Triticum Aestivum Var Research Articles

Mycorrhizal inoculation and nitrogen fertilization affect the physiology and growth of spring wheat under two contrasting water regimes

Most plants benefit from mycorrhizal symbiosis through their improved abilities to take up nutrients and water. Information on the interactive effects of fungal inoculation, nitrogen (N) fertilization and drought on water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity of Canadian wheat varieties is scanty. In this study, we investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation, N fertilization and water regime (well-watered (WW) vs water-deficit (WD)) on WUE, phosphorus (P) and N uptake and growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Superb) in a greenhouse experiment. The specific leaf area (SLA) of flag leaves was significantly increased by AMF inoculation under the two water regimes but was lowered under N fertilization and drought conditions. The AMF inoculation significantly enhanced relative water content under WD. The WUE and instantaneous WUE (WUEi) were enhanced by N fertilization and AMF inoculation under both water regimes. Combined N fertilization and AMF inoculation significantly increased N concentrations in stem and grain, plant height, biomass and grain yield under WD. The P concentrations in stem and grain were increased under WD, irrespective of other treatments applied. The WUE and grain N, stem N, and P concentrations were positively correlated. Plant physiological characteristics were negatively affected by WD, while N fertilization and AMF inoculation enhanced plant performance under WD, including the increase of N and P concentrations in different componments of spring wheat.

Raise of short-stemmed vaviloid branched spike lines and their cytogenetics

Hybridization between hexaploid species of wheat ( Triticum L.) and triticale (Ч Triticosecale Wittm.) is used widely in genetic research and breeding when studying mutual introgressions of genetic material to original species. As far as the hexaploid triticale obtained in our Institute possessed a strong potential of morphogenesis, we decided to use it in crosses with bread wheat. During the process of morphogenesis in hybrid population of the second and third generations derived from the crosses between hexaploid triticale with different bread wheat cultivars (Opal and Chinese Spring) and variety (Triticum aestivum var. velutinum), plants with wheat, rye, intermediate, and triticale-like spike types were noted. Starting from the third generation, constant short-stemmed vaviloid branched spike plants were isolated among populations under study. Despite instability and numerous meiotic aberrations observed in the first generation of plants, including branched-spike ones, the subsequent progeny demonstrated meiotic and morphological stability. The chromosome composition of one of the lines (378/3SD) was characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genome in situ hybridization (GISH), and it was identified as a substitution line. Chromosomal identification of such lines will allow their use in genetic studies concerning specified traits, in particular, the vaviloid branched spike.

Susceptibility of Selected Perennial Small Grain Cultivars, to Greenbug,Schizaphis graminum(Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract. Twelve perennial small grain cultivars were examined for eight characteristics favorable to management of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). A greenbug-susceptible variety of hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and a greenbug-resistant hard red winter wheat variety were used as checks. Eight of the 12 perennial small grain cultivars (including X Triticosecale spp. / Thinopyrum intermedium // X Triticosecale spp., X Triticosecale spp. / Thinopyrum ponticum // X Triticosecale spp., Thinopyrum ponticum / Triticum aestivum var. Eltan, X Agrotriticum spp. (PI550715) / Tripsacum dactyloides var. Spitzer, and Hordeum vulgare var. MT2 / Tripsacum dactyloides var. Spitzer) had at least one favorable greenbug management characteristic. Cultivars that included X Triticosecale spp. and either Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey or T. ponticum wheatgrass in their genetic background had the most favorable characteristics.

Uptake of 14C-atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (Triticum aestivum var Kronjet) and their translocation to shoots

Plant uptake of toxins and their translocation to edible plant parts are important processes in the transfer of contaminants into the food chain. Atropine, a highly toxic muscarine receptor antagonist produced by Solanacea species, is found in all plant tissues and can enter the soil and hence be available for uptake by crops. The absorption of atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (Triticum aestivum var Kronjet) and its distribution to shoots was investigated by growing wheat in soil spiked with unlabeled or 14C-labeled atropine. Radioactivity attributable to 14C-atropine and its transformation products was measurable in plants sampled at 15 d after sowing (DAS) and thereafter until the end of experiment. The highest accumulation of 14C-atropine and/or its transformation products by plants was detected in leaves (between 73 and 90% of the total accumulated) with lower amounts in stems, roots, and seeds (approximately 14%, 9%, and 3%, respectively). 14C-Atropine and/or its transformation products were detected in soil leachate at 30, 60, and 90 DAS and were strongly adsorbed to soil, with 60% of the applied dose adsorbed at 30 DAS, plateauing at 70% from 60 DAS. Unlabeled atropine was detected in shoots 30 DAS at a concentration of 3.9 ± 0.1 μg kg−1 (mean ± SD). The observed bioconcentration factor was 2.3 ± 0.04. The results suggest a potential risk of atropine toxicity to consumers.

