Triple Structure Research Articles

TMM: Triple Micro-Mesh gaseous structure with ultralow ion backflow for gaseous photon detectors

Gaseous photomultiplier tubes sensitive to visible light and based on micro-pattern gaseous detectors have been widely investigated due to their wide range of potential applications. This study presents a novel triple micro-mesh gaseous structure (TMM) specifically designed for this purpose, featuring ultralow ion backflow (IBF). Prototypes of the TMM were manufactured and characterized with both an X-ray source and an ultraviolet laser, and the results demonstrated an unprecedented IBF ratio of 3 × 10−5 at gas gains exceeding 1 × 105, indicating a promising capability of TMMs for visible light detection.

Splittings of operations for Lie-Poisson triple systems and related algebraic structures

Splittings of operations for Lie-Poisson triple systems and related algebraic structures

AT THE BORDER OF TWO WORLDS Role options of the “distantiated spectator” in Vadoma by Anna Vörös

The debut volume of Anna Vörös is a unique and solitary voice in contemporary Hungarian literature referring to the representation of refugees. The author is actively practicing psychology and worked as a volunteer in hot zones of the migrant crisis, so she had the chance to learn about different aspects of the crisis from the inside. By collecting experiences, she built out a literary universe with an authentic voice. Her narrative can be defined as close to the triple structure of distant suffering theory by Luc Boltanski. The model of Boltanski features three categories of which the third is the “distantiated spectator”: who instead of playing the role of furious and delivering justice, rather interprets and experiences mediatized suffering in its historical context and process. The cycle of prose featuring the Syrian heroine in its metaphors and symbols avoids the traps of topoi and common places of storytelling based on “contentless pathos” and “colonizing, colonial and postcolonial point of view”. Anna Vörös in a revealing and documentarist tone approaches the arrival experience of masses coming to Europe – this experience may be described by sociological, cultural anthropological, and spatial theories while using various topics and situations. In her model motifs like the moment of spotting the sea or land, crossing them, and winning the battle over physical barriers, are melted into contemporary European refugee literature as well as tendencies in film, fine art, as well as media representations of the topic. The paper is an attempt to discover this question in its complexity.

Subthreshold Drain Current Model of Cylindrical Gate All‐Around Junctionless Transistor With Three Different Gate Materials

ABSTRACTA novel subthreshold drain current model has been developed for a cylindrical gate all‐around junctionless transistor with three different gate materials. The proposed device is built with three gate regions of different work functions that effectively reduce the short‐channel effects caused by quantum mechanical effects. The drain current equation is solved for all three operating regions to investigate the device switching characteristics and minimize the drain‐induced barrier lowering (DIBL), velocity saturation, mobility degradation, and tunneling. It is understood that the triple material gate structure enhances the transport efficiency of the device. The proposed analytical model is validated by comparison with Sentaurus TCAD numerical simulator results and good agreement is found to be achieved.

Effects of dry density and porewater salinity on Eu(Ⅲ) diffusion in compacted GMZ bentonite: A perspective from triple pore structure

Compacted bentonite is microscopically characterized by a triple pore structure composed of inter-aggregate pores, inter-particle pores and interlayer pores. These three types of pores are available for diffusive transport of cations through different mechanisms: free water diffusion, surface diffusion, and interlayer diffusion. This study investigated the effects of dry density and porewater salinity on Eu(Ⅲ) diffusion in compacted GMZ bentonite from the perspective of triple pore structure. A series of through-diffusion (TD) experiments were conducted as a function of the density and porewater salinity. Then the triple pore structure was characterized using SEM and MIP tests. On this basis, a mathematical expression about the dependence of Eu(Ⅲ) diffusion on the triple pore structure was developed. Results indicated that increasing dry density inhibited the Eu(Ⅲ) diffusion, as evidenced by decreases in the effective diffusion coefficient De, capacity factor α, and apparent diffusion coefficient Da. This inhibition is attributed to the reduction in inter-aggregate pores, inter-particle pores, and interlayer pores with increased density, thereby suppressing free water diffusion, surface diffusion, and interlayer diffusion. Conversely, increasing porewater salinity facilitated the Eu(Ⅲ) diffusion. This is likely because the relatively high concentration of Eu(Ⅲ) in the TD tests makes free water diffusion as the dominant pathway. Although surface diffusion and interlayer diffusion were inhibited owning to the decrease of inter-particle pores and interlayer pores, their negative effects on total diffusion flux were less than the positive effects of enhanced free water diffusion resulting from the increase of inter-aggregate pores. Finally, by comparing the calculated total diffusion fluxes and experimental values, the applicability of the proposed expression for predicting Eu(Ⅲ) diffusion in compacted bentonite with varying dry densities and salinities was discussed.

