Triple Intervention Research Articles

Chemical Composition Of Neem Seedlings (Azadirachta Indica L.) Sprayed With Arginine, Kinetin, And Chelated Iron

A pot experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala during the 2023-2024 season to study the effect of kinetin (K) (0, 50, 100 mg L-1), arginine (A) (0, 150, 300 mg L-1), and chelated iron (F) (0 and 200 mg L-1) on some qualitative characteristics of neem seedlings. The study was implemented as a factorial experiment with a completely randomized block design with three replications. The majority of chemical features were significantly impacted by kinetin spraying, with the exception of the proportion of nitrogen, potassium, and protein in the leaves. Arginine affected all traits except total chlorophyll, while chelated iron mainly impacted potassium percentage. The research factors had varying effects on the features under investigation in the binary interaction findings. Treatment K1A1 produced the greatest rate of total chlorophyll, measuring 56.19 mg g-1 fresh weight, While the Fe2A2 treatment was superior in increasing the percentage of carbohydrates (13.31 mg g dry weight-1). With an average percentage of 3.308% for nitrogen content and 0.1588% for phosphorus, treatment K0A2 and treatment K1A2 respectively yielded the greatest percentages. However, treatment K0A1 produced a substantially higher percentage of protein, at 20.67%. Only the percentage of phosphorus was significantly affected by the triple intervention; the K1A0Fe2 treatment produced the highest rate of 0.1640%. This study concludes that High kinetin levels may have adverse effects, but when combined with nutrient-rich fertilizers, they can enhance seedling characteristics of trees with medicinal benefits.

Testing the Bonds: Franco‐Russian Alliance and the First Sino‐Japanese War

The conclusion of the Franco‐Russian Alliance was one of the major turning points in the history of international relations before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. However, the alliance was put under its first severe test only months after its ratification in 1894. The Sino‐Japanese War and the far‐reaching Japanese conquests in Northeast Asia during this war forced the French and Russian governments to align their foreign and imperial policy towards the region. This ultimately resulted in Paris and St. Petersburg in April 1895 intervening against Japan together with France's rival Germany. This initiative, known as the Triple Intervention, caused intense tensions within Franco‐Russian relations, just as the politicians in Berlin had intended. Ultimately, however, the political decision‐makers in Wilhelmstraße achieved exactly the opposite. Although politicians in Paris were initially displeased with the state of their country's relationship with St. Petersburg, they were eventually able to capitalise on the situation. By systematically excluding the government in Berlin from potential advantages derived from the successful intervention, the mutual trust in the alliance was restored and subsequently, St. Petersburg and Paris were able to strengthen their position vis‐à‐vis their imperial rivals in East Asia.

On subaltern urban historiography: Locating Nona Fernández’s Mapocho between decolonization and urban social movements

This article makes a triple intervention into discussions about the relationship between subaltern collective memory, urban historiography and urban social movements. First, and more theoretically, I argue that grassroots urban social movements require a corresponding history to unite people into a collective urban social agent. In short, there are no urban social movements without a shared urban history to bring them together. The cultural struggle over defining a city’s urban meaning is waged not only by material political fights, but also over how we represent the past of our cities. Second, I argue that ruling urban classes circulate and popularize their own urban history in order to disrupt autonomous grassroots urban history formation. Third, and lastly, said historiographical struggle manifests itself in how we represent the pasts of Indigenous peoples in the cities of the Americas. I make this argument through a critical reading of Nona Fernández’s representation of the Indigenous past of Santiago de Chile in her 2002 novel Mapocho.