Hydrolysed wool: a novel soil amendment for zinc and iron biofortification of wheat

Biofortification—with either the application of zinc and iron fertilizer or the application of amendments to increase their bioavailability in soil—is a possible strategy to tackle worldwide micronutrient malnutrition. We investigated the effect of hydrolysed wool on the uptake of zinc and iron by wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Greina). We performed pot experiments in which either hydrolysed wool or mineral fertilizer of the same elemental composition was incorporated into a loamy-sand collected from an agricultural field. Zinc grain concentrations were 37.7 mg kg−1 (control), 45.5 mg kg−1 (mineral fertilization) and 54.1 mg kg−1 (hydrolysed wool). In addition, hydrolysed wool application increased grain yield 2-fold and grain protein content 1.5-fold, compared with 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, by the mineral fertilizer. We propose that hydrolysed wool could be used to supplement other fertilizers, enhancing the latter with an easily available N source as well as promoting zinc and iron uptake in plants.

Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Neem (Azadiracta indica) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citroides) on the Growth and Germination of Wheat (Triticum aestivum var-desi)

Allelopathic effects of the neem and eucalyptus were analyzed on the growth and germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Desi) in a laboratory of IGAEERE, Jiwaji University, Gwalior. The aqueous extract concentrations of neem and eucalyptus used in the experiment were 25%, 50% and 100% w/v prepared by dissolving the leaf powder of 25 g, 50 g and 100 g of the neem and eucalyptus plants in 500 ml distilled water. The aqueous extracts of various concentrations of both these plants showed a remarkable allelopathic effect on the growth and germination of the wheat. The inhibitory allelopathic effect of both these plants directly increases as the concentration of the extract increases. However, the allelopathic effect of eucalyptus extract was found more than neem on the growth and germination of wheat. The present study has very important implications as the eucalyptus and the neem has been used extensively as a part of Agroforestry in various parts of India.

STUDY THE EFFECT OF SOME NITROGEN SOURCE AND TWO ELEMENTS CADMIUM AND LEAD ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVITY FEATURES OF WHEAT TriticumaestivumVar.Ipa 99

The research carried out as a laboratory experiment in the laboratories of Biology Department / College of Science / University of Anbar during the winter season 2010 – 2011 by using pots contained 9Kg of sand washed with distilled water for several times to ensure it is free of all nutrient elements and the heavy metal. The aim of this experiment is to study the impact of environmental pollution by two elements (cadmium , lead) and it's interaction with four sources of nitrogen nutrients on some morphological and productivity features of wheat ( Triticumaestivum Var. Ipa 99) and to study the impact of these nitrogenous sources on accumulation of those heavy metals in different plant parts (Roots , Shoots , Grains) The experiment was designed as Completely Randomized Block Design , factorial experiment with three replications , included a study of three factors :The first factor, Type of the heavy metal (cadmium , lead) The second factor, Concentration of heavy metals, The third factor , Type of the nitrogenous source [ Nitrate Ca(NO3)2 , Ammonium (NH4)2SO4 , Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 , Urea CO(NH2)2]. The plants The plants had been irrigated with Hougland complete nutrient solution for the four nitrogenous sources without adding the heavy metals and 14 days later different concentration of cadmium and lead were added to the nutrient solutions above . During plant growth were calculated leaf area , before the harvest , plant height measures had been taken , after harvest calculated the dry weight for the roots and weight of 100 grain of plant yield. Statically analysis was performed to find out the differences at probability level( P≤ 0.05) between the different nitrogenous sources and type , concentration of the heavy metals . The result showed : ammonium source have the higher value of leaf area , plant height , nitrate source have the higher value of dry weight of 100 grain , ammonium nitrate source have the higher value of dry weight of root . the heavy metals negatively effected on all studied features , cadmium more effected on plant height , root dry weight , 100 grain weight , while lead more effected on leaf area

