaction mixture are determined. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of localization of the reagents and intermediate reaction products.

Cloud Point Extraction Combined with Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Verapamil in Urine

Based on cloud point extraction, a HPLC method was developed for the determination of verapamil in urine. Non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, an environmentally friendly solvent, was used for the micelle-mediated extraction. Some parameters that influence the extraction, such as the concentration of Triton X-100, effect of pH, incubation time, equilibration temperature and centrifugation parameters, were studied and optimised. The method suggested for the HPLC‒tandem mass spectrometry determination of verapamil in urine after cloud point extraction was validated. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.2–50 ng/mL. The limits of detection (3σ) and quantification (10σ) were 0.06 and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. The matrix effect (96.5%), recovery of the extraction procedure (96%) and overall “process efficiency” (92.6%) were also estimated. All data validation is consistent with international acceptance criteria and no significant matrix effect was observed. The results show that the sensitivity, metrological characteristics, ecological safety, simplicity and convenience of the suggested procedure exceed its analogues based on extraction using organic solvents.

Micellisation of the binary mixture of surfactants Triton X100 and Brij S10 in a water solution at T = (278.15–318.15) K: The excess Gibbs energy of the binary mixed micelles formation and its interpretation by the first order and the second order Margules function

Micellisation of the binary mixture of non-ionic surfactants Triton X100 and Brij S10 is examined. Both surfactants have polyoxyethylene chains of the same length, and differ in the conformational flexibility of the hydrocarbon segment. Triton X100 is the common surfactant in the biochemical laboratories, especially suitable for biological systems since it does not induce protein denaturation, while Brij surfactants show positive effects on the bioavailability of some drugs. According to the regular solution theory (RST), formed binary mixed micelles in each mole fraction of the binary mixture of Brij S10 – Triton X100 are richer in a hydrophobic component (Brij S10), while if the content of the binary mixed micelle is determined using the Rodenas function (the model independent method), then mixed micelles exist that are rich in Brij S10 and mixed micelles rich in Triton X100. According to the experimental values, RST hypothese that the excess entropy is zero cannot be accepted. Also, the dependence of the molar excess Gibbs energy is not a symmetric function. The RST interaction parameter as well as the model independent Gibbs energy show synergistic interactions between Brij S10 and Triton X100. In the infinitely diluted micellar pseudo-phases at T = (283.15–308.15) K the thermodynamic stabilization of Brij S10 and Triton X100 has the entropic origin.

Investigation on mechanism of intensifying coal fly ash froth flotation by pretreatment of non-ionic surfactant

The purpose of this research was to investigate the mechanism of intensifying coal fly ash flotation by pretreatment of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to analyze the characteristics of the unburned carbon samples to clarify why unburned carbon floats with difficulty. An attachment time analyzer and surface free energy measurement were used to analyze the surface characteristic changes of the unburned carbon before and after pretreatment with TX100. A Foamscan analyzer was used to study the synergistic effects of TX100 and 2-Octanol on the foam properties. The obtained results demonstrate that the unburned carbon surface is strongly hydrophilic owing to the abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups as well as its rough and porous surface. The pretreatment of TX100 can improve the hydrophobicity of the unburned carbon surface significantly in order to improve the unburned carbon recovery. Moreover, the compound of TX100 with 2-Octanol can improve the foamability and foam stability, as well as decrease the bubble size, which can further promote the coal fly ash flotation performance.

Deciphering the effective sequestration of DNA bounded bioactive small molecule Safranin-O by non-ionic surfactant TX-114 and diminution its cytotoxicity

In this article, we have mentioned about the effective sequestration of Safranin-O (SO) from herring sperm deoxy ribonucleic acid (hsDNA) by non-ionic surfactant up to its critical micellar concentration (CMC). Triton X-114 (TX-114) used as sequestering agent, itself at a lower concentration compare to its CMC (0.2 mM) cannot sequester the drug SO from hsDNA. Though its sequestration ability would be dramatically increased when the concentration reach to CMC level. Due to the cytotoxicity of the non-ionic surfactant, use of such high concentration, may restrict its application as a sequestrating agent. However, the cytotoxicity of the surfactant could be minimize abruptly owing to the incorporation of SO into the interfacial region of the nonionic micelle. To disclose the sequestration phenomena of the model drug SO from hsDNA by TX-114, we have used different spectroscopic techniques such as steady-state absorption, emission and time-resolved fluorescence along with voltammetric and molecular modeling study. It is observed that the extent of sequestration of the SO molecule which is partially intercalated into the DNA base pair can be excellently regulate by regulating the concentration of the TX-114. Thus the study is desirably stimulate the generation of finding effective sequestration of the DNA intercalated molecule by neutral micelle-media and may be helpful in the application like detoxification of excess drugs.

A Simple Pre-concentration Method for the Determination of Nickel(II) in Urine Samples Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques

The cloud point technique was effectively utilized for extraction and pre-concentration of nickel(II) in urine samples before measurement by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and AAS techniques. The metal response to a para-aminophenol (PAP) reagent in a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 medium was to form the Ni-PAP complex. The adopted concentration for PAP, concentration of Triton X-114, pH effect and water bath temperature, incubation time, salt effect, and interference effects were all optimized. The calibration curve was linear over the range of (0.0625–1.25) mg L–1 with a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.9682 for the UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a λmax of 629 nm. The limit of detection was 0.005 mg/L. The relative standard deviation for six replicates was 1.07%. This method was applied successfully to determine copper (II) concentrations in 44 urine samples of occupational worker samples as determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FAAS techniques.

