Triton X-100 In Water Research Articles

수계 내 테트라사이클린, 설파다이아졸, 트리톤 X-100 혼합물의 광분해

수계 내 테트라사이클린, 설파다이아졸, 트리톤 X-100 혼합물의 광분해

Rapid and sensitive online determination of ozone via gas-liquid chemiluminescence synergistically enhanced by graphene quantum dots and Triton X-100.

The determination of the ozone concentration in the atmosphere is an urgent need but most current methods are limited by large-scale equipment or complex procedures. Herein, a gas-liquid chemiluminescence (GL-CL) assay based on a portable GL-CL detector platform was reported for the fast and sensitive online determination of ozone. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and Triton X-100 were employed to synergistically enhance the CL intensity of chromotropic acid (CA)-ozone. The increase was about seven-fold upon the addition of GQDs and Triton X-100. The potential enhancement mechanism was also investigated. The speculated CL enhancement mechanism was that GQDs could catalyze dissolved oxygen in the CA solution to produce more free radicals in the presence of UV-light, and these radicals converted CA into more active compounds that could react with ozone and emit photons. The free radicals, active compounds and luminophores were protected from water quenching by micelles produced by dissolving Triton X-100 in water and as a result, CL was markedly enhanced. Most importantly, the response time of the GL-CL detector platform towards ozone was less than 0.5 s. Based on this outcome, a GL-CL assay for detecting atmospheric ozone was successfully developed with a linear range from 0.1 to 150 ppbv and a detection limit of 0.02 ppbv. This work provides a rapid and sensitive method for the online measurement of ozone, and has great potential in environmental applications; the potential applications of GQDs and Triton X-100 in the field of GL-CL have also been highlighted.

Effect of temperature and salt/alcohol on the interaction of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide/Triton X-100 with moxifloxacin hydrochloride: A multitechnique approach

Interaction of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MFH) with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) along with Triton X-100 (TX-100) under different experimental conditions has been carried out using multiple physico-chemical techniques. The micellar parameters like critical micelle concentration (cmc), counter ion binding (β), thermodynamic parameters such as , , and etc. associated with the drug-TTAB interaction have been determined. The changes of the values of cmc of TTAB by the addition of drug indicate the existence of TTAB-MFH interaction. The cmc values of drug-TTAB systems were found to be dependent on the variation of temperature, salt and alcohol concentrations. In all the cases the negative values of indicated the spontaneous micelle formation of drug-TTAB system. The values of and reveal the existence of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between drug and TTAB. The CP values of TX-100 in water were increased in the presence of MFH. The values of of drug-TX-100 mixed system are found to be positive which indicates the clouding process is nonspontaneous in nature. The binding constant (Kb) value for MFH-TX-100 system was found to be temperature dependent and the binding interaction between MFH and TX-100 is mainly due to hydrogen bonding.

Experimental Investigation of Triton X-100 Solution on Pulsating Heat Pipe Thermal Performance

Pulsating heat pipes are cooling devices that are partially filled with working fluid. Working fluid thermophysical properties affect the thermal performance of pulsating heat pipes. In this research, the effect of adding a Triton X-100 surfactant to pure water and using the mixture as a working fluid is investigated experimentally. The results indicate that adding surfactant leads to improvement in the thermal performance of the pulsating heat pipe. In particular, the maximum of the thermal resistance improvement is about 61%, which is attributed to 0.01% surfactant concentration. Higher heat transfer ability is attributed to lower surface tension and the contact angle of the mixture compared with pure water. The startup performance happens at a lower temperature by using Triton X-100 and a water solution (the surfactant solution reduces the startup required temperature by approximately 50% in comparison to the startup temperature of pure water). An optimal concentration for Triton X-100 in water exists as a working fluid in the pulsating heat pipe.

