Tris Thiourea Sulphate Research Articles

Growth and Investigation Studies of Pure and Glycine Doped Zinc Tris-thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) Single Crystals

Abstract: Zinc Tris-thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) belongs to the family of semiorganics nonlinear optical materials. Good quality single crystal of pure and doped ZTS have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The grown crystals have been subjected to FTIR and UV visible spectra studies. The Fourier Transform Infrared analysis confirms the presence of functional groups and zinc coordination in grown crystals. The UV visible spectrum revels that grown crystals were transparent in the entire visible region. These investigations indicated that impurity played an important role in the changes of the transmittance of ZTS crystals.

Optimizing first-, second- and third-order optical traits of zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystal by l-tyrosine for photonic device applications

Optimizing first-, second- and third-order optical traits of zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystal by l-tyrosine for photonic device applications

Growth and characterization of semi-organic non-linear optical L-threonine doped ZTS crystal

Single crystals of L-threonine doped zinc tris thiourea sulphate, a semi-organic nonlinear optical material was successfully grown by the slow evaporation technique. The crystalline nature and structural parameters of L-threonine doped ZTS crystal have been confirmed by single-crystal XRD analysis. The substantial enhancement in mechanical strength of ZTS crystal due to the incorporation of L-threonine has been carried out with Vicker’s microhardness analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal has been confirmed by standard Kurtz-Perry powder analysis. Further, the electrical properties, such as plasma energy, Penn energy, Fermi energy, and electronic polarizability of the grown crystals have been theoretically calculated and compared with the classical Clausius–Mosotti equation.

L-citrulline (LC) doped zinc tris-thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystals for photonic applications

L-citrulline (LC) doped zinc tris-thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystals for photonic applications

L-Ornithine Monohydrochloride Doped Zinc Tris-Thiourea Sulphate Single Crystals for NLO Applications

In the current study, transparent and bulk sized L-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHC) added zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (LOMHC-ZTS) single crystals are synthesized successfully by utilizing slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The obtained crystals are belonging to the orthorhombic system confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique (SXRD). The strain produced due to dopant inside the crystal and crystallite size is estimated by using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data. The impact of LOMHC on the optical properties of ZTS has been studied in detail. It is observed that the energy gap and transmittance are improved; refractive index and extinction coefficient is decreased upon doping. The dielectric study emphasizes that the LOMHC-ZTS crystal is good in the applicability for NLO device applications. The grown crystals showed improvement in the thermal stability upon doping of LOMHC. The flexibility of the grown crystals in terms of hardness behavior of LOMHC-ZTS is predicted by Vicker’s microhardness test; with this, yield strength and stiffness constant are calculated. This test revealed that LOMHC-ZTS belongs to soft material category possessing improved mechanical properties. SHG efficiency of ZTS is increased relatively upon the inclusion of LOMHC. These results favor the competency of LOMHC doped ZTS crystal in various NLO and laser assisted applications.

Growth and photoluminescence study of nickel sulfate doped Zinc tris-Thiourea Sulfate (ZTS) crystal

Nickel sulfate doped Zinc tris-Thiourea Sulfate (ZTS) crystal is one of the non linear optical crystals which were successfully grown by applying gel technique. The morphological alteration is observed due to the effect of dopant in the doped crystal. The elemental identification was verified using EDAX test. The orthorhombic structure of the dopd crystal was confirmed using powder XRD analysis. The functional groups of Nickel sulfate doped ZTS crystals were observed and recorded by FT IR analysis. The presence of functional groups like as = C–H bend, C–N stretch, C–O stretch, C–C stretch, C–C stretch, N–H wag, N–O asymmetric stretch, N–H bend, O–H stretch, N–H stretch etc. were revealed by FTIR analysis. The mechanical strength was assessed in terms of hardness using Vickers hardness measurement. The doped crystal was found to hard material due to theeffct of dopant. The excitation spectra and the emission spectra were obtained by Photoluminescence study which was carried out to know the nature of crystal as it possesses insulating nature. The SHG efficiency was significantly enhanced due to doping as confirmed implied by the test with Kurtz-Perry method using Nd: YAG laser.