The Effects of Personalized Nutrition Intervention In Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Breast cancer is a common cancer in women worldwide. Personalized nutrition interventions have gained attention as a promising approach in the treatment of breast cancer. This systematic review aimed to evaluate their effectiveness. A comprehensive search of ScienceDirect and PubMed databases was conducted from 2018 to 2023 using the keyword "Personalized nutrition interventions for breast cancer." Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that dietary interventions led to improvements in body weight, metabolic parameters, and quality of life in breast cancer patients. The Mediterranean diet was associated with significant improvements in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, glycemia, and triglyceride levels, as well as a greater reduction in metabolic syndrome markers. The ketogenic diet resulted in significant weight loss due to fat mass reduction, while personalized and balanced diet interventions reduced the frequency of leukopenia and abdominal pain. A triple intervention program involving nutrition, exercise, and mindfulness positively impacted the quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Individualized diet therapy based on nutritional needs also significantly reduced barriers and improved nutritional status and quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. This review employed a systematic approach, including a comprehensive literature search, clear inclusion criteria, and thorough study quality assessment. In conclusion, personalized nutrition interventions can be effective for improving outcomes in breast cancer patients.

Triple intervention in congenital wry neck: case report

<p class="abstract">Wry neck or congenital muscular torticollis is consequent to shortened or contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM). A painless, retracted sternocleidomastoid muscle is the characteristic feature which results in tugging the neck towards affected side, and draws the shoulder upward and forces the chin in the opposite direction. The incidence is between 0.4 to 1.9%. A 17 years old lady with torticollis since childhood is being discussed in detail with the steps of surgical intervention; at three sites to attain a sternocleidomastoid release and resistance free neck and thus a free head movement. This was followed by application of cervical collar, active physiotherapy and postural exercises. The ignorance and improper advice during childhood had led to this marked deformity at adolescence.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

The Effect of the Fungal Inoculation and Cow Manure and Dab Fertilizer in the Growth of Wheat Plant and the Availability of Iron and Zinc in the Soil

A field experiment was carried out for one of the fields in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate / Al-Shafi’iyah district, where the soil texture of the field was (Sandy loam) in order to study (the effect of fungal inoculation, cow manure and dab manure on the growth of wheat plants and the readiness of iron and zinc in the soil), which was planted in the winter season 2021/2022 and the experiment contained three factors, the fungal inoculation (G. mosseae) was at two levels (and no Addition G0, AdditionG1), cow manure at three levels (0-1-2) tons, ha, and dab manure three levels (0-50-100%). All results had significant differences, as when inoculating with (G. mosseae) the treatment (G1) was superior in plant height, chlorophyll, iron and zinc, which averaged (89.446) cm, (44,905) SPAD, (9.739) mg Fekg−1 Soil, (0.340) mg Zn kg −1 soil, while when fertilizing with cow waste, where treatment (P1) was superior in plant height, chlorophyll and iron, while zinc was superior to treatment (P2), (92.083) cm, (46.226) SPAD and (10).850 mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.347) mg Zn kg −1 soil, while the mineral fertilizer, where treatment (D2) was superior in plant height, chlorophyll and zinc except for iron, where treatment (D1) was superior to (88.640) cm, (45.292) SPAD and (0.339)) mg Zn kg −1 soil, (9.871) mg Fe kg −1 soil, while the bilateral interaction between (G. mosseae) and mineral fertilizer, where the treatment (G1D2) excelled in all characteristics, which averaged (91,444) cm, (46,509) SPAD and (10.416) mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.344) mg Zn kg 1 soil, while the interaction between cow manure and mineral manure, where the treatment (P1D) was superior in plant height, chlorophyll and iron except zinc, (94.137) cm, (48.418) SPAD and (11.552)) mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.349) mg Zn kg −1 soil,871) mg Fe kg −1 soil, while the bilateral interaction between (G. mosseae) and mineral fertilizer, where the treatment (G1D2) excelled in all characteristics, which averaged (91,444) cm, (46.509) SPAD and (10,416) mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.344) mg Zn kg −1 soil, while the interaction between cow manure and mineral manure, where the treatment (P1D) was superior in plant height, chlorophyll and iron except zinc, (94.137) cm, (48.418) SPAD and (11.552) mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.349)) mg Zn kg −1 soil,871) mg Fe kg −1 soil, while the bilateral interaction between (G. mosseae) and mineral fertilizer, where the treatment (G1D2) excelled in all characteristics, which averaged (91,444) cm, (46.509) SPAD and (10,416) mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.344) mg Zn kg −1 soil, while the interaction between cow manure and mineral manure, where the treatment (P1D) was superior in plant height, chlorophyll and iron except zinc, (94.137) cm, (48.418) SPAD and (11.552) mg Fe kg −1 soil, (0.349)) mg Zn kg −1 soil. As for the triple intervention, where the treatment outperformed (G1P1D2) in plant height, chlorophyll and iron except zinc, where the treatment (G1P2D2), (94.633) cm, (51.547) SPAD, (12.543) mg Fe kg −1 soil and (0.352) mg Zn kg −1 soil were superior.

