Triquetral Research Articles

Prevalence of accessory carpal ossicles - a CT-based survey

This observational study aimed to determine the prevalence of accessory carpal ossicles (ACO) using a computerized tomography examination. The digital imaging database of the authors’ institution was retrospectively reviewed, and all wrist computerized tomography examinations for any indication were identified between 2014 and 2021. Patients with previous wrist surgery and severely impaired carpal anatomy, such as severe osteoarthritis or congenital or acquired deformities that may preclude evaluation and identification of accessory carpal ossicles, were excluded from the study. Four orthopedic surgeons reviewed the computerized tomography scans and identified patients with accessory carpal ossicles on two-dimensional (coronal, axial, and sagittal planes) and three-dimensional computerized tomography reconstructions. Two thousand two hundred thirteen patients, with a mean age of 36.8±12.8 years, were identified and included. Accessory carpal ossicles were detected in 156 (7.1%) subjects, with 186 ACOs identified. The most common accessory carpal ossicles were os praetrapezium (n:34, 1.536%), os triquetrum secundarium (n:28, 1.265%), os epitriquetrum (n:20, 0.903%), os hamuli proprium (n:18, 0.813%), os ulnostyloideum (n:16, 0.723%), os epilunatum (n:12, 0.542%) and os styloideum (n:11, 0.497%) respectively. The study provides valuable information on the prevalence and distribution of accessory carpal ossicles, which can aid in accurately diagnosing and managing wrist pathologies. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical significance and potential impact of rare accessory carpal ossicles on wrist disorders.

Efficacy of personalized 3D-printed osteotomy guide in maximizing fibular utilization and minimizing graft length for reconstruction of large mandibular defect.

The study addresses the long-standing challenge of insufficient length in vascularized fibular flaps when reconstructing large mandibular defects that require dual-barrel grafts. Employing personalized 3D-printed osteotomy guides, the study aims to optimize fibular utilization and minimize the required graft length. Two reconstruction methods for distal bone defects were compared: a fold-down (FD) group that employed a specialized osteotomy guide for folding down a triangular bone segment, and a traditional double-barrel (DB) group. Metrics for comparison included defect and graft lengths, as well as the graft-to-defect length ratio. Postoperative quality of life was assessed using the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire (UW-QoL). Both FD and DB groups achieved successful mandibular reconstruction. Despite larger defects in the FD group (117 ± 31.35mm vs 84 ± 35.34mm, p = 0.028), the used fibula length was not statistically longer in the FD group. The median ratio of graft-to-defect length was also lower in the FD group (1.327 vs 1.629, p = 0.024), suggesting that FD required only 82.47% of the graft length needed in the DB approach. Quality of life scores post-surgery were comparable between the groups. Personalized 3D-printed osteotomy guides enhance fibula graft efficacy for reconstructing larger mandibular defects, necessitating shorter graft lengths while preserving postoperative quality of life. This study confirms the utility of 3D printing technology as an effective and precise tool in orthopedic surgery, particularly for complex reconstructions like large mandibular defects. It suggests a viable alternative that could potentially revolutionize current practices in bone grafting.

