Triple Steps Research Articles

Triple steps acne scar revision technique: A new combination therapeutic modality for atrophic acne scars.

Atrophic acne scarring is an unfortunate, permanent complication of acne vulgaris, associated with significant psychological distress. A new complementary treatment of atrophic acne scars using subcision and injection of hybrid cooperative complexes of high and low molecular weight hyaluronan (hybrid H-HA/L-HA). This study included eighty-two patients divided into two groups with predominantly atrophic acne scarring. Group 1 received subcision with saline injection, while group 2 received triple steps acne scar revision technique (TSASRT). After topical anesthesia, the procedure of combining subcision and hybrid H-HA/L-HA technique was done in which the first step started using subcision technique done to release fibrous cordsat the dermal or deep dermal, subcutaneous plane using Nokor needles-18g. The second step is to inject the scar's atrophic dermal component with a 29g needle, applying an average amount of hybrid H-HA/L-HA (0.02-0.1mL) to the dermal component. The third step was to fill the subcisied space with hybrid H-HA/L-HA (0.02-0.1mL) using a 25g cannula. Clinical improvement was achieved in both groups. There were statistically significant improvements in the TSASRT versus subcision (p≤0.05) in acne scar severity index and qualitative scarring grading system. The triple step acne scar revision technique appears to be a safe and effective way to treat atrophic acne scars on the face.

A kinetic analysis of the triple step in recreational swing dancers

ABSTRACT Despite its increasing popularity, swing dancing has not been fully studied biomechanically, imposing challenges in understanding the movement patterns associated with swing dancing. The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanics of the triple step, one of the most common swing dance elements. We intended to determine whether dancing with a partner affects kinetic measurements and if these measurements are different among the three steps. Eight recreational swing dancers completed three triple steps to the right and the left with and without a partner. The loading rate of the vertical ground reaction force was calculated for each step, and bilateral lower limb joints moments and powers were determined. Results illustrated that dancing with or without a partner has limited effect on the kinetic measurements. However, the outcome measurements differed among the steps: a higher peak vertical ground reaction force during the first and second steps, a greater loading rate during the second step, and the greatest joint power absorption at the ankle and knee during the second step were observed. The findings extend our understanding of the biomechanics of swing dancing, and could provide preliminary guidance for understanding swing dance-related injuries and improving performance of swing dancing.

Facile Method for Morphological Characterization at Nano Scale.

Background: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopy (EM) are the most practical techniques for nanoparticles (NPs) characterization. However, the impediments which involved the sample preparation method lead to failure in provided results of mentioned device analysis. These problems will be intensifying, if the examined samples are the soft nanocarriers such as organic ones or biological samples.Objectives: In order to achieve the appropriate results from DLS and EM analysis, an optimized protocol was introduced by this research which would prepare samples with high degree of quality and accuracy. Materials and Methods: Morphological analysis of prepared polymeric nanocarriers (micelles, nanogels) by this protocol were done. Filtration, dilution and sonication as three crucial and effectiveness steps of sample preparation were assessed through DLS data and EM images.Results: This research has tried to introduce a facile method with novelty of simplicity and rapidity. These triple steps could improve the quality of morphological data. The obtained results indicated that sample preparation methods have the most effective factors on sample size distribution and homogeneity of desired samples. Conclusion: The suggested optimized preparation method will be helpful for all soft nanomaterial’s samples.

Steps and Ge epitaxy on vicinal Si (111) surfaces: An STM study

Using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we investigate the periodicity of mixed arrays of single and triple steps and the atomic structure of triple steps on three vicinal Si(111) samples with off-angles 1.5 ∘ ≤ θ ≤ 9.45 ∘ towards the [1¯1¯2] direction. The comparison between the (556) and (557) triple-step structure demonstrates that only the number of 7x7 terraces is affected by miscut. At variance with the singular Si(111) case, Ge epitaxy is strongly correlated to step morphology, resulting, at the critical coverage and small misorientation, in the nucleation of holed nanoislands from step-edge protrusions. During step-flow growth, stress-driven bunching of atomic steps (ripples) is observed on the (557) surface, indicating that this mechanism of stress relief of Si(001) vicinal surfaces works also on Si(111) surfaces.