Phosphorus Fertilization and Fungal Inoculations Affected the Physiology, Phosphorus Uptake and Growth of Spring Wheat Under Rainfed Conditions on the Canadian Prairies

AbstractSome fungal species have been shown to improve plant growth under drought conditions and to increase plant phosphorus (P) uptake from the soil. How moisture limitation, P availability and fungal inoculation interact to affect plant physiology and growth is, however, poorly understood. Here, we studied the combined effects of fungal (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or Penicillium spp.) inoculations and phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 45 and 90 kg ha−1) on the net rate of photosynthesis, water‐use efficiency, P uptake and growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Superb) under field conditions at two locations (Castor and Vegreville) in Alberta, Canada. Both fungal inoculation and P application increased the rate of photosynthesis. Under the same P level, AMF inoculation had a greater positive effect on the rate of photosynthesis than Penicillium inoculation. The AMF inoculation increased the instantaneous water‐use efficiency (WUEi) of plants at Castor, but not at Vegreville. Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (CID, Δ13C) increased with the rate of P application but was not affected by fungal inoculations. Phosphorus concentrations of stem and seed increased with both fungal inoculation and P application irrespective of location, with AMF inoculation showing the largest effects. The interaction between P addition and fungal inoculation was significant for stem P concentration in Vegreville. Both fungal inoculation and P application increased the leaf area index (LAI), biomass production and grain yield at both locations. Under the same P level, AMF inoculation had a greater positive effect on LAI, biomass production and grain yields than Penicillium inoculation. Morphological characters such as spike length and kernels/spike were also improved by fungal inoculation and P application at both locations. We conclude that the studied sites were deficient in P availability, and both fungal inoculation and P application improved P uptake and crop productivity, while the effect of fungal inoculation on water‐use efficiency was site specific.

Studies on effects of salicylic acid and thiourea on biochemical activities and yield production in wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Gimaza 9) plants grown under drought stress

Drought is a problem of water deficit in the soil. It causes restrictions of wheat plants growth and productivity. In the present approach, we explored new methods for drought managment. Wheat grains were presoaked in ~1 mmol salicylic acid (SA). Wheat was left to grow with 40% soil water holding capacity in pots until yielding stages. The leaves which were produced were two-times sprayed with 2.5 and 5 mmol thiourea (Th) before anthesis. Morphological and biochemical traits were analyzed on the heading stage in addition to yield and yield components. Results show a conspicuous anti-drought effect in pretreated-compared to untreated-wheat. For example, pretreated wheat with SA and/or Th, possessed a significant increase in carotenoids, antioxidant enzymes activities and some metabolites (growth promotors, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, nitrogenous constituents and minerals). On the contrary, lipid peroxidation and H 2 O 2 decreased in level under the effect of external treatments. Wheat general morphology and yield components were generally improved upon SA and/or Th pretreatments. These data reinforced further investigations to reveal the reason behind the anti-drought responses in treated wheat with low doses of SA and/or Th before and during exposure to a progressive drought. Keywords: Biochemical activity, foliar application, salicylic acid, thiourea, wheat

Impact of applying composted biosolids on wheat growth and yield parameters on a calcimagnesic soil in a semi-arid region

A field trial in a semi-arid climate was carried out on wheat ( Triticum aestivum var. Marchouch) growing on a calcimagnesic soil using compost applied at 42 T/ha during the three years of study, but in different ways: C1, C2 and C3. Over this period, the level of total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) increased in the soil amended by high doses (C2 and C3, by about 33 and 50%) compared with steady low amendment (C1) and to both controls NF (soil without fertilisation) and MF (soil receiving mineral fertilization). Adding compost also led to a positive influence on cation exchange capacity (CEC) by increasing humic substance levels (HS) which doubled in plots C2 and C3 compared with both controls. In NF soil, the TKN, total organic carbon (TOC) and the pH of soil showed a clear negative correlation with the agronomic parameters. In the MF soil, most physico-chemical parameters correlated well with the agronomic parameters: input of mineral elements balancing export through harvest. In amended soil, especially in C3 plots, HS and CEC showed significant correlations with most agronomic parameters (P1: 69.1%) due to enhanced CEC and sequestration of available carbon in the form of stable humic structures. Key words: Compost, wheat growth, calcimagnesic soil, semi-arid region.