Chemiluminescence of naphthalene analogues of luminol in solution and micellar media

The chemiluminescence of several naphthalene-based luminol analogues is characterized and compared with that of luminol. The compounds produce a strong greenish or green-yellow chemiluminescence in alkaline aqueous and nonaqueous solutions by reaction with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of hexacyanoferrate (III). The results point to the possibility of increasing the sensitivity of analytical methods currently based on luminol. The photophysics of the oxidation products is also studied. The solubility of some of the new compounds in aqueous solution is significantly increased using a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. Increase of the chemiluminescence intensity in aqueous micellar media was observed. The location of the oxidation product 3-aminophthalate in the external hydrophilic shell of the micelle was established using its intrinsic fluorescence by iodide. The described luminol analogues may prove of interest in forensic and other applications.

Analysis of Non-Ionic Surfactant Triton X-100 Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry.

It is well known that surfactants increase the solubility of hydrophobic organic compounds and cause adverse environmental effects. The removal of these compounds from the contaminated soil or ground-water is particularly difficult due to their water soluble feature. In this work, an ultra-high performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation of oligomers of Triton X-100 octylphenol-polyethoxylate non-ionic surfactant. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the Triton X-100 compounds. There was a 44 mass unit difference between two adjacent peaks that is the molar mass of one ethylene oxide group (–CHCHO–). A quadratic retention model was applied for the estimation of retention of the examined non-ionic surfactant and the optimization of gradient elution conditions. The optimized method was suitable for the baseline separation of 28 Triton X-100 oligomers in five minutes.

Surface properties and phase behavior of Gemini/conventional surfactant mixtures based on multiple quaternary ammonium salts

The mixing properties of Gemini surfactants are significantly important to the large-scale application of these surfactants. In this study, we studied the mixing properties of multiple quaternary ammonium salts (MQAS) with cationic surfactant DTAB, anionic surfactant SDS, nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 and anionic biosurfactant rhamnolipid, respectively. Moreover, the phase behavior and aggregation properties of MQAS/SDS mixtures in water were examined by ocular observations and DLS. For equilibrium surface properties, unlike MQAS/DTAB and MQAS/TX-100 mixtures, the equimolar cationic/anionic mixtures (MQAS/SDS and MQAS/RL mixtures) have a lower critical micelle concentration than either pure component. This is always attributed to the formation of cationic surfactant complexes through the electrostatic attraction of hydrophilic groups. Results of dynamic surface properties show that MQAS/TX-100 mixtures exhibit the best dynamic surface activity among these surfactant mixtures, resulting from the good dynamic surface activity of TX-100 and the weak interaction between MQAS and TX-100. Considering the large size of cationic/anionic surfactant complexes, the MQAS/SDS and MQAS/RL mixtures have a smaller R1/2 value, but the γm values of equimolar cationic/anionic mixtures are lower than either pure components. This suggests that the formation of cationic/anionic surfactant complexes reduces the electrostatic adsorption barrier. In the anionic-rich side, the MQAS/SDS mixtures are prone to form vesicles, while the addition of a small amount of MQAS will induce the micelle-to-vesicle transition, which can be regulated by the composition of mixtures. Meanwhile, the increase of temperature induces the transition of precipitate to vesicles. But the micelle-to-vesicle or vesicle-to-micelle transitions induced by the increase of temperature have not been observed at the studied temperature range.

Understanding the Biostimulant Action of Vegetal-Derived Protein Hydrolysates by High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping and Metabolomics: A Case Study on Tomato.

Designing and developing new biostimulants is a crucial process which requires an accurate testing of the product effects on the morpho-physiological traits of plants and a deep understanding of the mechanism of action of selected products. Product screening approaches using omics technologies have been found to be more efficient and cost effective in finding new biostimulant substances. A screening protocol based on the use of high-throughput phenotyping platform for screening new vegetal-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) for biostimulant activity followed by a metabolomic analysis to elucidate the mechanism of the most active PHs has been applied on tomato crop. Eight PHs (A–G, I) derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of seed proteins of Leguminosae and Brassicaceae species were foliarly sprayed twice during the trial. A non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 at 0.1% was also added to the solutions before spraying. A control treatment foliarly sprayed with distilled water containing 0.1% Triton X-100 was also included. Untreated and PH-treated tomato plants were monitored regularly using high-throughput non-invasive imaging technologies. The phenotyping approach we used is based on automated integrative analysis of photosynthetic performance, growth analysis, and color index analysis. The digital biomass of the plants sprayed with PH was generally increased. In particular, the relative growth rate and the growth performance were significantly improved by PHs A and I, respectively, compared to the untreated control plants. Kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence imaging did not allow to differentiate the photosynthetic performance of treated and untreated plants. Finally, MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed in order to characterize the functional mechanisms of selected PHs. The treatment modulated the multi-layer regulation process that involved the ethylene precursor and polyamines and affected the ROS-mediated signaling pathways. Although further investigation is needed to strengthen our findings, metabolomic data suggest that treated plants experienced a metabolic reprogramming following the application of the tested biostimulants. Nonetheless, our experimental data highlight the potential for combined use of high-throughput phenotyping and metabolomics to facilitate the screening of new substances with biostimulant properties and to provide a morpho-physiological and metabolomic gateway to the mechanisms underlying PHs action on plants.

Crack Reduction during Drying Process by Using Surfactant

In this research clay brick samples were made from illitic clays. Surfactant was added to clay mass during formation process to reduce crack generation during drying process. Surfactant amount was changed below critical micelle concentration (CMC). Nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 was used. Samples were prepared using extruder. Clay mass samples were analysed by granulometry, surfactant by contact angle and surface tension measurements and brick samples by microscope to determine crack amount. Changing surfactant amount closer to CMC is possible to reduce crack amount in sample during drying stage.