Triticum Estivum Research Articles

Repellency and Phytoxicity Assessment of Plant Extracts, Essential Oils and Nanoparticles on Tribolium castaneum Herbst Beetles Infesting Wheat Grains (Triticum estivum L.)

Plant extracts and nanoparticles were tested for Tribolium castaneum Herbst Beetle repellency and wheat grain phytotoxicity. Mugwort plant extract had 100% repellency after 3 hours for 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations, 85% after 2 hours at 20%, and 82% at 15%. The lowest significant repellency values for Mugwort (Artemisia annua) plant extract and EOs after 1 hour were 42% and 54% at 5% concentration. After 3 hours, plant extract and essential oil at 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations repelled black seeds (Nigella sativa) 100%. Black seeds plant extract had 93% repellency at 20% after 2 hours and 85% at 5% after 3 hours, compared to 50% for EOs. The lowest significant repellency values for plant extract and EOs after 1 hour were 50% and 52% at 5% concentration. SiNPs and AgNPs have similar repellency values across exposure times. SiNPs and AgNPs had 40% repellency at 100 ppm after 1 hour compared to the control. After 1 hour of exposure, SiNPs had 2% repellency and AgNPs 4% at 100 ppm. Phytotoxicity tests showed that wheat grains did not affect seed germination characteristics or biological measurements. In treated wheat grains, most germination and biological indices increased. This shows that these treatments did not kill the wheat embryo. These findings suggest that these treatments could protect grains, particularly wheat, for human consumption, animal feed, or agricultural cultivation.

The Effect of Bio and Mineral Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum estivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at the college of Agriculture – university of Anbar during the winter season of 2018-2019 using complete randomized blocks design (RCBD) to investigate effects of bio-fertilizer (BF) and different rates of mineral fertilizers (MF) from fertilizer recommendation (FR) on the growth and yield of wheat (IBAA cultivar). The growth and yield traits consisted of plant height (PLH), number of tillers (NT), number of spike (NS), number of grains per spike (NGPS), weight of 1000 grains (WG), biological yield (BY), and grains yield (GY). Treatments consisted of: control T0 (without BF and MF); BF (T1); 100% of FR (T2); BF+25% of FR (T3); BF+50%FR (T4); BF+100% FR (T5). Results indicated that the treatment of adding biological fertilizer with 100% mineral fertilizer(T5) was superior in most of the studied characteristics except for the total number of organisms in the soil. The fertilization treatment (T4) did not differ significantly from treatment (T5) in most of the characteristics included in the study except that increasing of microorganisms in the soil. Thus, 50% of the mineral fertilizer can be substituted with the biological fertilizer to reduce the risk of contamination and reduce the cost of mineral fertilizer.

Knock-Down the Expression of Brassinosteroid Receptor TaBRI1 Reduces Photosynthesis, Tolerance to High Light and High Temperature Stresses and Grain Yield in Wheat.

Brassinosteroid (BR)-deficient or -insensitive mutants exhibited altered plant architecture with the potential to impact yield, the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms are still to be explored. In this study, we cloned three BR receptor homologous genes TaBRI1-A1, -B1 and -D1 from hexaploid wheat (Triticum estivum L.) and further isolated the TaBRI1-A1, TaBRI1-D1 deletion mutants from the ion beam-induced mutants of variety Xiaoyan81, TaBRI1-A1 and TaBRI1-D1 in which the expression of total receptor TaBRI1 was significantly decreased. The TaBRI1 knock-down mutants exhibited relatively erect leaves and a significant decrease in the 1000-grain weight. Further studies showed that TaBRI1 knock-down mutants showed a significant reduction in photosynthetic rate during the whole grain-filling stage. TaBRI1 knock-down plants generated by TaBRI1-A1, TaBRI1-D1 deletion or using virus-induced gene silencing exhibited the reduction in the efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and electron transport rate, ETR) especially under high light and high temperature stresses. The 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) treatment increased CO2 assimilation rate in the wild type under both normal and high light and high temperature stresses conditions, but this increasing effect was not observed in the TaBRI1 knock-down mutants. Meanwhile, the expression levels of BR biosynthetic genes including TaDWARF4, TaCPD1 and TaCPD90C1 is not decreased or decreased to a lesser extent in the TaBRI1 knock-down mutants after EBR treatment. These results suggested that TaBRI1 is required for maintaining photosynthesis and tolerance to high light and high temperature stresses both of which are important for grain yield and will be a possible engineered target to control plant photosynthesis and yields in wheat.