Spectroscopic analysis of diversity in the spatial distribution of arabinoxylan structures in endosperm cell walls of cereal species in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity collection

Two varieties each of spelt (Triticum aestivum var. spelta), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum), rye (Secale cereale), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa), einkorn (Triticum monococcum var. monococcum) and emmer (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccum) (all members of the Pooideae sub-family of grasses) were selected according to variation in their contents of soluble and/or total arabinoxylan (AX) determined during the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen, together with one genotype of the related “model” grass species Brachypodium distachyon. The spatial distribution of low substituted (LS-AX) and highly substituted arabinoxylan (HS-AX) was determined using FT-IR spectroscopic mapping of transverse thin cross-sections consisting of cell walls only. Variation in cell wall AX composition was observed between the cereals, and compared with that observed for wheat (Triticum aestivum var. aestivum). One line of each cereal type was analysed in more detail using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results of the two analyses were consistent, showing variation in the composition and structure of the endosperm cell wall AX that is consistent with the genetic relationships of the cereals studied.

Effect of light on the gene expression and hormonal status of winter and spring wheat plants during cold hardening

The effect of light on gene expression and hormonal status during the development of freezing tolerance was studied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Mv Emese) and in the spring wheat variety Nadro. Ten-day-old plants (3-leaf stage) were cold hardened at 5°C for 12 days under either normal (250 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) or low (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) light conditions. Comprehensive analysis was carried out to explore the background of frost tolerance and the differences between these wheat varieties. Global genome analysis was performed, enquiring about the details of the cold signaling pathways. The expression level of a large number of genes is affected by light, and this effect may differ in different wheat genotypes. Photosynthesis-related processes probably play a key role in the enhancement of freezing tolerance; however, there are several other genes whose induction is light-dependent, so either there is cross-talk between signaling of chloroplast originating and other protective mechanisms or there are other light sensors that transduce signals to the components responsible for stress tolerance. Changes in the level of both plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, nitric oxide and ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and other stress-related protective substances (proline, phenolics) were investigated during the phases of the hardening period. Hormonal levels were also affected by light and their dynamics indicate that wheat plants try to keep growing during the cold-hardening period. The data from this experiment may provide a new insight into the cross talk between cold and light signaling in wheat.

Decomposition of lignin in wheat straw in a sand-dune grassland

The degradation of organic macromolecules, including lignin, in plant-derived soil organic matter, is important to the global carbon cycle. In grasslands, saprotrophic (decomposer) fungi are major decomposers of such organic material. The aim of this study was to characterise lignin degradation, particularly with respect to lignin oxidation typical of white-rot basidiomycete fungi. Lignin breakdown products, analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with TMAH thermochemolysis, in initial wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Swatham) straw samples were compared with those in samples which had been buried as a “model” resource for 46 months in a sand-dune grassland at Ainsdale National Nature Reserve, Lancashire, UK.Our results showed that lignin oxidation occurred in the straw over the 46 month period, as there were general increases in the [Ac/Al]S and [Ac/Al]G ratios and a clear decrease in the [S/G] ratio. These data provide tentative support for the theory that white-rot basidiomycete fungi are involved in the degradation of lignin in grasslands.

Screening of native plant growth promoting cyanobacteria and their impact on Triticum aestivum var. Uqab 2000 growth

In the current study cyanobacterial strains isolated from rice fields were evaluated as biofertilizers. They were tested for different plant growth promoting traits such as phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation and, hydrogen cyanide and auxin production. The two selected cyanobacterial strains were identified asphormidium SM-14 and SM-15. Both strains were able to solubilize phosphate, fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce hydrogen cyanide. Cyanobacteria produced variable amount of auxin in the presence of different concentrations of L-Tryptophan. Cyanobacterial strains used as biofertilizers have tremendous potential to enhance growth of Triticum aestivum var. Uqab 2000 in control conditions. Key words: Cyanobacteria, wheat, auxin, BG11 medium, Phormidium.