TFDNet: A triple focus diffusion network for object detection in urban congestion with accurate multi-scale feature fusion and real-time capability

Vehicle detection in congested urban scenes is essential for traffic control and safety management. However, the dense arrangement and occlusion of multi-scale vehicles in such environments present considerable challenges for detection systems. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces a novel object detection method, dubbed the triple focus diffusion network (TFDNet). Firstly, the gradient convolution is introduced to construct the C2f-EIRM module, replacing the original C2f module, thereby enhancing the network’s capacity to extract edge information. Secondly, by leveraging the concept of the Asymptotic Feature Pyramid Network on the foundation of the Path Aggregation Network, the triple focus diffusion module structure is proposed to improve the network’s ability to fuse multi-scale features. Finally, the SPPF-ELA module employs an Efficient Local Attention mechanism to integrate multi-scale information, thereby significantly reducing the impact of background noise on detection accuracy. Experiments on the VisDrone 2021 dataset reveal that the average detection accuracy of the TFDNet algorithm reached 38.4%, which represents a 6.5% improvement over the original algorithm; similarly, its mAP50:90 performance has increased by 3.7%. Furthermore, on the UAVDT dataset, the TFDNet achieved a 3.3% enhancement in performance compared to the original algorithm. TFDNet, with a processing speed of 55.4 FPS, satisfies the real-time requirements for vehicle detection.

Heterometallic Uranyl Squarate Compounds with Transition Metal‐Bipyridine Bulky Cations as Structure Directing Components

AbstractHeterometallic actinide compounds with tailored components functions have attracted much attention, but their controllable synthesis is still challenging. In this work, using bulky transition metal‐bipyridine cations as structure directing components, we have successfully synthesized six novel heterometallic uranyl squarate compounds, 1–6 with different metal‐bipyridine units. A time‐dependent crystal transformation from 1 with triple interwoven structure to 2 with parallel stacked structure is observed within the observation period of one month and further characterized via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). Further evidences from a combination of several techniques including thermal analysis, variable‐temperature PXRD and variable‐temperature SCXRD demonstrate dehydration‐related lattice evolution of 1 on the basis of structural flexibility of 1, which could be the origin of above‐mentioned crystal transformation from 1 to 2. Furthermore, the effect of types of anions (NO3−, Cl−, and SO42−) on structural diversity of 1–6 is also discussed in detail, where the Cl− or NO3− ion coordinate to Cu2+ center in isostructural 3 and 4, while SO42− bonds to uranyl nodes in isostructural 5 and 6. This work provides a feasible method for the tailored synthesis of multicomponent actinide complexes by the involvement of bulky charge balance components.

Graphene metamaterial (GMM) based dual mode, tunable, and broadband THz absorber with triple circular split ring structure

In this study we investigated a novel approach to designing a graphene metamaterial (GMM) based terahertz (THz) absorber with dual-mode functionality, tunability, and broadband absorption capabilities. The study leverages the unique properties of graphene, a material known for its exceptional electronic and optical characteristics, combined with metamaterials to achieve efficient THz absorption. Here we performed extensive simulation on four different types of configurations and found the optimized structure has the highest bandwidth of 3.8 THz and absorption over 90 %. The absorber is designed to operate in two distinct modes, enhancing its versatility for different applications in the THz spectrum. Moreover, the tunability of the absorber is a significant feature, allowing for dynamic adjustment of the absorption frequency, which is crucial for applications in THz imaging, sensing, and communication systems. The broadband nature of the absorber ensures effective performance over a wide range of frequencies, addressing the need for flexible and high-performance devices in emerging THz technologies. This work represents a significant advancement in the field of THz metamaterials, with potential implications for the development of next-generation THz devices.