Processing of Nb–10W alloy via aluminothermic reduction–electron beam melting and evaluation of its cold plastic deformation behaviour

ABSTRACTA Nb–10%W (wt-%) alloy ingot was produced via aluminothermic reduction of a Nb2O5+ WO3 mixture followed by electron beam melting. The O and N contents of the ingot after triple EBM steps were 63 wt-ppm and 32 wt-ppm, respectively. This alloy presents potential for application as artificial pinning centre (APC) in Nb–Ti superconducting wires due to its high residual resistivity compared to pure Nb, which is a necessary characteristic to increase critical current density at high magnetic fields. The cold plastic deformation behaviour of this material was studied and compared to that of Nb–Ti and pure Nb. The hardening behaviour of the Nb–10W alloy was unusual as compared to others Nb alloys presumably due to unexpected inhomogeneity of the alloy even after cold plastic deformation and annealing at 1300°C for 4 h.

Highly Stable Atomic Layer Deposited Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors Incorporating Triple O2Annealing

Top-gate zinc oxide thin-film transistors have been fabricated by thermal atomic layer deposition, and the effective process steps to improve the device stability have been investigated in detail. In particular, the incorporation of triple rapid thermal annealing steps in oxygen ambient has been proposed to shift the turn-ON voltage toward the positive direction, reduce interface defects, and suppress gate leakage current. Such devices exhibited near zero turn-ON voltage and significantly enhanced electrical and environmental stability. Repeated I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> -V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GB</sub> sweeping over 900 times in air ambient only caused a shift of the transfer characteristics as low as 0.08 V. Both positive and negative gate bias stress tests on such devices exhibited superior stability performance. Furthermore, ring oscillators based on these devices were found to be capable of highly stable continuous operation over 10 000 s, indicating the devices' suitability for practical circuits-on-glass applications.

Pd-modified PEDOT layers obtained through electroless metal deposition—electrooxidation of glycerol

Pd-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based electrocatalytic materials are obtained by coupling Pd ion reduction with oxidation of pre-reduced PEDOT coatings. Electroless metal deposition is carried out in single or triple electroless deposition steps resulting in Pd NPs with mean size ranging between 12 and 22 nm, respectively. The proposed method of dispersing the Pd catalytic phase provides the opportunity to obtain high electrocatalytic currents with Pd loadings as low as 10 μg cm−2. The Pd-PEDOT catalyst obtained by triple-step metal deposition shows stable voltammetric behavior with respect to glycerol oxidation in alkaline solution. The established mass activity is between the highest values achieved at Pd-electrocatalysts without involving additional electrocatalytic materials or special supports.

Buckling of reconstruction elements of the edges of triple steps on vicinal Si(111) surfaces

The structure of steps with a height of three (111) interplanar distances on vicinal Si(111) surfaces has been analyzed through density functional theory calculations. It has been shown that several stable atomic configurations are possible depending on the buckling of the reconstruction elements of edges of the steps on the surface. It has been found that the direction of the buckling of reconstruction elements in the ground state of the surface is determined by the Coulomb interaction with their nearest atomic environment.

Static and dynamic buckling of reconstructions at triple steps on Si(111) surfaces

Triple steps on Si(111) surfaces are popular building blocks for bottom-up nanostructure assembly, conferring size uniformity and precise positioning of growing nanostructures. In this work, we employ the Si(7 7 10) regular stepped surface as model system to study the triple steps by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and large-scale first-principles calculations. We find a surprising cohabitation of reconstruction elements at the step edge that either buckles statically or dynamically at room temperature. The driving force for the observed sequence of buckling patterns is traced back to Coulomb interactions involving charged adatoms and rest-atoms lying on a mini-terrace. These results reconcile the Si(111) triple step model with the experimental STM data.

