Triple Point Of Neon Research Articles

Measurement of thermodynamic temperature between 5 K and 24.5 K with single-pressure refractive-index gas thermometry

We describe measurements of thermodynamic temperature in the range 5 K to 24.5561 K (the triple point of neon) using single-pressure refractive-index gas thermometry (SPRIGT) with 4He. In the wake of the May 2019 re-definition of the kelvin and its associated mise en pratique, the main purpose of the work is to provide values of T–T 90, the discrepancy between thermodynamic temperature and that of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The link to ITS-90 is made via calibrated rhodium-iron resistance thermometers. Innovations required to reach the level of accuracy required for meaningful measurements (uncertainty in T–T 90 less than the expected deviation) include the suppression of temperature oscillations in a cryogen-free cryostat, a pressure stabilization scheme based on a non-rotating piston balance, modelling of the hydrostatic head correction and refinements of the measurement of microwave resonances in a quasi-spherical copper resonator. The accuracy of measurements varies from 0.05 mK to 0.17 mK and is competitive with that of all previous ones in this temperature range using other techniques. The improvement stems partly from the new techniques used for the new definition of the kelvin as well as ab initio calculations of the thermophysical properties ofgaseous 4He. In addition to confirming the validity of SPRIGT as an accurate, easier-to-implement alternative to other low-temperature primary thermometry techniques (e.g. acoustic gas thermometry) yet with scope for improvement, the results should provide important input data for any future revision of ITS-90.

Mixed refrigerant cycle with neon, hydrogen, and helium for cooling sc power transmission lines

The use of superconductors in very long power transmission lines requires a reliable and effective cooling. Since the use of cryocoolers does not appear feasible for very long distances, a cryogenic refrigeration cycle needs to be developed. For cooling superconducting cables based on MgB2 (Tc = 39 K), liquid hydrogen (LH2) is the obvious cooling agent. For recooling LH2, one would need a refrigeration cycle providing temperatures at around 20 K. For this purpose, one could propose the use of a helium refrigeration cycle. But the very low molecular weight of helium restricts the use of turbo compressors, which limits the overall efficiency. In order to increase the molecular weight of the refrigerant a mixture of cryogens could be used, allowing the use of a turbo compressor. Temperatures below the triple point of neon are achieved by phase separation. This paper presents a possible layout of a refrigeration cycle utilizing a three component mixture of neon, hydrogen, and helium.

CCT-K2.4: NRC/INTiBS/LNE-Cnam trilateral comparison of capsule-type standard platinum resistance thermometers from 13.8 K to 273.16 K

A trilateral comparison of capsule-type standard platinum resistance thermometers (CSPRT) was carried out between NRC (Canada), INTiBS (Poland) and LNE (France) in 2006 over the temperature range 13.8 K to 273.16 K. The NRC/INTiBS comparison made it possible to link the INTiBS realization of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 to the results of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry Key Comparison CCT-K2 over this temperature range. It revealed that calibrations at INTiBS were in agreement with the key comparison reference values of CCT-K2 within the expanded uncertainties for all temperatures of the comparison based on the data obtained with one of CSPRTs, the other CSPRT of the comparison being considered as anomalous. The linkage to the CCT-K2 data supports the inclusion of the INTiBS CMCs in the BIPM key comparison database (KCDB) and also supplies evidence to support the revision of the uncertainties of the LNE CMCs in the KCDB at the triple points of neon and hydrogen.Main text.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Low-temperature determination of the Boltzmann constant by dielectric-constant gas thermometry

The Boltzmann constant has been determined by performing isotherm measurements around the triple point of neon with dielectric-constant gas thermometry (DCGT). The necessary thermodynamic reference has been established with an uncertainty of about two tenths of a millikelvin, via realizing the International Temperature Scale of 1990, ITS-90, and exploiting the recently published results for the deviation between thermodynamic temperature and the ITS-90. In combination with a detailed treatment of uncertainty estimates and correlations, a value for the Boltzmann constant of kLT = 1.380 657 × 10−23 J K−1 with a standard uncertainty of 15.9 parts per million (ppm) has been determined. This value deviates from the CODATA value, published in 2008, by only 4.7 ppm and is in very good agreement with the value obtained by DCGT at the triple point of water kTPW = 1.380 654 × 10−23 J K−1 with an uncertainty of 9.2 ppm. The weighted mean of kLT and kTPW leads to the DCGT estimate for the Boltzmann constant of k = 1.380 655 × 10−23 J K−1 with an uncertainty of 7.9 ppm.