Automated SPARQL Template for Flexible Question Answering

The knowledge bases required the query language SPARQL, which consists of subject, property, and object. SPARQL is a structured query language and is difficult to understand. That issue becomes a problem in natural language processing queries. One situation in question answering is how to translate natural language into a structural SPARQL. This work aims to develop an automated SPARQL template algorithm regardless of the pattern structure of the query triples. It provides a more varied SPARQL query for data retrieval named Flexible SPARQL. This approach initially lies in combining elements of RDF with basic techniques of natural language processing to generate a template of SPARQL. In this work, the approach to making automatic templates is proposed without regard to the pattern of the triple structure or the location of the subject and object. Template-based research that exists today still uses rules to determine the position of subjects, objects, and properties in the SPARQL structure. Therefore, this work used the QALD 7 question set and DBpedia dataset. The previous systems utilized the same questions and data sets. Despite the simple proposed approaches that do not use complex, sophisticated techniques, they have shown promising results compared to the previous systems. The accuracy result from 215 questions is 73% and micro-Recall 0.701, micro-Precision 0.664, micro-F-Measure 0.682, macro-Recall 0.711, macro-Precision 0.592, macro-F-Measure 0.646. Overall, the Flexible SPARQL system has higher results on several measurements that define a promising approach. However, it's important to note that Flexible SPARQL generally tends to fail at generating complex SPARQL, which is a limitation of the system.

Triple network hydrogel-based structure triboelectric nanogenerator for human motion detection and structural health monitoring

In this study, we developed a high-performance triple network (TN) PVA/PAAM/PEDOT/Zn2+ (PMPZ) hydrogel with exceptional mechanical properties and stable output performance. The robust and highly tough TN structure, fabricated via a Zn2+ pinned hydrogel and multi-network interpenetrating polymerization process, demonstrates high mechanical strength alongside exceptional mechanical properties. The PMPZ hydrogels exhibit notable mechanical sensing capabilities (gauge factor: 48.6) while maintaining excellent tensile (83.79 KPa) and compressive (96 MPa) strengths. As a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), the PMPZ-TENG shows outstanding flexibility and integrability, achieving a maximum open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 326.89 V and a peak power density of 368.3 μW/cm² with a load resistance of 10E8 Ω. Furthermore, the PMPZ-TENG demonstrates enduring practicality and responsiveness as a self-powered sensor. These properties make the PMPZ-TENG highly suitable for applications in human health monitoring. Additionally, we conducted computational simulations on the hydrogel and seismic-resistant civil models. 48 prototype structures simulated different seismic hazard levels to effectively capture plastic hinge deformation within high-strength steel composite K-shaped eccentric braced steel frames. The plastic hinge deformations informed the establishment of physical seismic models for structural health monitoring (SHM). This study not only introduces a high-performance PMPZ-TENG meeting practical requirements but also establishes a novel pathway for integrating TENGs in SHM.

Structure of Primitive Pythagorean Triples in Generating Trees

A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers $(a,b,c)$ such that $a^2+b^2=c^2$. If $a,b$ are coprime, then it is called a primitive Pythagorean triple. It is known that every primitive Pythagorean triple can be generated from the triple $(3,4,5)$ using multiplication by unique number and order of three specific $3\times3$ matrices, which yields a ternary tree of triplets. Two such trees were described by Berggren and Price, respectively. A different approach is to view the primitive Pythagorean triples as points in the three-dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper, we prove that the triple of descendants of any primitive Pythagorean triple in Berggren's or Price's tree forms a triangle (and therefore defines a plane), and we present our results related to these triangles (and these planes).

Heterogeneous Views and Spatial Structure Enhancement for triple error detection

Knowledge graph error detection is to identify erroneous triples in knowledge graphs that are inconsistent with objective facts in the real world. In practice, the quality of knowledge graphs is an indispensable foundation for the widespread and accurate knowledge application services such as intelligent retrieval and human machine dialogue. Technically, the existing knowledge graph error detection methods face the following two problems: few available negative samples of triples, and an uneven data distribution. That distribution is caused by the large disparity in the number of head and tail entities belonging to the same relationship and the disparity in the number of triples with different relationships. To alleviate these problems, this paper proposes an approach based on the Heterogeneous Views and Spatial Structure Enhancement (HVSSE) in a contrastive learning framework for triple error detection task. Specifically, the heterogeneous views are constructed to include four kinds of triple views, i.e., positive and negative triple views based on head or tail entity co-occurrence. Moreover, Graph-Spatial-Transformer with an explicit spatial structure encoding is designed to fully capture the contextual information of triple nodes. Thereby, driven by the framework of contrastive learning, our HVSSE model can not only learn more discriminative embedding of triples, but also capture the local structure of triples and global contextual information of knowledge graphs. Experimental results on five public datasets indicate that our proposed approach is superior to the state-of-the-art methods, showing its the effectiveness on triple error detection.