New π –T generalised metamaterial negative refractive index transmission line for a compact coplanar waveguide triple band pass filter applications

This study presents, for the first time, a novel π − T generalised negative refractive index (NRI) transmission line (TL) configuration. It is innovated for increasing the possible passbands in designing microwave components. It is proved that the proposed transmission line can introduce up to seven passbands for completely unbalanced transmission line condition. The detailed mathematical analysis of that configuration based on the periodic network analysis and equivalent circuit model is introduced. As an application for the novel π − T generalised NRI TL configuration, a new compact triple band coplanar waveguide (CPW) metamaterial filter is introduced. The proposed triple bands CPW filter design steps are introduced and its performance is validated using equivalent circuit model simulation, electromagnetic full wave simulation and experimental measurements. Good agreements between the circuit modelling, electromagnetic full wave simulation and practical measurement results are achieved. All the results confirm that the proposed filter has triple passbands from 900 to 960 MHz, 1.4 to 1.48 GHz and 2.4 to 2.45 GHz. Moreover the filter size is compact whose length is only 12.1% λg at first passbands, 18.2 λg % at second passbands and 31.7 λg % at third passbands.

Structural Development and Establishment of Rampt Models in Roadside, Farmland and Other Slopel and Agroforestry

The three different models of Roadside Agroforest Multistoried Production Technologies (RAMPT) have been established at Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. These are RAMPT-1 : Single Step Single Slope RAMPT [(SS)2 RAMPT], RAMPT-2 : Double Steps Double Slopes RAMPT [(DS)2 RAMPT], and RAMPT-3 : Triple Steps Triple Slopes RAMPT [(TS)2 RAMPT]. The results of on-going experiments both on MPTS and herbaceous species including crops and medicinal plants under the above models have been observed to be effective and encouraging with a 100% success in tree plantation. Neem, Mehogani and Bakphul based multistoried production systems have been established with understoried shrubby and herbaceous species like Jatropha, lemon, Eryngium, sunflower, turmeric, stem amaranth, chilli, lady’s finger (okra), sweet gourd, etc. The structural development and establishment of these models have been described.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18165 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 99 - 107, 2007

Large-scale uniform bilayer graphene prepared by vacuum graphitization of 6H-SiC(0001) substrates

We report on the preparation of large-scale uniform bilayer graphenes on nominally flat Si-polar 6H-SiC(0001) substrates by flash annealing in ultrahigh vacuum. The resulting graphenes have a single thickness of one bilayer and consist of regular terraces separated by the triple SiC bilayer steps on the 6H-SiC(0001) substrates. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that suppression of pit formation on terraces and uniformity of SiC decomposition at step edges are the key factors to the uniform thickness. By studying the surface morphologies prepared under different annealing rates, it is found that the annealing rate is directly related to SiC decomposition, diffusion of the released Si/C atoms and strain relaxation, which together determine the final step structure and density of defects.

One-dimensional collective excitations in Ag atomic wires grown on Si(557)

The interaction between adsorbate layers of transition metal atoms and strongly anisotropic surfaces can lead to various quasi-one-dimensional (1D) signatures, as demonstrated here for Ag adsorbed on Si(557). Using low energy electron diffraction in combination with scanning tunneling microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we correlated the structure with the properties of low dimensional collective excitations. Semiconducting structures with double periodicity along the chains are formed at Ag coverages below 0.3 ML. At higher coverages, the formation of wires with order sets in. Only these wires are metallic, as is evident from the appearance of plasmonic losses, which show 1D dispersion only along the wires. This 1D property even persists up to one monolayer, where a densely packed array of metallic stripes is formed. The triple steps between the wires are obviously insulating. Only plasmonic subband transitions are visible, which are characteristic for quasi-1D metallic stripes of finite width.

Pesticide Safety Miniposter: Triple Rinse Steps

The Triple Rinse poster acquaints new pest management technicians to proper techniques to clean and dispose of empty pesticide containers. The poster uses quick response (QR) codes that direct smartphones to online videos that demonstrate the triple rinse process and container disposal. This poster will serve as a valuable training tool for new technicians and a refresher tool for pesticide applicators. Designed by R.W. Baldwin, S.K. Hill, Philip Koehler, W. Walker, and J.C. Medley, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, August 2012. ENY-2012/IN962: Pesticide Safety Miniposter: Triple Rinse Steps (ufl.edu)