Modified Bilhaut–Cloquet procedure for Wassel type III–IV polydactyly

BackgroundTo investigate the functional and aesthetic results of a new modified Bilhaut–Cloquet procedure for the treatment of Wassel type III–IV thumb polydactyly.MethodsThirteen patients with Wassel type III–IV thumb polydactyly who visited the Department of Orthopedics of Hebei Provincial Children's Hospital from 2019 to 2022 were selected. The surgical procedure involved a modified Bilhaut–Cloquet surgery, where two-thirds of the distal part of the dominant finger was retained as the p body of the reconstructed thumb. The triangular bone block of the ablated distal thumb that did not contain the epiphysis and articular cartilage was sutured and fixed, and the neurovascular flap of the ablated distal thumb was used as an augmenting segment of the reconstructed thumb, with the nail bed and nail matrix exquisitely sutured. The evaluation performed according to the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand (JSSH) system.ResultsAll 13 children showed bone healing, no wound infection, nonunion, or deformity healing. None of the children showed a significant reduction in the active and passive mobility of the thumb postoperatively compared with preoperatively. Postoperative evaluation was performed based on the JSSH score, with a mean of 17.15 points (14–19 points), with 11 children rated as excellent and two as good. No severe nail ridges, nail gaps, or nail split deformities of the thumb were observed postoperatively. Postoperative metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint movements were not reduced compared with preoperative movements. All parents were satisfied with the appearance and function of the reconstructed thumb.ConclusionThe modified Bilhaut–Cloquet procedure designed in this study was satisfactory for Wassel type III–IV thumb polydactyly without affecting the stability of the interphalangeal joints and preserving joint mobility. The postoperative thumb has a comparable circumference and nail width and was cosmetically and functionally satisfactory, especially for the asymmetric two thumbs, which achieved favorable results.

A Complete Non-fusion of Sacral Spines- a Rare Anomaly: A Case Report

Background: Human sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by fusion of five separate sacral vertebrae and their intervertebral disc. The dorsal surface of sacrum presents triangular sacral canal formed by fusion of sacral vertebral foramina. The opening present at the caudal end of the sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. Sacral hiatus is formed due to failure of fusion of lamina and spinous process of fifth or fourth sacral vertebrae. Spina bifida occulta is a condition resulting due to incomplete fusion of neural arch of vertebrae, mainly in lumbosacral region. When the condition of spina bifida occulta occurs in the sacrum, the level of non-closure becomes variable. Materials and Methods: A dry human sacrum with full agenesis of the dorsal wall of the sacral canal was identified during regular osteology demonstration lessons for undergraduate BAMS students at Department of Sharir Rachana (Anatomy), Ayurveda Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Non-metric differences in spines were thoroughly examined. Results and Discussion: Spina bifida is the generic term for range of discrete defects of neurulation and subsequent vertebral formation. The various forms of neural tube and vertebral defects have been reported such as craniorachisis, anencephaly and myocele. In this case a spine with complete sacral spina bifida occulta was discovered. The posterior laminae of all sacral vertebrae were completely unfused in this specimen. It's more likely that the sacral region was a groove than a canal. There were no additional abnormalities discovered. Many studies on incidence of spina bifida occulta have been published with mixed results. The frequency reported by researchers and population varies substantially. Conclusion: The complete agenesis of the dorsal wall of the sacral canal in these variants is critical for diagnosing lower back pain, sciatica, and caudal regression syndrome, as well as avoiding problems from caudal epidural block and other spinal procedures, such as screw placement for spinal fusion.

Morphological study of glenoid cavity of scapula

Scapula is a flat triangular bone lies on chest wall from second to sixth ribs. Its lateral angle is truncated and shows variable morphology in shape. The objectives of the present study were to obtain morphometric data of scapulae and the glenoid cavity specifically the diameters and various shape of glenoid.: The present study was conducted on 90 right scapulae and 90 left scapulae. Metrical and nonmetrical measurements were noted. Length of scapulae, breadth of scapulae, height of Glenoid cavity, antero-posterior diameter 1 and antero-posterior diameter 2 were observed. Shape of Glenoid cavity was noted.Length of scapula on right side was 135.40±13.2mm and on left side it was 136.5±12.9mm. Breadth of scapula on right side was 98.7 ±7.2mm on left side it was 98.2±6.8mm but the difference was not statistically significant. The height of Glenoid cavity on right side was 35.2±2.9mm and on left side it was 35.8±3.1. Antero-posterior diameter 1 of Glenoid cavity on right side was 24.2±2.3 mm and on left side it was 23.9±2.1 mm. Antero-posterior diameter 2 of Glenoid cavity on right side was16.8±2.5 mm and on left side it was 16.7±2.4mm. The most common shape of glenoid cavity was pear shaped followed by oval and least common was inverted comma shape.Knowledge of various measurements of Glenoid cavity is important for prosthesis of shoulder orthoplasty. It is useful in evaluation of various pathological conditions of shoulder joint. Since this study was conducted on limited number of scapulae further clinical, cadaveric and radiological studies are required.