Photocurrent switchable dual-target bioassay: Signal distinction and interface reconfiguration via pH-responsive triplex DNA programming

Most multiplexed photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors require additional instrumentation and cumbersome electrode modification and surface partitioning, which limits their portability and instrument miniaturization. Herein, a pH-responsive programmable triple DNA nanomachine was developed for constructing a reconfigurable multiplex PEC sensing platform. By programming the base sequence, T-A·T-riched triple DNA was designed to construct integrated nano-controlled release machine (INCRM) for simultaneous recognition of multiple targets. The INCRM enables to recognize two targets in one step, and sequentially separate the signal labels by pH adjustment. The detached signal label catalyzes glucose to produce gluconic acid, causing the C-riched DNA fold into a triple structure on the electrode surface. As a result, one target can be detected relying on the enhanced photocurrent due to accelerated electron transfer between the CdS QD labeled at the end of C-riched DNA and the electrode. The triplex DNA dissociation in pH 7.4 buffer reconfigures the electrode interface, which can be continued to detect another target. The feasibility of the multiplexed sensor is verified by the detection of extensively coexisting antibiotics enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Under the optimal conditions, wide linear range (10 fg/mL ∼ 1 μg/mL) and low detection limit (3.27 fg/mL and 9.60 fg/mL) were obtained. The pH-regulated programmable triplex DNA nanomachine-based sensing platform overcomes the technical difficulties of conventional multiplexed PEC assay, which may open the way for miniaturization of multiplexed PEC sensors.

Effect of Acoustic Enclosure on the Sound Transmission Loss of Multi-Layered Micro-Perforated Plates

This study presents an examination of the transmission properties of multilayered partitions made up of multiple micro-perforated plates (MPPs) coupled to acoustic enclosures with general impedance boundaries. Multi-layered MPPs can lower the transmission while minimizing reflection in the source and receiving enclosure. Previous research has mainly focused on the double MPPs or triple MPPs partition itself. However, it is vital to analyze the in-situ sound transmission loss of the multi-layered MPP and their efficiency in a complex vibro-acoustic environment. The case when the multilayered MPPs are coupled to a receiving enclosure or coupled to both a source and receiving enclosure is investigated. The objective is to provide an analytical method to evaluate the transmission properties of multilayered MPPs coupled to acoustic enclosures while being computationally more efficient than the finite element method (FEM). Using the modified Fourier series for the acoustic pressure, a variational form for the acoustic and structure medium yields a completely coupled vibroacoustic system. A comparison between the sound transmission loss of the double MPPs, when mounted on an impedance tube and coupled to acoustics enclosures, shows the modal effect of the enclosures. The effect of enclosure shape, impedance boundary, perforation ratio, air gap thickness on the sound transmission properties of the double MPPs structure is examined for both cases. Finally, in both situations, the performance of triple MPP structure insulation is evaluated.

Allen–Cahn solutions with triple junction structure at infinity

AbstractWe construct an entire solution to the elliptic system where is a ‘triple‐well’ potential. This solution is a local minimizer of the associated energy in the sense that minimizes the energy on any compact set among competitors agreeing with outside that set. Furthermore, we show that along subsequences, the ‘blowdowns’ of given by approach a minimal triple junction as . Previous results had assumed various levels of symmetry for the potential and had not established local minimality, but here we make no such symmetry assumptions.

Resonant Tunneling Properties in The Sawtooth Triple Barrier Structures

The resonance tunneling properties of sawtooth triple barrier double-well structures were investigated using the non-equilibrium Green's functions method. The dependence of resonance energies on barrier height and width and well widths was investigated. The tunneling feature of the structure under the electric field was investigated. It has been observed that the transmission probability, resonance tunneling energy, and resonance peak intensity are sensitively dependent on the applied electric field and structure parameters. By choosing the appropriate structure, devices that provide resonance transition at the desired energy can be designed in the desired energy level ranges. Thus, this study can provide a basis for switching and oscillator source nano-device designs.

The crosslinking sites and molecular conformation of gelatin hydrogel modified by transglutaminase

This work aimed to investigate the covalent crosslinking sites induced by transglutaminase (TGase, EC 2.3.2.13) in gelatin hydrogel and their impact on the gelatin molecular conformation. LC-MS/MS results demonstrated that Lys644 and Gln1351 of α1 chain and Gln19 of α2 chain were the main sites. The results of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation indicated that at the moderate degree of covalent crosslinking (13.55%), Radius of gyration (Rg) values decreased from 11.5 to 10.0 nm at 4 °C and led to a more compact structure, therefore enhancing structural tightness and gel strength. As the degree of crosslinking rose, the number of crosslinking sites gradually increased, with a predominant distribution in the C-terminal pro-peptide of gelatin chain. At the high crosslinking degree (37.48%), Rg value decreased at 100 °C and gelatin chains were connected through a “head to tail” linkage configuration, resulting in a significant reduction in the triple helix-like structure. The structure maintained the gel-forming ability at high temperature while lowering the aggregation energy of water molecules from −2.359 × 105 to −2.455 × 105 kJ/mol, leading to thermal irreversibility of gelatin hydrogel.