Gamma-ray attenuation properties of some NLO materials: potential use in dosimetry.

Mass attenuation coefficients ([Formula: see text]) for some nonlinear optical materials such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, zinc tris-thiourea sulphate, and zinc thiourea chloride were measured using a [Formula: see text] NaI(Tl) scintillation detector at gamma energies of 122 keV, 356 keV, 511 keV, 662 keV, 840 keV, 1170 keV, 1270 keV, and 1330 keV. In addition, GEANT4 simulations were carried out to mimic the experiment at these energies. As a result, good agreement between the experimental and GEANT4 results was observed. The measured [Formula: see text] values were used to compute effective atomic numbers ([Formula: see text]) for the selected materials. It was found that the [Formula: see text] values were in the range typical for dosimetric materials.

Influence of cobalt-doping on the optical properties of zinc tris–thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystal

Zinc tris-thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystals, pure and doped with different concentrations of cobalt, were synthesized and grown by the slow evaporation technique of supersaturated aqueous solutions at 315 K. Co2+ concentration in the solution was 2, 4 and 6 mol%. Optical transmittance was measured for the obtained crystals as a function of wavelength in the range of 190–900 nm. The present investigation shows that doping ZTS crystal with Co2+ modifies its optical properties. The absorption coefficient of ZTS crystal exhibits an exponential dependence on photon energy following Urbach relation. Doping ZTS crystal with Co2+ changes the values of optical transmittance, cut off wavelength, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, Urbach tail energy and steepness parameter. The changes are systematic i.e. the mentioned optical parameters increase or decrease continuously with increasing Co2+ concentration in the growth solution. The electrical conduction of ZTS crystal is increased with cobalt doping. The Urbach tail energy changes reversely with the optical energy gap.

Comparative analysis on microhardness and third order nonlinear optical traits of pure and Nd3+ doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystal

Abstract Present investigation is aimed to explore the single crystal growth, microhardness and third order nonlinear optical (TONLO) properties of Nd3+ doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystal. The commercial slow solvent evaporation technique has been chosen to grow a good quality ZTS (12 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.3 mm) and Nd3+ doped ZTS (11 mm × 0.6 mm × 0.4 mm) single crystals. Vickers microhardness test has been employed to analyze the influence of Nd3+ dopant on the hardness behavior of ZTS single crystal. The TONLO effects occurring in Nd3+ doped ZTS single crystal have been evaluated by means of Z-scan technique using a He–Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm. The close and open aperture Z-scan configuration have been used to determine the nature of TONLO refraction n2 and absorption β, respectively. The magnitudes of vital TONLO parameters, such as refraction n2, absorption coefficient β, figure of merit and susceptibility χ3 of the Nd3+ doped ZTS single crystal, have been determined using Z-scan transmittance data. The n2, β, and χ3 of Nd3+ doped ZTS single crystal were found to be of the order of 10−10 cm2/W, 10−6cm/W and 10−5 esu, respectively.

Growth and investigation of pure and sodium iodide-doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) single crystals

Single crystals of pure and sodium iodide NaI-doped zinc tris thiourea sulphate (ZTS) were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature from aqueous solution. Powder XRD analysis of the grown crystals reveals orthorhombic structures with space group Pca21. The functional groups and modes of vibrational frequencies were recognized with FTIR spectral analysis. UV–Visible spectra indicate that the material has high optical transparency in the entire visible region. The hardness of the material studies reveal that the hardness number (Hv) increases with load for both pure and NaI-doped ZTS crystals. The thermal properties of the grown crystals were investigated by thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analysis techniques (TGA/DTA).