Influence of a multidisciplinary program of diet, exercise, and mindfulness on the quality of life of stage IIa-IIb breast cancer survivors.

193 Background: Integrative oncology has proven to be a useful approach to control cancer symptoms and improve the quality of life (QoL) and overall health of patients, delivering integrated patient care at both physical and emotional levels. The objective of this randomized trial was to evaluate the effects of a triple intervention program on the QoL and lifestyle of women with breast cancer. Methods: Seventy-five survivors of stage IIA-IIB breast cancer were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group (IG) received a 6-month dietary, exercise, and mindfulness program that was not offered to the control group (CG). Data were gathered at baseline and at 6 months postintervention on QoL and adherence to Mediterranean diet using clinical markers and validated questionnaires. Between-group differences at baseline and 3 months postintervention were analyzed using Student’s t test for related samples and the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: At 6 months postintervention, the IG showed significant improvements versus CG in physical functioning ( p =.027), role functioning ( p =.028), and Mediterranean diet adherence ( p =.02) and a significant reduction in body mass index ( p =.04) and weight ( p =.05), with a mean weight loss of 0.7 kg versus a gain of 0.55 kg by the CG ( p =.05). Dyspnea symptoms were also increased in the CG versus IG ( p =.066). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that an integrative dietary, physical activity, and mindfulness program enhances the QoL and healthy lifestyle of stage IIA-IIB breast cancer survivors. Cancer symptoms may be better managed by the implementation of multimodal rather than isolated interventions. Keywords: integrative oncology, breast cancer, quality of life, diet, exercise, mindfulness. Clinical trial information: NCT04150484.

Modelling the Impacts of Early Intervention on Desert Locust Outbreak Prevention

To preserve crop production losses, monitoring of desert locust attacks is a significant feature of agriculture. In this paper, a mathematical model was formulated and analyzed to protect crops against desert locust attack via early intervention tactics. We consider a triple intervention approach, namely, proaction, reaction, and outbreak prevention. The model integrates a stage-structured locust population, logistics-based crop biomass, and blended early intervention via pesticide spray. We assume that the amount of pesticide spray is proportional to the density of the locust population in the infested area. Conventional short residual pesticides within ultralow volume formulation and equipment control operations are considered. The trivial and locust-free equilibrium of the model is unstable, whereas the interior equilibrium is asymptotically stable. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results of the model. In the absence of intervention measures, desert locust losses are approximately 71% of expected crop production. The model projection shows that effective proactive early intervention on hopper stage locust contained locust infestation and subdued public health and environmental hazards. Relevant and up-to-date combined early interventions control desert locust aggression and crop production losses.