Step-induced elastic relaxation and surface structure of the Si(7710) surface

We have studied by Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXD) the strain field induced by periodic triple steps on a Si(7710) surface that is a vicinal of Si(111) surface 10° misoriented towards the [11¯2] direction. We find that the strain field induced by the triple steps is well described by an elastic model in which the steps are modelized by parallel rows of buried elastic dipoles. The best fit of the experimental results is reached on the basis of the (7710) surface structure model proposed by Teys et al. (Surface Science 600 (2006) 4878). The so-obtained dipole characteristics are the dipole amplitude (decomposed in a stretch component PT=1.5nN and a torque component PS=0.2nN) as well as the lever arm Ω=170° and force Φ=81° orientations of the dipole. We also determine the prefactor of the elastic interaction energy between triple steps Ael.=0.52eVÅ we discuss in the light of other independent measurements.

Role of carbon surface diffusion on the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC

We have observed the formation of graphene on SiC by Si sublimation in an Ar atmosphere using low-energy electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microcopy, and atomic force microscopy. This work reveals unanticipated growth mechanisms, which depend strongly on the initial surface morphology. Carbon diffusion governs the spatial relationship between SiC decomposition and graphene growth. Isolated bilayer SiC steps generate narrow ribbons of graphene by a distinctive cooperative process, whereas triple bilayer steps allow large graphene sheets to grow by step flow. We demonstrate how graphene quality can be improved by controlling the initial surface morphology to avoid the instabilities inherent in diffusion-limited growth.

Scanning tunneling microscopy with single crystalline W[001] tips: High resolution studies of Si(557)5×5 surface

Single crystalline [001]-oriented tungsten tips have been applied for high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of a Si(557) surface consisting of triple steps and 5×5-reconstructed Si(111) terraces. High stability of the W[001] tips allowed us to measure atomically resolved images of this unusual Si(557) reconstruction at various tunneling parameters and propose a model of its atomic structure. STM experiments show that even for nonideal probe geometry a realistic apex configuration can be drawn from the known crystallographic orientation and the tip behavior.

Comment on “Atomic structure model of the reconstructed Si(557) surface with a triple step structure: Adatom-parallel dimer model”

Recently, [Oh et al.Phys. Rev. B 77, 155430 (2008)] reported on an atomic model for the so-called Si(557)-reconstructed surface with regular triple steps. The atomic structure model proposed was developed on the basis of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images and first-principles calculations performed to match such STM images. Here we argue that the STM image presented is affected by an artifact, most likely related to a multiple tip image effect. Among other issues with the image presented, the corner holes for $(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ reconstruction on Si(111) terraces are not visible, since a doubled image superimposed smears out such characteristic depression. The $(\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ periodicity deduced for the edge facets, in contrast with previously reported STM images and electron-diffraction studies which unambiguously indicate a $(\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ periodicity, arises from the same artifact. Finally, we remark that the (557) surface orientation and (112) orientation of triple steps assumed for first-principles calculations disregard the latest experimental data available, which suggests this surface has a (7 7 10) orientation and the steps in triple step do not form a well-defined plane [Surf. Sci. 600, 4878 (2006)].

Study of initial stages of Pb growth on the Si (7710) surface by the method of scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Lead island growth on the Si (7710) surface containing steps three interplanar spacings d{sub (111)} in height and on the Si (111) singular surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature. It is shown that triple steps control the shape and orientation of lead islands formed on the Si (7710) surface. It was found that preliminary storage of a silicon sample in a vacuum chamber affects the size and density of growing islands. According to the Auger electron spectroscopy data, this effect is caused by oxygen adsorption on the substrate surface from the residual atmosphere of the vacuum chamber.

Orientation and structure of triple step staircase on vicinal Si(1 1 1) surfaces

The vicinal Si(1 1 1) surface, inclined towards the [ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 2 ] direction, was investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy and spot profile analysing low energy electron diffraction. It has been established that the surface, consisting of regularly spaced triple steps and (1 1 1) terraces with a width equal to that of a single unit cell of the Si(1 1 1)-7 × 7 surface structure, has the (7 7 10) orientation. An atomic model of the triple step is proposed.