Selective detection of Triton X-100 based organized media by a 1-D coordination polymer of Cu(II) in water: Fluorescence spectroscopic and microstructural investigations

Abstract The luminescent feature of a one dimensional coordination polymer (CP) of Cu(II) in water has been employed as the fluorescent probe for investigating the interactions of the neutral CP with different neutral, cationic, and anionic type surfactants in water medium. The CP detects the neutral surfactant Triton X-100 based organized media in water. In the detection technique the monomeric unit of Cu(II)-CP is assembled at the palisade layer of Triton X-100 in water which has also been experimentally explored by fluorescence spectroscopic and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) investigations. Even the possible mechanistic pathway regarding the selective fluorometric interaction of Triton X-100 based organized media in water medium with the water solution of CP has been scrutinized through the fluorescent spectroscopic experiments using a standard chaotropic agent like urea.

Self-assembly and gelation of TX-100 in water

Self-organization of Triton X-100 (TX-100) surfactants in aqueous dispersion leading to their signature self-assembly is reported based on experimentally determined static structure factor data obtained from small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments. Surfactant gels were formed for dispersions having 40% ≤ [TX-100] ≤ 55% (v/v). An unexplored correlation peak was noticed at a specific wave vector q* whose value increased with surfactant concentration. The form factor data could be described by modeling the micelles as core-shell structures (hydrophobic core with a polar shell). The intermicellar interactions were modeled with hard sphere, sticky hard sphere, and hard sphere in square well potential designations. We used a lattice model based on random walk formalism to theoretically describe this self-assembly, and observed that the cluster size decreased with TX-100 concentration consistent with experimental data. The self-organization of TX-100 in aqueous medium is presented.

Characterization of Triton X-100 and its oligomer (Tyloxapol) micelles vis-à-vis solubilization of bisphenol A by spectral and scattering techniques

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the micellar characteristics and solubilization efficiency of the oligomeric surfactant Tyloxapol and compare these with the corresponding standard monomeric surfactant Triton X-100 using spectral and scattering techniques. The focus has been to determine the solubilization of the commercially important compound bisphenol A (BPA, also an endocrine disruptor) in these two nonionic surfactants and its effect on the micellar structures in solution. 5% Triton X-100 in water at 30 °C forms ellipsoidal micelles ( R h (DLS) ≈ 5.5 nm, R a (SANS) ≈ 6.3 nm, R b (SANS) ≈ 2.0 nm, N agg ∼ 287), whereas small spherical micelles ( R h (DLS) ≈ 3.4 nm, R c (SANS) ≈ 2.1 nm, N agg ∼ 16) are formed by Tyloxapol. BPA solubilized to a greater extent in Tyloxapol micelles than Triton X-100 micelles; the molar solubilization ratio and micelle–water partition coefficient were higher than for Triton X-100 micelles. BPA induced micelle growth was seen for both the surfactants which resulted in a noticeable change in phase behaviour, viscosity and shape/size of the micelles. Small spherical Tyloxapol micelles transform into ellipsoidal ones while the ellipsoidal Triton X-100 micelles transform to short rods/stretched ellipsoidal structures. Micellar/phase behaviour for BPA solubilized micelles was markedly dependent on the pH of the solution.

Dilute Triton X-100 in water as a reference liquid for hydrometer calibration using Cuckow’s method

Abstract We propose a 200 parts in 10 6 by volume solution of the surfactant Triton X-100 in water as a reference liquid for hydrometer calibration using Cuckow’s method. This liquid has advantages over traditional hydrocarbon fluids such as nonane and tridecane; it is safer, less expensive, and the density can be determined with sufficient accuracy from the mixing ratio. Previous researchers have used about 70 parts in 10 6 by volume Triton X-100 in water. Here we report measurements on the surface tension behaviour of aqueous Triton X-100 solutions with concentrations in the range (39–301) parts in 10 6 by volume. These measurements indicate that a 200 parts in 10 6 mixture is a suitable compromise between surface tension behaviour and accuracy of calculation of the liquid density from the mixing ratio of Triton X-100 to water. Performance tests to confirm the suitability of this liquid are given.