Developmental trends in early childhood and their predictors from an Indian birth cohort

BackgroundEarly childhood developmental pattern analyses not only project future cognition potential, but also identify potential risks for possible intervention. The current study evaluates developmental trends in the first 3 years of life and their predictors in a low and middle income country setting.MethodsTrends of early childhood development at 6, 15, 24 and 36 months of age and their predictors were explored in a longitudinal community-based birth cohort study in an urban slum in Vellore, South India. Development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSID-III).ResultsThe birth cohort enrolled 251 children with 94, 91, 91 and 87% follow-up at 6, 15, 24 and 36 months respectively. Child development domains of cognition, language, motor and social skills showed a significant decline in scores between 6 and 36 months of age. Higher socioeconomic position (SEP) and nurturing home environment contributed to increase in cognition scores by 1.9 and 0.9 units respectively. However, stunting caused a decline in cognition scores by 1.7 units. Higher maternal cognition, higher SEP, and caregiver responsivity positively contributed to language change over time, while higher maternal depression contributed negatively. An enriching home environment, growth parameters and blood iron status had positive association with change in motor skills.ConclusionsA triple intervention plan to enhance home environment and nurturance, early childhood nutrient supplementation, and maternal education and well-being might prevent child developmental decline in high risk settings.

‘To Grab, When the Grabbing Begins’ German Foreign and Colonial Policy during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894/95 and the Triple Intervention of 1895

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894/95 is usually only briefly mentioned in studies on diplomatic history. Especially the war’s impact on Wilhelmine foreign and world policy (Weltpolitik) has been largely neglected. However, the events in East Asia had a profound influence on the political leadership in Berlin. The Wilhelmstraße’s attitude towards the conflict changed rapidly when the course of the war in Northeast Asia made a collapse of the Qing Empire increasingly likely. Afraid of the prospect of being left empty handed in an upcoming scramble for China, German diplomacy got active in early 1895. Driven by a hectic activism which soon should become a dominant feature of Weltpolitik, Berlin concluded an ad-hoc alliance with St. Petersburg and Paris. In April 1895, this unlikely coalition intervened against Tōkyō. While the Triple Intervention served primarily Russia’s interest to maintain the status quo on the Chinese mainland, Germany aimed at the acquisition of a military and commercial base in Northeast Asia. Driven by public opinion, the naval leadership and the Emperor Wilhelm II., the formerly neutral and reserved German diplomacy changed towards an aggressive and unstable imperialist policy, which ultimately resulted in the acquisition of Qingdao in November 1897.

The triple cocktail programme to improve the teaching of reading: Types of engagement

Background: South African-structured reading programmes have been implemented in schools in South Africa. The Early Grade Reading Study (EGRS) is an education triple cocktail programme, which attempts to improve home language reading in a number of schools. Aim: The objective of this research was to find out how the educators involved in the implementation of the triple cocktail intervention programme enact the implementation of the lesson in the classroom. The second objective was to ascertain whether there were any effects in improving the teachers' knowledge and skills bringing about changes to their practice. Setting: The context of the study were four primary schools from the North West province that participated in the EGRS study. Foundation Phase teachers from these schools where the home language is Setswana were selected to be the participants of this study. Methods: A case study approach using an interpretive paradigm provided an empirical comparison of the effects of different types of implementation that can affect the outcomes of the programme. Foundation Phase teachers from four schools participating in the EGRS were observed in their classrooms and interviewed to gather data. Results: The Guskey’s model for teacher change was used to analyse the data, focusing on teacher change and the professional development of teachers. Conclusion: The results indicate that enactment of new approaches to early grade reading teaching can happen in four different ways. Teacher change occurs gradually and within a paradigm of mentoring and coaching.

Influence of a Multidisciplinary Program of Diet, Exercise, and Mindfulness on the Quality of Life of Stage IIA-IIB Breast Cancer Survivors.