Evaluation of accuracy, reliability, quality, and readability of online patient information materials on coccyx injury.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the websites containing "coccydynia, coccyx trauma or fracture" in terms of readability, reliability, accuracy, and quality. Searches for "coccydynia, coccyx trauma, coccyx fracture" were carried out in the 3 most used search engines in the USA: Google, Yahoo, and Bing in February 2022. A total of 141 websites were rated by 2 different neurosurgeons for the "Global Quality Score" and "Alexa Popularity Rank." 97.2% of the sites examined include the definition of the disease, 66% include the importance of the disease, 92.9% include the symptoms of the disease, 88.7% include the treatment of the disease, 78% include the signs of the disease, 77.3% include the mechanism of the disease It has been determined that the websites examined within the scope of the research have high global quality score (GQS) and APR and are enriched with images to a large extent.

Epidemiology of carpal fractures: is it only about the scaphoid?

Because of their low incidence, studies about carpal fractures are rare. The aim of the present study was to analyze epidemiology and treatment of fractured carpal bones. We retrospectively analyzed data of 178 patients admitted to our emergency room with carpal fractures over 6 years. More males than woman were injured. In 91%, a CT scan was performed. The most commonly affected bone was the triquetrum followed by the scaphoid. Almost all triquetral fractures were treated conservatively as opposed to perilunate dislocations that were all operated on. Half of all patients with scaphoid fractures were operated. Young men had the highest risk to sustain a carpal fracture. The triquetrum and the scaphoid are most frequently affected. Usually a CT scan is needed. Treatment of scaphoid and perilunate luxation fractures is rather operative whereas the other fractures mostly allow conservative casting. Nevertheless, correct indication for treatment is important to avoid sequelae.

Ganglion Impar Block For Chronic Coccydynia.

Coccydynia is also known as coccygodynia or coccygeal neuralgia. Coccyx is a triangular bone located within the vertebral column. The cause of coccydynia is unknown in the literature; however, it is found to be common among obese individuals, particularly females. The probability of women having coccydynia is five times higher than among men, which may result from larger pressure during pregnancy and child delivery. It is treated well with ganglion impar block. The aim of our study was to assess pain relief after Ganglion Impair Block with subsequent improvement in quality of life. A single-arm study was done in the department of Pain Medicine, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 50 patients with ≥3 months' coccygeal pain of either gender aged between 20-60 years unresponsive to analgesics & anti-inflammatory medications with no laboratory abnormalities were included. Fluoroscopic guided trans-sacro‑coccygeal ganglion impair block was done with alcohol neurolysis. The patients were observed for 1 hour in the recovery room to record post-intervention complications that may occur like hypotension, bradycardia, signs, and symptoms of cardiotoxicity or neurotoxicity etc. and evaluated for pain scores on the basis of the numeric rating scale (NRS). Data collected was analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) version 21. The quantitative data, i.e., age and NRS score were analyzed using mean and standard deviation and compared between pre and post-intervention periods. The data from 50 patients who completed the follow-up period were used for analysis. The average age of the patients was 42.9±8.39 years, with a range of 38-60 years. Based on the data obtained, 30% of the patients experienced trauma (that is falling on the coccyx region). The mean score from NRS before intervention was 7.80±0.16 which decreased to 0.96±0.35, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p-value, <0.001). Ganglion Impar neurolysis is highly effective in the treatment of chronic coccydynia.