A versatile, one-pot synthesis of gold nanostars with long, well-defined thorns using a lyotropic liquid crystal template

We describe a simple, one-pot, silver-assisted synthesis of branched gold nanoparticles (GNPs) (nanostars) using Ag NO3 and the mild reducing agent, ascorbic acid, in the presence of a lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) template formed by Triton X-100 in water either in the hexagonal phase or the micellar phase above the critical micellar concentration. The LLC template is found to assist in the formation of well-defined nanostars with long, twinned thorns and provides the necessary colloidal stability that prevents the final nanostars from irreversible aggregation. In addition, the length of the thorns on the nanostars can be tailored by controlling the Au/Ag ratio in the growth solution. We discuss the contributions of the competing mechanisms that result in an optimal concentration of AgNO3 for the synthesis of nanostars with considerably longer thorns, which is only possible in the LLC template that slows down the growth of the thorns on the initially formed GNP seeds.

One-pot multicomponent synthesis hexahydroquinoline derivatives in Triton X-100 aqueous micellar media

Abstract A facile and efficient synthesis of hexahydroquinoline derivatives ( 5a–o ) was reported via a four-component condensation reaction of aldehydes, dimedone, methyl aceto acetate and ammonium acetate in the presence of Triton X-100 in water at room temperature. The use of just 20 mol % of Triton X-100 in water solvent is sufficient. The FT-IR, 19 F NMR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectra and elemental analysis confirm the structure of the compounds.

Inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase delays the onset of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis through the negative regulation of sphingosine kinase-1 expression

The enforcement of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling network protects from radiation-induced pneumonitis. We now demonstrate that, in contrast to early postirradiation period, late postirradiation sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) and sphingoid base-1-phosphates are associated with radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIF). Using the mouse model, we demonstrate that RIF is characterized by a marked upregulation of S1P and dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (DHS1P) levels in the lung tissue and in circulation accompanied by increased lung SphK1 expression and activity. Inhibition of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis by targeting serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) with myriocin reduced radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation and delayed the onset of RIF as evidenced by increased animal lifespan and decreased expression of markers of fibrogenesis, such as collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), in the lung. Long-term inhibition of SPT also decreased radiation-induced SphK activity in the lung and the levels of S1P-DHS1P in the lung tissue and in circulation. In vitro, inhibition or silencing of serine palmitoyltransferase attenuated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β)-induced upregulation of α-SMA through the negative regulation of SphK1 expression in normal human lung fibroblasts. These data demonstrate a novel role for SPT in regulating TGF-β signaling and fibrogenesis that is linked to the regulation of SphK1 expression and S1P-DHS1P formation.

Noninvasive probing of aqueous Triton X-100 with steady-state and frequency-domain fluorometry

Most fluorescence spectroscopic methods that investigate the properties of surfactant-based systems are invasive in nature as they rely on information afforded by an externally-introduced probe. External probes may adversely affect the colloidal property of interest. Information from chromophoric surfactants as endogenous probes of micellization process is presented. Fluorescence from phenyl moiety of a common nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 in water is demonstrated to be rich in information on surfactant aggregation. While Triton X-100 concentration-dependent fluorescence emission and excitation can be effectively used to monitor the presence of micelles, frequency-domain excited-state fluorescence intensity decay data affords key dynamic parameters characterizing Triton X-100 micelles.

Mixed micellization of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and Triton X-100 in water–ethanol mixtures, using potentiometric and surface tension techniques

The mixed micelles of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and Triton X-100 (TX-100) in mixed solvent have been investigated using potentiometric and surface tension techniques. In order to estimate the interaction between the surfactants and ethanol, the cmc data were treated by using the conventional regular solution theory for mixed micelles. It was found that the interaction parameter values ( β ) varied with variation of solvent composition. In all cases the results showed deviation from ideal behavior. The stability of the mixed micelles was also discussed based on Maeda's approach. The obtained data show that mixed micellization became unfavorable with increasing alcohol concentration. Also, the maximum synergism in ethanol/water mixtures has been determined according to Rosen's new approach. The observed maximum synergisms were obtained from x 1 = 0.25 to x 1 = 0.35 at different concentrations of ethanol.