Numerical simulation of an industrial radiant tube burner using OpenFOAM

This study presents a numerical investigation into the effects of physical models on the prediction accuracy of the wall temperature distribution in an industrial radiant tube burner. Utilizing a reacting flow solver based on OpenFOAM, we explored the effects of various physical models, including those for chemistry, combustion, heat transfer, and radiation properties. The choice of combustion model significantly influences prediction accuracy, playing a more dominant role than the chemistry mechanism. Moreover, the simulations captured a distinctive triple flame structure inside the burner, representing the coexistence of rich premixed, non-premixed, and lean premixed flame structures. Conditional scatter plots displayed the development of both premixed and non-premixed flame structures, converging on the fuel-lean side. Notably, accurate prediction of wall temperature distribution depends on the incorporation of a precise heat transfer model, coupled with a detailed radiation property model. Regarding the distribution of tube surface temperature in the main radiation zone (a distance from the burner nozzle greater than 1 m), the most accurate prediction exhibits a maximum deviation of less than 56 K and an average deviation of 24 K compared to experimental results. The simulation closely matched experimental data for exhaust concentration of NO within an error margin of 20 ppm. However, discrepancy was observed in the CO concentration, which was attributed to the simplified representations of fuel chemistry and composition, as well as the difficulties in accurately capturing the unsteady flame dynamics near the wall.

Relative Velocities between 13CO Structures within 12CO Molecular Clouds

Velocity fields of molecular clouds (MCs) can provide crucial information on the merger and split between clouds, as well as their internal kinematics and maintenance, energy injection and redistribution, and even star formation within clouds. Using the CO spectral lines data from the Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting survey, we measure the relative velocities along the line of sight (ΔV LOS) between 13CO structures within 12CO MCs. Emphasizing MCs with double and triple 13CO structures, we find that approximately 70% of ΔV LOS values are less than ∼1 km s−1, and roughly 10% of values exceed 2 km s−1, with a maximum of ∼5 km s−1. Additionally, we compare ΔV LOS with the internal velocity dispersion of 13CO structures ( σ13CO,in ) and find that about 40% of samples in either double or triple regime display distinct velocity discontinuities, i.e., the relative velocities between 13CO structures are larger than the internal line widths of 13CO structures. Among these 40% samples in the triple regime, 33% exhibit signatures of combinations through the two-body motion, whereas the remaining 7% show features of configurations through the multiple-body motion. The ΔV LOS distributions for MCs with double and triple 13CO structures are similar, as well as their ΔV LOS/ σ13CO,in distributions. This suggests that relative motions of 13CO structures within MCs are random and independent of cloud complexities and scales.

Milk Fat Globules: 2024 Updates.

Milk fat globules (MFGs) are a remarkable example of nature's ingenuity. Human milk (HM) carries contains 3-5% fat, 0.8-0.9% protein, 6.9-7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents. Most of these nutrients are carried in these MFGs, which are composed of an energy-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) core surrounded by a triple membrane structure. The membrane contains polar lipids, specialized proteins, glycoproteins, and cholesterol. Each of these bioactive components serves important nutritional, immunological, neurological, and digestive functions. These MFGs are designed to release energy rapidly in the upper gastrointestinal tract and then persist for some time in the gut lumen so that the protective bioactive molecules are conveyed to the colon. These properties may shape the microbial colonization and innate immune properties of the developing gastrointestinal tract. Milk fat globules in milk from humans and ruminants may resemble in structure but there are considerable differences in size, profile, composition, and specific constituents. There are possibilities to not only enhance the nutritional composition in a goal-oriented fashion to correct specific deficiencies in the infant but also to use these fat globules as a nutraceutical in infants who require specific treatments. To mention a few, there might be possibilities in enhancing neurodevelopment, in defense against gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections, improving insulin sensitivity, treating chronic inflammation, and altering plasma lipids. This review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of the various components of the MFGs. We have assimilated research findings from our own laboratory with an extensive review of the literature utilizing key terms in multiple databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct. To avoid bias in the identification of studies, keywords were short-listed a priori from anecdotal experience and PubMed's Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) thesaurus.