Evaluation of Anatomical Variation of Human Coccyx on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction: The coccyx, a triangular bone forming the last part of the vertebral column, acts as the weight-bearing structure when a person is seated, and is the site of insertion of the pelvic floor tendons and numerous ligaments attached to it. The main objective of this study was to investigate the morphology and morphometry of the coccyx on lumbar spine MRI images in asymptomatic individuals among Nepalese adults. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively on the lumbar spine images of 190 adult population without a history of trauma in the coccyx region, from April to September 2019. The coccygeal vertebrae count, the number of bone segments, and intercoccygeal and joint fusions were determined from the sagittal plane images. In addition, the length and angles were also measured. Results: One hundred and ninety patients, with a mean age of 43.91 years, were enrolled in the study. Among the 4 types of coccyx; the most common type was type II (46.3%), followed by type I (40.5%). The coccyx was formed from 4 vertebral segments in 21.1% (n=41) individuals, 3 vertebral segments in 45.3% (n=86) individuals, 2 vertebral segments in 31.1% (n=59) individuals and 1 vertebral segment in 2.1% (n=4) individuals. Conclusions: In our study, type II coccyxes predominated. The prevalence of sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal fusion, as well as the number of coccygeal vertebrae, were similar in the Nepalese population and the Western population.

The morphologic and morphometric features of the triquetrum

Fractures of the triquetrum are the second most common form of isolated carpal bone fracture after the scaphoid. However, data on triquetrum morphology and morphometry are sparse. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of triquetrum using anatomical landmarks, evaluate its morphometric features, and determine its vascular entry points. The morphological and morphometrical features of 87 adult dry triquetral bones (39 left, 48 right) were determined by measuring length, width and thickness. The number and locations of nutrient foramina wider than 0.5 mm were recorded. Mean length, width and thickness were 17.37 mm (range, 14.26–22.13), 12.65 mm (range, 10.37–15.85) and 11.41 mm (range, 8.98–18.23), respectively. The facet articulating with the pisiform was oval in 40 bones, round in 8 and amorphous (neither round nor oval) in 39. The mean length of the interarticular ridge was 7.09 ± 0.9 mm. The mean number of nutrient foramina was significantly greater on the dorsal than on the other aspects. The dorsal predominance of nutrient foramina makes the bone weaker in the dorsal region, which could explain why fractures are more common in this region. Also, the dorsal aspect is rich in blood supply, which could explain why avascular necrosis is less common in triquetral fractures. As most of the vascularization is on the dorsal side, there is need for caution when performing triquetrum surgery. Level of evidenceLevel 2.

EVALUATION OF COCCYX MORPHOLOGY WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN CHILDHOOD AGE

AMAÇ: Koksiks, vertebral kolonun distalinde yer alan, sakrum alt ucu ile eklem yapan ve sıklıkla 3 veya 4 vertebral segmentten oluşan üçgen şeklinde bir kemiktir. Bu çalışmanın amacı çocukluk çağı yaş grubunda koksiks morfolojisinin ve morfometrisinin manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) ile değerlendirilmesidir.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bu retrospektif çalışmada, Ocak 2020- Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında hastanemizde lumbosakral veya pelvik MRG ile tetkik edilmiş olan çocuk hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Sakral ve koksigeal vertebraların en iyi şekilde görüntülendiği mid-sagittal, T1 ağırlıklı MRG kesitlerinde vertebraların dizilimleri, listezis varlığı/yokluğu ve koksiks vertebra sayısı kaydedildi. Ayrıca aynı kesitte morfometrik değerlendirmede doğrusal koksiks uzunluğu, sakrokoksigeal açı, sakrokoksigeal eklem açısı ve interkoksigeal açı ölçüldü.BULGULAR: Toplam 47 hasta (36 kız, 11 erkek) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 13.7±2.1 idi. Kız ve erkek hasta-lar arasında ve farklı yaş grupları arasında (grup 1: 7-10 yaş, grup 2: 11-13 yaş, grup 3: 14-16 yaş); koksiks uzunluğu, sakrokoksi-geal açı, sakrokoksigeal eklem açısı, interkoksigeal açı arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı (sırasıyla; p= 0,728, p=0,262, p=0,105 ve p=0.191, p= 0.684, p=0.927).SONUÇ: Bu çalışmaya göre çocukluk çağı yaş grubunda sakrokoksigeal açı, sakrokoksigeal eklem açısı ve interkoksigeal açılar değerlendirildiğinde kız ve erkek hastalar arasında ve farklı yaş grupları arasında farklılık saptanmamıştır. Çocukluk çağı yaş grubunda koksikse ait morfolojik özelliklerin bilinmesi, hastalıkların değerlendirilmesinde kolaylık sağlayacaktır.