Realization of the 3He Vapor-Pressure Temperature Scale and Development of a Liquid-He-Free Calibration Apparatus

The 3He vapor-pressure temperature scale was realized using an apparatus based on a continuously operating 3He cryostat at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The cryostat has two operational modes: a 3He circulation mode and a 1 K pot mode. The 3He circulation mode can be used for 3He vapor-pressure measurements below 1.6 K, and the 1 K pot mode can be used for measurements above 1.3 K. Either mode can be selected for measurements from 1.3 K to 1.6 K. The realization of the 3He vapor-pressure temperature scale in this study fully covers its defined temperature range from 0.65 K to 3.2 K in the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The latest realization results are presented in this article. In addition, a liquid-He-free calibration apparatus was developed. It does not require liquid helium as a cryogen, which usually entails cumbersome handling and periodic refilling. The apparatus was designed for the calibration of capsule-type resistance thermometers from 0.65 K to 24.5561 K (the triple point of neon). The cooling system of the apparatus consists of a commercially available pulse-tube refrigerator and a 3He Joule–Thomson (JT) cooling circuit developed at NMIJ/AIST. The pulse-tube refrigerator is used in a pre-cooling stage and cools the apparatus to approximately 5 K. The 3He JT cooling circuit is used to cool the apparatus from 5 K to below 0.65 K. Since the 3He JT cooling circuit is a closed circuit, the apparatus can run continuously with only simple maintenance required. The basic characteristics of the apparatus are described.

An Adiabatic Calorimeter for the Realization of the ITS-90 in the Cryogenic Range at the LNE-CNAM

The LNE-CNAM, in cooperation with the IPN, has recently developed a new cryogen-free adiabatic calorimeter, to realize the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) in the temperature range between 6 K and 84 K. The new calorimeter, cooled by a closed-cycle Gifford-McMahon refrigerator, is equipped with three thermal shields and two separate vacuum chambers, to minimize the effect of parasitic heat fluxes. The inner adiabatic chamber can accommodate either a multi-compartment cell—containing the triple points of hydrogen, neon, oxygen, and argon, to realize the ITS-90 between 14 K and 84 K—or a comparison block for thermometers, the calibration of rhodium–iron (RhFe) thermometers between 6 K and 24 K. The use of a cryogen-free system and a fully computer-controlled measurement chain allow long lasting experiments and good thermal control, resulting in a substantial reduction of the measurement uncertainties. The new adiabatic calorimeter has been successfully tested at the LNE-CNAM. The overall standard uncertainties in the realization of the ITS-90 have been reduced from 2.08 mK to 0.37 mK at the hydrogen triple point, from 1.40 mK to 0.30 mK at the triple point of neon, and are maintained below 0.26 mK at the triple points of oxygen and argon. In the temperature range between 6 K and 24 K, calibrations of rhodium–iron resistance thermometers have been carried out with a standard uncertainty of the order of 0.80 mK.

Uncertainties in the SPRT Subranges of ITS-90: Topics for Further Research

The CCT has completed the guide summarizing the uncertainties in the realization of the SPRT subranges of ITS-90 between the triple point of neon (24.5561 K) and the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C). This article identifies aspects of standard platinum resistance thermometry where either data or models are lacking and further research is required. In the calibration of SPRTs, the two main concerns are the need for data on liquidus slopes for the different impurities in the fixed points and improved understanding of the impact of the thermal environment of the fixed point on the realized temperature. In the use of SPRTs, the two largest sources of uncertainty are Types 1 and 3 non-uniqueness and oxidation. The causes of Type 3 non-uniqueness are not yet understood, especially at low temperatures, and there is a paucity of data for the high-temperature subranges. In respect of oxidation, there is a need for validation of the models developed in the 1980s, especially in light of the reduced partial pressure of oxygen used in modern SPRTs. A range of other effects including vacancy effects in SPRTs, isotopic effects in fixed points, and improved statistical methods are discussed.

Uncertainties in the Realization of the SPRT Sub-ranges of the ITS-90

Working Group 3 of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry is responsible for recommending methods to assess uncertainties in contact thermometry. Accordingly, it has now completed a guide summarizing the uncertainties in the realization of the standard platinum resistance thermometer subranges of ITS-90 between the triple point of neon (24.5561K) and the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C). The document provides guidance to assess the uncertainties of both SPRT calibrations and temperature measurements. The document describes all known sources of uncertainty and influence variables, identifies key references in the literature that discuss, model or evaluate each effect, gives an indication of the typical magnitudes of the uncertainties, and provides propagation laws. This article is an overview of the guide emphasizing aspects that may be different from common practice, which includes: associating all uncertainty terms with a physical cause to ensure they can be propagated and to prevent double counting; uncertainty due to the oxidation state of the SPRT; uncertainty due to the isotopic composition of fixed-point substances; uncertainty due to impurities in fixed-point substances; and uncertainty due to non-uniqueness of the SPRT interpolations. The article gives a graphical summary of the total uncertainties in ITS-90 over the SPRT temperature range.

GM型冷凍機を用いたネオンの三重点の実現

GM型冷凍機を用いたネオンの三重点の実現

Vapour Pressures and Triple Point of Neon and the Influence of Impurities on These Properties

Vapour pressure versus temperature relationships were obtained for solid and liquid natural Ne in the temperature range of 20 K < T < 27.1 K. The effect of various impurities was also investigated and it was found that N2, in particular, has a noticeable influence upon the triple and the boiling points of Ne. The results are compared with other published data and some explanation for disagreements is given.

Excess free energy of Ne-nD 2 liquid mixtures at 24.56°K

Synopsis The dew- and boiling-point method has been used to investigate the P, x relationships for Ne-nD2 liquid mixtures at 24.56°K (triple point of neon). It is shown that this system splits into two phases in the concentration range 26–85% of Ne. The excess free energy ge is calculated and compared with the theoretical predictions of Prigogine's theory of isotopic mixtures.