Growth Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch) to Nitrogen

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) on wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch) interference with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Pishtaz) by an additive series experiment. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with 3 replications. Wheat plant height losses were on average 30, 10, and 10% in a wild barley density of 16 plants per pot with an N supply of 40, 80, and 160 mg per kgsoil, respectively. At all N application rates, wheat tillers decreased in the presence of wild barley densities of 4, 8, and 16 plants per pot. Increased N stimulated wheat tiller growth per plant but this effect was reduced by wild barley interference. The highest leaf area was observed at 80 mg N per kg soil for both species in monocultures. Significant differences were observed among wheat dry weight values in all wild barley densities and at each level of N application rate. Shoot N concentration of wild barley was greater than that of wheat. Wild barley competition always reduced shoot N concentration of wheat and this was increased with increasing wild barley density. The results of this study suggested that wild barley is more responsive to soil N levels than wheat.

Comparative study of wild and transformed salt tolerant bacterial strains on Triticum aestivum growth under salt stress

Eleven salt tolerant bacteria isolated from different sources (soil, plants) and their transformed strains were used to study their influence on Triticum aestivum var. Inqlab-91 growth under salt (100 mM NaCl) stress. Salt stress caused reduction in germination (19.4%), seedling growth (46%) and fresh weight (39%) in non-inoculated plants. In general, both wild and transformed strains stimulated germination, seedling growth and fresh weight in salt free and salt stressed conditions. At 100 mM NaCl, Staphylococcus xylosus ST-1 caused 25% increments in seedling length over respective control. Soluble protein content significantly enhanced (49%) under salt stress as compared to salt free control. At 100 mM NaCl parental strain PT-5 resulted about 32% enhancement in protein content over respective control treatment. Salt stress induced the promotion of auxin content in seedlings. Overall, Bacillus subtilis HAa2 and transformed E. coli -SP-7-T, caused 33% and 30% increases in auxin content, respectively, were recorded under salt stress in comparison to control.

Wheat beta-expansin (EXPB11) genes: Identification of the expressed gene on chromosome 3BS carrying a pollen allergen domain

BackgroundExpansins form a large multi-gene family found in wheat and other cereal genomes that are involved in the expansion of cell walls as a tissue grows. The expansin family can be divided up into two main groups, namely, alpha-expansin (EXPA) and beta-expansin proteins (EXPB), with the EXPB group being of particular interest as group 1-pollen allergens.ResultsIn this study, three beta-expansin genes were identified and characterized from a newly sequenced region of the Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring chromosome 3B physical map at the Sr2 locus (FPC contig ctg11). The analysis of a 357 kb sub-sequence of FPC contig ctg11 identified one beta-expansin genes to be TaEXPB11, originally identified as a cDNA from the wheat cv Wyuna. Through the analysis of intron sequences of the three wheat cv. Chinese Spring genes, we propose that two of these beta-expansin genes are duplications of the TaEXPB11 gene. Comparative sequence analysis with two other wheat cultivars (cv. Westonia and cv. Hope) and a Triticum aestivum var. spelta line validated the identification of the Chinese Spring variant of TaEXPB11. The expression in maternal and grain tissues was confirmed by examining EST databases and carrying out RT-PCR experiments. Detailed examination of the position of TaEXPB11 relative to the locus encoding Sr2 disease resistance ruled out the possibility of this gene directly contributing to the resistance phenotype.ConclusionsThrough 3-D structural protein comparisons with Zea mays EXPB1, we proposed that variations within the coding sequence of TaEXPB11 in wheats may produce a functional change within features such as domain 1 related to possible involvement in cell wall structure and domain 2 defining the pollen allergen domain and binding to IgE protein. The variation established in this gene suggests it is a clearly identifiable member of a gene family and reflects the dynamic features of the wheat genome as it adapted to a range of different environments and uses.Accession Numbers: ctg11 =FN564426Survey sequences of TaEXPB11ws and TsEXPB11 are provided request.