A micellar model system for the role of zeaxanthin in the non-photochemical quenching process of photosynthesis—chlorophyll fluorescence quenching by the xanthophylls

To get an insight to the mechanism of the zeaxanthin-dependent non-photochemical quenching in photosystem II of photosynthesis, we probed the interaction of some xanthophylls with excited chlorophyll-a by trapping both pigments in micelles of triton X-100. Optimal distribution of pigments among micelles was obtained by proper control of the micelle concentration, using formamide in the reaction mixture, which varies the micellar aggregation number over three orders of magnitude. The optimal reaction mixture was obtained around 40% (v/v) formamide in 0.2-0.4% (v/v) triton X-100 in water. Zeaxanthin in the micellar solution exhibited initially absorption and circular dichroism spectral features corresponding to a J-type aggregate. The spectrum was transformed over time (half-time values vary-an average characteristic figure is roughly 20 min) to give features representing an H-type aggregate. The isosbestic point in the series of spectral curves favors the supposition of a rather simple reaction between two pure J and H-types dimeric species. Violaxanthin exhibited immediately stable spectral features corresponding to a mixture of J-type and more predominately H-type dimers. Lutein, neoxanthin and beta-carotene did not show any aggregated spectral forms in micelles. The spectral features in micelles were compared to spectra in aqueous acetone, where the assignment to various aggregated types was established previously. The specific tendency of zeaxanthin to form the J-type dimer (or aggregate) could be important for its function in photosynthesis. The abilities of five carotenoids (zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin and beta-carotene) to quench chlorophyll-a fluorescence were compared. Zeaxanthin, in its two micellar dimeric forms, and beta-carotene were comparable good quenchers of chlorophyll-a fluorescence. Violaxanthin was a much weaker quencher, if at all. Lutein and neoxanthin rather enhanced the fluorescence. The implications to non-photochemical quenching process in photosynthesis are discussed.

ATR-FT-IR Membrane-Based Sensor for Integrated Microliquid−Liquid Extraction and Detection

A novel straightforward membrane-based sensor, which uses attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy has been developed. The flow cell designed permits the on-line microliquid-liquid extraction of the target analyte into a organic solvent layer (OSL), which was deposited on the ATR surface using a sequential injection manifold. The aqueous and organic phases are separated via a commercial hydrophobic membrane placed on the PTFE piece of the cell. The main advantage of the proposed device is that the OSL can be created and regenerated in a continuous manner using the automatic manifold without opening the cell. The analytes are enriched into the OSL after diffusion through the membrane, which excludes the typical absorption bands of water. In addition, the behavior of different organic solvents was evaluated in order to increase the applicability and versatility of the proposed system. Finally, the analytical performance of the design was established for the detection and quantitation of Triton X100 in water.

NADH Oxidase Activity of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution

Nanoparticles of Au(0) stabilized by Triton X-100 in water catalyze NADH oxidation. Oxygen and potassium ferricyanide can serve as electron acceptors from NADH. The NADH oxidase activity of Au(0) (normalized to gold concentration) is 0.08 turnover/min in air and 0.32 turnover/min in argon in the presence of K3FeCN6 (2 × 10−4 mol/l). The catalytic activity decreases with increasing gold concentration in the solution used for particle preparation and, accordingly, with increasing size of gold particles.