Optimizing sowing window for wheat cultivation in Bangladesh using CERES-wheat crop simulation model

Sowing date is a crucial factor for wheat (Triticum estivum L.) production. From traditional field experiments, optimum sowing date for wheat cultivation could be found out based on existing weather and soil conditions but not possible for futuristic sowing window to address climate change impacts. Crop simulation model can play an important role in this regards. So, a study was conducted at Regional Wheat Research Centre (RWRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh to evaluate the CERES-wheat crop model in simulating optimum sowing window for wheat. Thirteen sowing dates starting from 21 October to 20 December at five days interval were tested with wheat cultivar BARI Gom-26. The model was calibrated and validated with one field experimental data followed by 30 years seasonal runs. Optimum sowing window for wheat is 15 November–30 November in Bangladesh. On an average, grain yield of wheat was reduced by 30–40 kg day−1 ha−1 when sown from 1 December to 20 December. Similarly, grain yield reduction was about 148–102 kg day−1 ha−1 with early sown wheat (21 October–14 November).

Gene actions involved in the inheritance of yield related traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

One of the successful ways in breeding program and determining breeding methodology is information about the type of gene action involved in the inheritance of a character in different wheat generations. The objective of this study was to estimate gene effects for grain yield traits in wheat (Triticum estivum L.) in four selected crosses, involving five parents, their first and second filial generations (F1, F2) and first back crosses generations (BC1). The gene effects were estimated on the basis of generation mean analysis, using an additive-dominant model with three and six-parameters. The adequacy of the additive-dominance model with three-parameters was tested using the Scaling test and Chi-square (χ2) test. The significant Scaling tests and Joint-scaling test indicated the presence of digenic epistasis for the most of studied traits. The application of six-parameter models revealed that genetic effects for certain traits were depending upon the particular cross and differed on an overall basis. The significant type of non-allelic interactions which was observed in most of cross combinations was additive×additive (i) and dominance×dominance (l). Duplicate gene interactions were also observed, which are quite difficult to exploit in breeding programs. From these observations it is suggested that selection for the improvement of some traits should be effective in advanced segregating generations due to non-allelic gene interaction, while in cross combination where epistasis did not make a significant contribution among the generation means, selection in early segregating generations would be effective.

Influence of integrated soil fertility management in wheat and tef productivity and soil chemical properties in the highland tropical environment

Soil fertility depletion and soil quality decline have been threatening the ecological and economic sustainability of crop production. In order to improve soil fertility and nutrient management approaches, on-farm integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on wheat (Triticum estivum L.) and tef (Eragrostis tef) yield and soil fertility in the highland Nitisol area of Ethiopia during 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The treatments were five selected combinations of N and P, manure and compost. These included control, farmers’ practice (23/10 kg NP ha -1 ), recommended NP rate (60/20 kg NP ha

Expression of Potential Resistance Genes to the English Grain Aphid,Sitobion avenae, in Wheat,Triticum aestivum

The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a dominant and destructive pest in wheat, Triticum estivum L. (Poales: Poaceae), production regions in China and other grain-growing areas worldwide. Patterns of gene expression of the S. avenae-resistant synthetic wheat line 98-10-35, the S. avenae-susceptible line1376, and their hybrid population, and the differences in segments between 98-10-35/1376 F3 resistant plants and resistant parents of 98-10-35, as well as those between the F3 resistant and susceptible populations, were examined with differential display reverse transcription PCR. The results showed that five patterns of differential expression were detected between the progeny and its resistant parents: 1) The gene was silenced in one of the parents; 2) Special expression showed in the progeny; 3) Expression was consistent with the resistant parents; 4) Up expression showed in the progeny but not in the parents; 5) Down expression showed in the progeny but not in the parents. Paired t-test results were not significant; however, the probability value (0.9158) indicated that gene expression on the RNA level were consistent with resistant bands found in F3 resistant individuals and resistant parents, as well as the F3 resistant and susceptible populations. For both the F3 of 98-10-35/1376 and the parents, the total number of amplified bands was 202, with an average of 25.3 per primer. The number of differential bands was 116, with an average of 14.5 per primer amplified and a polymorphism ratio of 56.3%. In the present study, differential expression genes in the resistant line 98-10-35 were all up-regulated. Among them, gene expression of resistant groups in the F3 population was in agreement with patterns 2, 3, and 4. However, the susceptible line 1376 did not have this gene expression on the RNA level. This pattern is expected to be used to select and analyze target genes from the same F3 population and the resistant parents. The results suggest that it can be employed as a new method for molecular assisted breeding.