Study of suprascapular notch converted into a foramen in adult human scapulae in Karnataka region

Scapula is a triangular bone present in the back, which articulates with the humerus and clavicle forming the shoulder girdle. In the superior border of the scapula there is a notch called the suprascapular notch, through which the suprascapular nerve pass. The suprascapular nerve can be compressed by the ossified part of the transverse scapular ligament a cause for neuropathies.The present study was done on adult scapulae in department of Anatomy SUIMS &amp; R.C. Shimoga, where the transverse scapular ligament [TSL] was ossified in 10 scapulae out of 127 adult dry scapulae [7.87%] studied of unknown sex. It was also noted that 6 out of 10 scapulae belonged to the right side &amp; 4 to left side showing a slight preponderance to the right side. Incidence of the complete suprascapular foramen varies from one geographical region to other region, work nature of indivisuals and is variable with the samples collected by different workers for the study.The compresssion of the suprascapular nerve is an acquired neuropathy leading to neuromuscular deficits and decrease in the range of motion of the shoulder. Suprascapular nerve blocks are given in this region. The knowledge of this type of nerve compression is helpful for evaluation of patients with neurovascular deficits to orthopedicians, radiologists, anaesthetists and surgeons in their clinical practice.

Özel Radyografi Bulgusu ile Bilateral Triquetrum Kırığı

A 44-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with pain in both wrists because of falling. It was learned that both wrists of the patient were in dorsiflexion while falling, and there was no additional injury. The Glasgow coma scale score was 15; vital values were within normal limits. The patient had bilateral wrist tenderness, pain with ulnar deviation, and edema on the dorsal side. In addition, he had pain with palpation of the left snuff box. Examinations of the ulnar and radial nerves and arteries were normal. X-rays showed a triquetrum fracture in the right hand, and a triquetrum and scaphoid fracture in the left hand. While triquetrum fractures were not apparent on anterior-posterior radiographs, they were clearly visible on both lateral radiographs (Figure 1). With a short-arm splint for the right hand and a scaphoid cast for the left hand, the patient recovered without sequelae after 6 weeks of wrist immobilization.&#x0D; Triquetrum fractures are generally classified as dorsal cortex fractures and body fractures. Dorsal cortex fractures are more common and are usually seen as avulsion fractures. They occur with trauma, especially in the form of falling with wrist dorsiflexion. Our patient also fell with the same mechanism. To diagnose triquetrum fractures, lateral and oblique radiographs should be performed in addition to anterior-posterior radiographs. In particular, dorsal cortex fractures may not be visible on the anteroposterior radiograph, while the avulsion fragment is better seen on the lateral radiograph. The appearance of triquetral fractures on the lateral radiograph is called the "pooping duck sign" because of the typical shape it forms with the scaphoid and lunate bone (Figure 2). In our case, although both triquetrum fractures could not be clearly seen on the anterior-posterior radiograph, they were seen more clearly with typical findings on the lateral radiograph. Triquetrum fractures are typical of carpal bone fractures, which can be seen more prominently on lateral radiographs, and knowing the specific finding on the lateral radiograph may help with the diagnosis.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of a Novel Triangular Implant Neck Design: A Case Series.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic behavior of a novel triangular neck implant configuration in partially edentulous patients. Sixteen patients with a mean age of 58.3 years, were rehabilitated with 25 implants inserted in the healed sites of the maxilla and mandible; implant diameter was Ø3.3 and 3.9 mm. Clinical and radiographic measurements were first performed at prosthesis delivery that served as baseline; they were further evaluated after a mean period of 15.6 months. The interproximal peri-implant bone levels were the primary outcome; the mesial and distal data were recorded and a mean value was calculated. Secondary outcomes included peri-implant probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BoP). The paired t-test was used to compare the radiographic and clinical outcomes between baseline and follow-up. The mean bone levels at the mesial and distal aspects at baseline were 0.45 (0.47) and 0.57 (0.69), respectively; at follow-up they were 0.59 (0.42) and 0.78 (0.59), respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, no significant differences were found for the clinical parameters. Within the limitations of the present study, it could be concluded that this new triangular neck bone level implant macro-design was used successfully to treat partially edentulous patients. Larger controlled clinical studies are warranted to confirm the present radiographic and clinical findings.