The effect of Ammonium Molybdate on mechanical property of Zinc (tris) Thiourea Sulfate (ZTS) crystal: A Novel NLO crystal

Zinc tris-Thiourea sulfate (ZTS) is one of the notable semi organic non linear optical crystals. In the present investigation 0.01N Ammonium Molybdate doped ZTS crystal was grownusing single diffusion gel growthtechnique which has an advantage over normally employed solution growth method, in terms of controlled nucleation and hence better perfection. A significant morphological alteration was observed due to doping. The functional groups of pure and doped ZTS crystals were recorded and identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis. A study on hardness variation due to doping was conducted using Vickers' Hardness Tests. The increase in hardness observed can be assigned to the impurity hardening effect as found to increased due to effect of dopant. The results obtained are elaborated and discussed in the paper.

Influence of Nd3+ on zinc tris-thiourea sulphate single crystal: a comparative crystal growth, structural, linear–nonlinear optical and dielectric study to explore NLO device applications

In present investigation, crystals of pure and Nd3+ doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) material have been grown from aqueous solution at room temperature by employing slow evaporation technique. The incorporation of Nd3+ in ZTS crystal complex has been qualitatively determined by means of energy-dispersive spectroscopic technique. The crystalline phase and structural parameters of grown crystals have been confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction technique. The influence of Nd3+ on optical transparency of ZTS crystal has been examined in the range of 190–1100 nm. The transmittance data have been used to evaluate the vital optical constants (extinction coefficient, refractive index and reflectance) of grown crystals to discuss the utility for distinct optical applications. The enhancement in SHG efficiency of Nd3+ doped ZTS crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz–Perry powder test. The nature of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of pure and Nd3+ doped ZTS crystal has been comparatively investigated in the temperature range of 35–110 °C.

Growth and characterization of pure and zinc acetate doped zinc (tris) thiourea sulphate (ZTS) single crystals

Growth and characterization of pure and zinc acetate doped zinc (tris) thiourea sulphate (ZTS) single crystals

INVESTIGATION ON INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTION IN SUPERSATURATION STATE OF CADMIUM SULPHATE MIXED ZINC tris-THIOUREA SULPHATE SOLUTIONS

Zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) is a well known nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal widely used for various NLO applications. The NLO, physical and chemical properties can be modified by adding impurities and/or modifying crystal growth conditions. The impurities present in the growth solution and growth conditions can affect the crystal growth parameters at great extent. Thus, the study on the nature of intermolecular interaction with the dopant in the solution during crystal growth process becomes important. In the present investigation, the ultrasonic velocity was measured in the aqueous solutions of pure and cadmium sulphate mixed ZTS in the supersaturation state at 313.15 K. The thermodynamic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, inter molecular free length, acoustic impedance and relative associations have been calculated from the ultrasonic data and densities of water and solutions at 313.15 K, and the nature of intermolecular interaction has been discussed. FT-IR spectra of all mixtures in the solid form at room temperature were recorded and the shifts in the absorption peaks corresponding to the functional groups of ZTS have been reported.

The effect of hippuric acid on crystal growth, structural and optical properties of ZTS single crystals

Zinc tris thiourea sulfate (ZTS) is one of the promising semiorganic crystals useful for nonlinear applications. The effect of hippuric acid doping on the growth aspects, structural and optical properties of ZTS crystal was investigated. Slow evaporation technique was employed to grow pure and 1mol% hippuric acid doped ZTS (HAZTS) single crystals. Powder XRD analysis reveals the crystalline nature of the grown crystals. Both the crystals exhibit orthorhombic crystal structure. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are: a=11.0466Å, b=7.6949Å and c=15.6393Å (for pure ZTS); a=11.1302Å, b=7.7081Å and c=15.5033Å (for HAZTS). The UV–vis–NIR spectral analysis was carried out to study the effect of doping on the optical characteristics of the grown crystals. The crystal is transparent over the entire visible region. The bonding structure and molecular associations were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. Powder SHG test reveals the non-linear optical efficiency of the grown crystals.