Wheat yield response to line source sprinkler irrigation and soil management practices on medium-textured shallow soils of arid environment

A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation under different soil management practices on biomass production, grain yield, yield components and water productivity of spring wheat (Triticum estivum L.). Soil management practices consisted of tillage (conventional and deep tillage) and Farmyard manure (0 and 10 t ha -1 FYM). Line source sprinkler laterals were used to generate one full- (ETm) and four deficit irrigation treatments that were 88, 75, 62 and 46 % of ETm, and designated as ETd1 ,E Td 2, ETd3 ,a nd ETd 4. Deep tillage significantly enhanced grain yield (14-18 %) and water pro- ductivity (1.27-1.34 kg m -3 ) over conventional tillage. Similarly, application of FYM at 10 t ha -1 significantly improved grain yield (10-13 %) and water productivity (1.25-1.31 kg m -3 ) in comparison with no FYM. Grain yield response to irrigation varied significantly (5,281-2,704 kg ha -1 ) due to differences in soil water contents. Water productivity varied from 1.05 to 1.34 kg m -3 , among the treatments in 3 years. The interactive effect of irriga- tion 9 tillage practices and irrigation 9 FYM on grain yield was significant. Yield performance proved that deficit irri- gation (ETd2) subjected to 75 % soil water deficit had the smallest yield decline with significant water saving would be the most appropriate irrigation level for wheat production in arid regions.

Phosphorus availability to rice ( Oriza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum estivum L.) in a Vertisol after eight years of inorganic and organic fertilizer additions

Integrated use of inorganic fertilizer N and well decomposed cattle manure (CM) or 30–35 days old Parthenium ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.), a weed grown off site as green manure (GM) under repeated applications of fertilizer P and urea N for eight years in a rice ( Oriza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum estivum L.) sequence was studied on transformation of fertilizer P applied to soil at the National Research Center for Weed Science, Jabalpur, India. Based on the results, it appeared that, repeated applications of 52 kg super-phosphate P resulted in a marked increase in Olsen P linearly with time. Conjunctive use of urea fertilizer N with organic manure resulted in a larger increase in Olsen P in the Vertisol. Studies further revealed that the greater accumulation of fertilizer P applied in excess to crop removal occurred in inorganic P in the plots receiving only fertilizer N. However, plots receiving fertilizer N along with organic manures led to P accumulation predominantly in organic forms. The study suggests that these two pools of P acted as a sink when fertilizer P was applied in excess to crop removal and are bio-chemically active. The Olsen P status after 8 cycles of rice–wheat crops revealed that the average amount of fertilizer P required after adjusting for crop uptake to increase Olsen P by 1 mg kg −1 soil was 7.2 kg P ha −1 in the plots receiving only fertilizer N. Whereas, application of 5 t FYM or 6 t GM reduced it to 4.6 kg P ha −1. The plots receiving manure always maintained a greater concentration of Olsen P. The application of CM or GM with fertilizer N enriched short-term inorganic P as well as long-term organic P fertility. After eight years, larger concentrations of organic P in the subsurface layer (16–30 cm), compared to initial values, indicates downward movement of P in organic forms.

Effects of postfire seeding and fertilizing on hillslope erosion in north-central Washington, USA

After the 1998 North 25 Fire in the Wenatchee National Forest, eight study sites were established on steep, severely burned hillslopes to examine the effectiveness of postfire seeding and fertilizing treatments in increasing cover to reduce hillslope erosion, and to measure the nutrient content of the eroded sediment. At each site, four 4 by 9 m plots were located with four randomly applied treatments: seed (winter wheat, Triticum estivum) at 34 kg ha − 1 , fertilizer (75% ammonium nitrate and 25% ammonium sulfate) at 31 kg ha − 1 , seed and fertilizer, and untreated control. Sediment fences were installed at the base of each plot to measure erosion rates and sample the eroded sediments. In addition, precipitation amounts and intensities, surface cover, canopy cover, and nutrient concentrations in the eroded sediments were measured for four years after the fire. Total precipitation was below average during the four-year study period, and most erosion occurred during short duration, moderate intensity summer rainfall events. The overall first year mean erosion rate was 16 Mg ha − 1 yr − 1 , and this decreased significantly in the second year to 0.66 Mg ha − 1 yr − 1 . There were no significant differences in erosion rates between treatments. In the first year, the seeded winter wheat provided 4.5% canopy cover, about a fourth of the total canopy cover, on the seeded plots; however, the total canopy cover on the seeded plots did not differ from the unseeded plots. The below average precipitation in the spring after seeding may have affected the winter wheat survival rate. In the fourth year of the study, the mean canopy cover in the fertilization treatment plots was 74%, and this was greater than the 55% mean canopy cover in the unfertilized plots ( p = 0.04); however, there was no accompanying reduction in erosion rate for either the seeding or fertilization treatments. Revegetation by naturally occurring species was apparently not impacted by seeding during the four years of this study. The pH of the sediment as well as the concentrations of NO 3–N, NH 4–N, and K was not affected by seeding or fertilizing. The nutrient loads in the eroded sediment were minimal, with most of the nutrient loss occurring in the first postfire year. These results confirm that seeding success is highly dependent on rainfall intensity, amounts, and timing, and that soil nutrients lost in eroded sediments are unlikely to impair the site productivity.