Ferreira-Ishida Technique: Spare Roof Technique B. Step-by-Step Guide to Preserving the Bony Cap While Dehumping.

For V-shaped nasal bones, the authors consider that ostectomy of the dorsal keystone area can be avoided, and this has led to the development of a new preservation technique: the spare roof technique B (or Ferreira-Ishida technique), where the bony cap is preserved. It includes six main steps, as follows. Step 1, draw on the surface of the skin the desired dorsal brow-tip aesthetic lines, the pyriform aperture, the rhinion, and the amount of triangular bone that has to be taken out to allow pushing-down the bony cap, and the transversal line in the beginning of the nasal hump. Step 2, release the upper lateral cartilages from the dorsal septum ("high septal strip"). Step 3, take out the amount of dorsal septum necessary to dehump. Step 4, perform the paramedian high parallel osteotomies exactly below the marked brow-tip dorsal aesthetic lines. Then, perform the second group of lower osteotomies, until the E-point, to achieve a triangular shape of bone in each side of the bony cap. Perform the ostectomy of the mentioned triangular areas. Release the lateral keystone area. Perform partial ultrasonic ostectomy endonasally, below the nasal bones, to promote the weakening of the transverse fracture line, in the sagittal plane just above the E-point. Push-down gently the rectangular bony cap with a Luc nasal forceps (19 cm) in a greenstick fashion. Perform lateral traditional osteotomies from high to low to high to narrow the bony bridge as much as is needed. Step 5, perform a regular L-shape Cottle septoplasty (if necessary). Step 6, suture the cartilaginous middle vault (upper lateral cartilages) to the dorsal aspect of the remaining septum.

Coccydynia and homoeopathic management: A case report

The coccyx located below the sacrum can be severely damaged in a fall. Tailbone pain can make everyday tasks uncomfortable and unbearable at worst. The coccyx is the small triangular bone present at the bottom of the spinal column and they get bruised and even fractured. Sitting usually increases the coccyx pain while walking relieves it.

Morphometric study of sacrum and its clinical implications in population in Bihar

The sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae and wedged between two hip bones. Dimension of sacrum varies from region to region therefore morphometric study of sacrum in population of Bihar is important for proper fixation during orthopedic procedure in trauma patients. : The objectives of this study was to evaluate the morphometric parameters of sacrum so that a data can be generated from local population. M: The present study was done on 110 human sacra of known sex (62 male and 48 female) collected from department of Anatomy, IGIMS, Patna and also from other medical colleges of Bihar. Maximum length of sacrum, curved length of sacrum, maximum breadth of sacrum, antero-posterior diameter of the body of first sacral vertebra, transverse diameter of the body of first sacral vertebra and maximum length of articular surface of sacrum were measured. Mean value of sacral straight length were 104.55 cm in male and 94.66 cm in female, Curve length 112.03 cm in male and 103.98 cm in female, Width of sacrum 101.53 cm in male and 105.67 cm in female. Transverse diameter of body of 1st sacral vertebra were 46.53 cm and 40.85 cm in male and female respectively, antero-posterior diameter of body of 1st sacral vertebra were 29.89 cm and 27.73 cm in male and female respectively, Length of auricular surface were 56.08 cm and 54.77 cm respectively. Sacral index, curvature index, index of body of first sacral vertebra, corpora-basal index and auricular index were calculated. Morphometric study of sacrum in population of Bihar is important because dimension of sacrum varies from region to region and this is important for proper fixation during orthopedic procedure in trauma patients.