Effects of di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycols on the thermodynamic and micellar properties of Triton X-100 in water

Micellar and surface thermodynamic properties of aggregation of Triton X-100 (TX-100) in mixed solvent systems containing di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycol with water have been investigated by employing surface tension, density, and fluorescence methods. The differences in Gibbs energies of micellization between water and binary solvent mixtures were determined to evaluate the influence of the co-solvent on the micellization process. From the surface tension measurements, the effects of the co-solvent on parameters such as surface excess, minimum area per molecule, and surface pressure indicate that the surface activity of the surfactant decreases with increasing concentration of the glycol co-solvent. Partial specific volumes, obtained from density measurements, indicate that the fraction of solvent molecules interacting with the micelles by hydrogen bonding vary with the type of additive. Fluorescence studies reveal that quenching of the pyrene probe by cetyl pyridinum chloride in TX-100 micelles is accompanied by simultaneous static and dynamic processes.Key words: Triton X-100, glycols, thermodynamics, micelles, fluorescence quenching.

Physicochemical and physiological properties of 5α-cyprinol sulfate, the toxic bile salt of cyprinid fish

5alpha-Cyprinol sulfate was isolated from bile of the Asiatic carp, Cyprinus carpio. 5alpha-Cyprinol sulfate was surface active and formed micelles; its critical micellization concentration (CMC) in 0.15 M Na+ using the maximum bubble pressure device was 1.5 mM; by dye solubilization, its CMC was approximately 4 mM. At concentrations >1 mM, 5alpha-cyprinol sulfate solubilized monooleylglycerol efficiently (2.1 molecules per mol micellar bile salt). When infused intravenously into the anesthetized rat, 5alpha-cyprinol sulfate was hemolytic, cholestatic, and toxic. In the isolated rat liver, it underwent little biotransformation and was poorly transported (Tmax congruent with 0.5 micromol/min/kg) as compared with taurocholate. 5alpha-Cyprinol, its bile alcohol moiety, was oxidized to its corresponding C27 bile acid and to allocholic acid (the latter was then conjugated with taurine); these metabolites were efficiently transported. 5alpha-Cyprinol sulfate inhibited taurocholate uptake in COS-7 cells transfected with rat asbt, the apical bile salt transporter of the ileal enterocyte. 5alpha-Cyprinol had limited aqueous solubility (0.3 mM) and was poorly absorbed from the perfused rat jejunum or ileum. Sampling of carp intestinal content indicated that 5alpha-cyprinol sulfate was present at micellar concentrations, and that it did not undergo hydrolysis during intestinal transit. These studies indicate that 5alpha-cyprinol sulfate is an excellent digestive detergent and suggest that a micellar phase is present during digestion in cyprinid fish.

Micellization and surface activity of Triton X-100 in water–orthophosphoric medium

Abstract The adsorption isotherms of Triton X-100 for air/water–orthophosphoric acid interfaces were determined by the stripping method. The surface chemical parameters, Γ max , F and Δ G ° A , and the aggregation ones, CMC and the Δ G M , are determined in different H 2 O/H 3 PO 4 mixtures. For concentrations higher than 4 M, the values of the CMC, Δ G M , Γ max and Δ G ° A increase with increasing acid concentrations due to the occurring changes in the medium structure. ©2000 Academie des sciences / Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS surface tension / non-ionic surfactant / micellization / orthophosphoric acid

The effect of different alcohols and other polar organic additives on the cloud point of Triton X-100 in water

The effect of 21 polar organic liquids additives (including 12 alcohols, two acids, two esters, two ketones, one ether, one formamide and one dioxan) on the cloud point of Triton X-100 (TX100) in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The results show that the addition of the polar organic liquid additives which are infinitely miscible with water increase the cloud point of the TX100, whereas the addition of the polar organic liquid additives which are partially soluble in water decreases the cloud point of TX100. In the former case, the addition of the polar organic liquids may modify the structure of the solvent water, leading to the formation of a less polar medium. This factor, in addition to the adsorption of the additive at the interface micelle–water originates a restriction of micellization and an increase in the cloud point. When the polar organic liquid is partially soluble in water, the molecules of additive may be solubilized in the micelles and adsorbed at the interface micelle–water. These facts could justify a micellar growth and a depression in the cloud point. For additives belonging to a particular homologous series the effect on the cloud point is correlated to the length of the hydrophobic alkyl chain. In general, a longer chain entails lower additive concentration for obtaining phase separation at a certain temperature.