Effect of Media, Growth Regulators and Genotypes on Callus Induction and Regeneration in Wheat (Triticum estivum)

Effect of Media, Growth Regulators and Genotypes on Callus Induction and Regeneration in Wheat (Triticum estivum)

Potential allelopathic sesquiterpene lactones from sunflower leaves

Isolation, structure elucidation and allelopathic bioassays of 13 sesquiterpene lactones, four of them new, from the sunflower cultivar VYP ® are described. Structures of the lactone assigned as 1,2-anhydrido-4,5-dihydroniveusin A, previously isolated from capitate glandular trichomes of Helianthus annuus and of annuithrin are corrected. The effect of a series of aqueous solutions at 10 −4–10 −9 M of the sesquiterpene lactones was studied on the root and shoot lengths of Lactuca sativa var. nigra, Lepidium sativum, Lycopersicon esculentum, seedlings (dicotyledons) and Hordeum vulgare and Triticum estivum (monocotyledons). The guaianolides generally had no effect on the germination and growth of L. sativum and L. esculentum, except for C-10 epimers 8β-angeloyloxycumambranolide and annoulide G where inhibitory effects were found on the shoot length of L. esculentum. Both exhibit similar activity profiles, the most persistenty active compound on dilution was 8β-angeloyloxycumambranolide with an α-orientated hydroxyl group at C-10. The conformational changes due to functionalization within germacranolides influence principally root and shoot growth. Heliangolides have greater effect on root and shoot length of dicotyledon species, presumably due to conformational flexibility and the presence of electrophylic groups.

ORGANIC AMENDMENTS AND PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS: II. DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS

Previously, we found that organic amendments decreased P sorption that was related to changes in some soil chemical properties (e.g., pH and exchangeable Al). However, addition of organic residue to soils may also affect P sorption by adding PO4 (Pi) or releasing organic P (Po) during mineralization of residues and affect redistribution of P among P pools in soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of organic amendments (manure, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat straw (Triticum estivum) compared with inorganic amendments (CaCO3 and CaSO4) on P fractions after 28-day incubations. The five acid soils with high P fixation characteristics used in the study were Jory (clayey, mixed, mesic xeric Haplohumult) and Tolo (medial over loamy, mixed, frigid typic Vitrandept) from Oregon, and Mata (Sombrihumult), Kinigi (Placandept), and Kibeho (Paleudult) from Rwanda. Manure and alfalfa residues increased resin Pi and NaHCO3-Pi (biologically available) and NaHCO3-Po (readily mineralizable) and NaOH-Pi (chemisorbed) in all soils. The Tolo soil showed the least increase of chemisorbed Pi and the greatest increase of resin and NaHCO3-Pi, which corresponded to previous findings of lower P sorption by Tolo than by the other soils. Wheat straw residues had relatively little effect on P fractions as a consequence of its low total P content. In all soils, both NaOH-Pi (and to lesser extent NaOH-Po) increased with manure or alfalfa amendments. These fractions are sites for P sorption; thus, increases in these fractions provide evidence that P-rich organic amendments can decrease future P sorption in soils by reacting with these sorption sites. Calcium carbonate or CaSO4·2H2O had little or no effect on P distribution, indicating that redistribution of P fraction does not occur with reduction in exchangeable Al and Fe (CaSO4 and CaCO3) or change in pH (CaCO3).

Carbon and Phosphorus Losses from Decomposing Crop Residues in No‐Till and Conventional Till Agroecosystems

AbstractAn increased knowledge of crop residue decomposition characteristics is a critical component for nutrient cycling studies in agroecosystems. Carbon and P losses from shoot residues of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat [Triticum estivum (L.), emend. Thell], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and shoot and root residues of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were compared in no‐till and conventional till systems. Grain crop residues were generally collected from senescent plants following harvest and placed in fiberglass mesh litter bags. Soybean leaf residues, however, were sampled following preharvest abscission, while crimson clover residues were collected at spring anthesis and buried only in a conventional till system. Generally, the changes in C and P content of residues were best described by exponential and/or logarithmic functions. Losses of C and P from crop residues were consistently greater, and more rapid when residues were buried vs. left on the soil surface. Crimson clover shoots lost C and P more rapidly than root residues. Generally, greater initial losses of P than of C occurred in most residues. The lack of correlation between C and P losses is believed to be due to an inital and probably variable inorganic P content that is readily leached prior to the decomposition and mineralization losses of C. Differences in the rate and magnitude of C losses were related to seasonal effects, the initial N and P content, and/or the proportional amount of lignin in the plant residues. Tillage is clearly an important regulator or driving variable for element cycling in agroecosystems.