Ulnar-sided wrist pain: a prospective analysis of diagnostic clinical tests.

Identifying the cause of pain on the ulnar side of the wrist can be challenging. The outcome and recovery following surgery can be unpredictable. The aim of this study was to document and analyse the clinical tests used to evaluate the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain and determine their diagnostic relevance. This is a prospective evaluation of 110 patients who presented with pain on the ulnar side of the wrist. The clinical evaluation and results from radiological investigations were documented and analysed. There were 17 different diagnoses. Eighty-five percent of the diagnoses were triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries, ulnocarpal abutment syndrome (UCAS), pisotriquetral arthritis (PTA), triquetral fracture or non-union, distal radioulnar joint arthritis (DRUJ OA) and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) pathology. The ulnocarpal stress test and ulnar foveal sign were positive in several diagnoses. The ulnar foveal sign had a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 48% for TFCC injuries, and 85% and 37% for UCAS, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of pisotriquetral shear test for PTA was 100% and 92%, respectively. Patients with PTA or ECU pathology localised their pain better on the patient's pain localisation chart. Diagnosis of TFCC injuries, UCAS, DRUJ OA and ECU injuries are challenging as the clinical symptoms and signs for the four diagnoses were similar and required either magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography for diagnostic confirmation after clinical examination. The ulnocarpal stress test and the ulnar foveal sign were not sufficiently specific.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY MEDICAL IMAGE ANALYSIS OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS’ BONE GEOMETRY

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball sports will effect on the morphology and structure of the hand bones and joints. Objective: The article selected nine professional basketball players (basketball group) and 11 non-basketball players (control group) in the provincial youth team. A 64-row spiral computed tomography scan was used to scan the wrist and three-dimensional reconstruction. The volume of each carpal bone and the computed tomography value (bone density) were measured. Methods: To explore the influence of basketball sports on the hand bones and joints’ morphological structure, the paper analyzes the structural characteristics of the computed tomography images of young male basketball players’ wrist bones. Results: Compared with the carpal bones in the control group, the volume of the right navicular bone and the small polygonal bone, the left-hand navicular bone, the large triangular bone, and the small polygonal bone in the basketball group increased significantly (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Basketball can increase the volume of the part of the wrist bones of adolescent male athletes and reduce the bone density; the morphological structure of the non-smashing wrist bones of basketball players has similar changes to that of the spikers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Effects of Laptop use on Wrist in Students and Teachers of Different Universities during Covid-19

The wrist is an ellipsoidal type (condyloid) of articulation synovial is permitting movements at two axes. The anatomical name of the joint is the radio-carpal joint [1-5].It presents a sinuous opposing. The concave proximal articular surface is formed by the lower end of the radius and the articular disc of the inferior radio-ulnar joint. The reciprocally convex distal articular surface is formed by the scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones from lateral to the medial side. The joint capsule surrounds the wrist and is attached to the distal ends of the radius and ulna and proximal rows of carpals excluding the pisiform. Strong ligaments strengthen and stabilize the joint from the sides, and on the ventral and dorsal surfaces. Repeated episodes of mechanical stress can cause the event of repetitive motion injuries or overuse injuries, which when including poor posture and biomechanics put much strain on the joints. They usually develop slowly over an extended period of your time. Wrists are one of the foremost common sites of repetitive motion injury. Therefore this research was designed to study the effect of laptop usage among physiotherapists(students and teachers). This study may give awareness to the individual to avoid or minimize the overuse of laptops and therefore the complications by breaking bad habits, practicing recommended/approved posture while using the laptop, and modulating the planning of the keyboards. Due to covid 19 era, the use of laptops and computer has significantly increased among students and teachers of different universities for teaching purposes. Therefore the study was designed to study the impact of laptop use on the wrist in students and Teachers duringcovid 19.Objective: To find the impact of laptop use on the wrist in Physiotherapist during covid 19