An in situ AFM investigation on the morphology of the (100) growth interface of ZTS crystal

Interface morphology of the (100) face of zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystals, grown under different supersaturations, at 30°C, was investigated using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). It comes out that the (100) face exhibits stepped surface characteristics. At lower supersaturations, nucleation easily occurred at the outcrops of edge dislocations which could act as persistent sources of monomolecular growth steps, and the edge dislocation sites appeared to exhibit a “memory function”. At higher supersaturations, however, poly-nucleation becomes the primary growth mechanism. The rates of step advancement in the [010] and [001] directions of the two-dimensional nuclei were different, as it ensues from the symmetry anisotropy. The activation energy of the two-dimensional nuclei along with the step kinetic coefficients in the [010] and [001] directions, were calculated. We also found that microcrystals on the surface of the crystal could be better integrated into the crystal surface, or otherwise lead to the generation of pits by migration of the microcrystals. Pits could be gradually filled by elementary steps and thus no defect would be formed, or they might also be covered directly by macrosteps, which would result in liquid inclusions.

Growth and Characterization of Pure and Cd-Doped Zinc Tris-Thiourea Sulfate (ZTS) Single Crystals

Single crystals of pure and Cd-doped zinc tris-thiourea sulfate (ZTS) were grown for frequency conversion applications by a low temperature solution growth method, allowing slow evaporation of the water solvent at a constant temperature. The solubility of ZTS was found to increase with the concentration of Cd in the aqueous solution. The optical transparency was found to increase in the Cd-doped crystals as compared to that in the undoped crystals. The doping of Cd was confirmed quantitatively by the atomic absorption spectroscopy and qualitatively by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. From the powder x-ray diffraction study, it was found that the lattice constants (a, b and c) decrease with the concentration of Cd in ZTS, but the change in the crystal symmetry and space group has not been reported. A␣change in growth habit of Cd-doped crystals has been observed. Thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analysis was employed to learn the thermal stability of the grown crystals, and 2 mol% Cd-doped ZTS crystal was found to thermally stable up to 230 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency measurement reveals improvement in the SHG efficiency, as 4 mol% Cd-doped ZTS crystal has 1.36 times more SHG efficiency as compared to the pure ZTS crystal.

Enhanced optical, dielectric and piezoelectric behavior in dye doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) single crystals

Pure and 0.1mol% amaranth dye doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. Orthorhombic structures with changed morphology were observed. Various functional groups present were identified by FTIR and Raman analysis. UV–Vis spectra shows wide transmittance and increased optical band gap from 4.54 to 4.59eV, with lower extinction coefficient in doped case. In photoluminescence measurement, an intense peak at 416nm was observed for doped ZTS. Dielectric constant value increases from 3.28 to 9.40 at 1kHz with doping. Piezoelectric coefficient d33 is also enhanced from 0.24 to 3pC/N.

Influence of MgSO4 doping on the properties of zinc tris–thiourea sulphate (ZTS) single crystals

The influence of MgSO4 doping on the properties of zinc tris–thiourea sulphate single crystals grown at room temperature by slow evaporation solution growth technique was studied. Powder XRD analysis confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure with noncentrosymmetric space group Pca21. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals were analysed by Vicker’s microhardness method. Functional groups present in the materials were identified by FTIR spectral analysis in the range between 4000 and 400 cm−1. The UV–Vis spectrum indicates that the UV cut-off wavelength of the crystals has less than 297 nm. The thermal stability of the grown crystals was determined with the aid of thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Second order nonlinear optical behaviour of the grown crystals have been confirmed by Kurtz powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.

Effect of sodium chloride on the properties of ZTS single crystals

Single crystals of zinc tris thiourea sulphate (ZTS) and sodium chloride (NaCl) doped zinc tris thiourea sulphate, a semiorganic nonlinear optical material were successfully grown from aqueous solution by the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The structural, optical and thermal properties of grown crystals were studied. Structural analysis was carried out by X-ray diffractometer and observed that the grown crystals belong to orthorhombic system. Fourier transform infrared spectrum was obtained to confirm the functional groups. Thermal behaviour of the grown crystals was investigated by TGA and DSC. Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency measurements of Pure and NaCl doped ZTS single crystals were carried out by Kurtz powder technique. The UV–visible spectrum showed that the material possessed wide transparency in the entire visible region. The Vicker’s microhardness number was found to increase with the increased sodium chloride substitution.