Determination of kinetic parameters for potassium uptake by wheat at different growth stages

Root influx parameters (Vmax and K m) of wheat (Triticum aestivum var. HD-2285) were determined at different stages of crop growth, viz. CRIS-Crown Root Initiation Stage, MTS-Maximum Tillering Stage, FLS-Flag Leaf Stage and DFS-Dough Formation Stage. Wheat was grown in sand medium with Hoagland nutrient solution (all nutrients except potassium). Plants were taken out from sand culture at 22, 41, 69, and 87 days after germination (DAG) and placed in a specially designed assembly of flowing solution in laboratory and greenhouse. The nutrient solution allowed to flow into the culture vessel in a regulated manner by means of a separating funnel. Fresh Hoagland solutions having five different concentration of K + (0.051, 0.154, 0.256, 0.333, and 0.410 mM) were added drop-wise on the funnels at the rate of about 35 µL s -1 and continuously supplied in five different assemblies. Root influx parameters (Vmax and K m) were determined employing a simple solution culture technique, by measuring the depletion of potassium (input-output concentration) by wheat roots in five nutrient media differing in potassium concentration only. Vmax and Km were calculated with the help of coefficients obtained by fitting the solution K + concentration and K + uptake rate data on the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Vmax and Km values were decreased with the age of wheat crop. The Vmax was 48.7 nmol m -2 s -1 at 22 DAG and decreased to 19.4 nmol m -2 s -1 at 41 DAG, 5.90 nmol m -2 s -1 at 69 DAG and finally decreased to 4.21 nmo1m -2 s -1 at 87 days of crop growth; corresponding Km values were 0.299, 0.254, 0.176 and 0.146 mM, respectively.

Effects of potassium on temporal growth of root and shoot of wheat and its uptake in different soils

In a pot culture experiment, the root length density, potassium concentration in crop, and total K uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum var. HD 2285) at different growth stages (CRIS-Crown Root Initiation Stage, MTS-Maximum Tillering Stage, FLS-Flag Leaf Stage and DFS-Dough Formation Stage) were determined. Wheat crop was grown in 72 pots containing 4.5 kg of three types of soils, namely Alfisol, Vertisol, and Inceptisol. Pots were divided into two sets, that is, with 50 mg kg -1 K as basal and another 50 mg kg -1 was top dressed at 45 days after sowing and without potassium. Optimum doses of N, P and other macro-and micro-nutrients were given to the crop. At different stages of wheat growth (22, 41, 69, and 87 days after germination), the shoot was harvested and the soil in the pot was screened carefully under moist condition to collect total roots and measuring the root volume and mean root diameter. Using root volume and mean diameter of root, total root length and then root length density were calculated. Results show that the wheat dry matter yields increased gradually with crop age and it was more in Inceptisol followed by Vertisol and Alfisol. Potassium deficiency decreased total root length (TRL) and root length density (RLD) in the last stages of wheat growth particularly in Vertisol and Alfisol. Potassium concentration in wheat at different stages of crop growth was found to be less in Alfisol than in Vertisol and Inceptisol. At different stages of wheat growth, potassium uptake (mg pot -1 ) was found to be less in Alfisol than in Vertisol and Inceptisol. The uptake values increased sharply with the age of the crop up to 69 days after germination (FLS), but the rate of potassium accumulation showed a gradual decrease thereafter, in soils, which received optimum amount of potassium.

Comparative study of wild and transformed salt tolerant bacterial strains on Triticum aestivum growth under salt stress

Eleven salt tolerant bacteria isolated from different sources (soil, plants) and their transformed strains were used to study their influence on Triticum aestivum var. Inqlab-91 growth under salt (100 mM NaCl) stress. Salt stress caused reduction in germination (19.4%), seedling growth (46%) and fresh weight (39%) in non-inoculated plants. In general, both wild and transformed strains stimulated germination, seedling growth and fresh weight in salt free and salt stressed conditions. At 100 mM NaCl, Staphylococcus xylosus ST-1 caused 25% increments in seedling length over respective control. Soluble protein content significantly enhanced (49%) under salt stress as compared to salt free control. At 100 mM NaCl parental strain PT-5 resulted about 32% enhancement in protein content over respective control treatment. Salt stress induced the promotion of auxin content in seedlings. Overall, Bacillus subtilis HAa2 and transformed E. coli -SP-7-T, caused 33% and 30% increases in auxin content, respectively, were recorded under salt stress in comparison to control.