Background: Integrative oncology has proven to be a useful approach to control cancer symptoms and improve the quality of life (QoL) and overall health of patients, delivering integrated patient care at both physical and emotional levels. The objective of this randomized trial was to evaluate the effects of a triple intervention program on the QoL and lifestyle of women with breast cancer. Methods: Seventy-five survivors of stage IIA-IIB breast cancer were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group (IG) received a 6-month dietary, exercise, and mindfulness program that was not offered to the control group (CG). Data were gathered at baseline and at 6 months postintervention on QoL and adherence to Mediterranean diet using clinical markers and validated questionnaires. Between-group differences at baseline and 3 months postintervention were analyzed using Student’s t test for related samples and the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: At 6 months postintervention, the IG showed significant improvements versus CG in physical functioning (p = .027), role functioning (p = .028), and Mediterranean diet adherence (p = .02) and a significant reduction in body mass index (p = .04) and weight (p = .05), with a mean weight loss of 0.7 kg versus a gain of 0.55 kg by the CG (p = .05). Dyspnea symptoms were also increased in the CG versus IG (p = .066). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that an integrative dietary, physical activity, and mindfulness program enhances the QoL and healthy lifestyle of stage IIA-IIB breast cancer survivors. Cancer symptoms may be better managed by the implementation of multimodal rather than isolated interventions.

The Triple Intervention: A Forgotten Memory in the Discourse of the Nineteenth Century’s International Law

The 19th century’s international law distinguished civilized from non-civilized States resulting in any country desiring equal treatment was required to obtain recognition from those already deemed civilized. Japan was able to join the civilized world by presenting a civilized image of itself in the First Sino-Japanese War, which was depicted by Western legal scholars as a clash between barbarism and civilization. Neither Japanese nor Western scholars of international law, however, have touched on the issue of the Triple Intervention. This incident serves as a case study for re-evaluating the operation of Western countries’ international legal standards. The argument is, that these countries cloak their motives in legal language for self-aggrandizement, thereby demonstrating the ahistorical nature of the West’s rhetoric of civilization. Further, this incident taught Japan the lesson that international law is concerned not with morality but with power.

日清戦争終結に向けた日本外交と国際関係 : 開戦から「三国干渉」成立に至る日本とイギリス

日清戦争終結に向けた日本外交と国際関係 : 開戦から「三国干渉」成立に至る日本とイギリス

Surrounding Great Power’s Policies on the ‘Independent issue of Corea' with Relation to the Sino-Japanese War

The study focuses on the ‘independent issue of Corea and the international relations under the situations of the Sino-Japanese War. During the War, ‘the independence of Corea’, regardless of sovereignty and territorial integrity as an independent nation, was under the restrictions of the structure of strategic interest for the Great Powers including Japan and China. Japan’s exclusive ambition over the Korean Peninsula, which pretended to be ‘independence of Corea’, consistently revealed during the war period. China, on the other hand, wanted to prevent the Korean Peninsula from the falling into the hands of the Japanese as a whole, leaning on the intervention of the Powers. The ambiguous attitudes of China between ‘independence of Corea’ and suzerainty were one of the major factors in prolonging the war and delaying the peace negotiations. Of the Powers with concerns in East Asia, the United States hoped to use Japan to terminate China’s suzerainty over Corea, open the door to Chinese trade and investment and weaken the influence of Britain and Russia in East Asia. Britain and Russia also checked each other because the partner country might try to expand its power alone in the Korean Peninsula. British Lord Kimberley’s ‘common intervention’ by the powers was a way to prevent Russian monopoly on the Korean Peninsula, and to avoid ‘armed intervention’. His proposals of ‘joint occupation of Corea’ and ‘separate Protection’ by China and Japan came from a large frame to control Russia, but as a result, it became a guideline to Japan to open the war. Since the beginning of October in 1894, when the war spread to mainland China, Kimberley’s proposal, ‘independence of Corea guaranteed by the Powers’, was intended to exclude any power’s monopolies on the Korean peninsula including victorious Japan. Russia also hoped to prevent the subjugation of Corea by any power and adopt a wait-and-see policy at least until the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway. But as soon as Japan’s crucial victory threatened the ‘independence of Corea and of China’, Russia will be involved actively the issue through the Triple Intervention in April 1895.

Tracking of TCR-Transgenic T Cells Reveals That Multiple Mechanisms Maintain Cardiac Transplant Tolerance in Mice.

Solid organ transplantation tolerance can be achieved following select transient immunosuppressive regimens that result in long-lasting restraint of alloimmunity without affecting responses to other antigens. Transplantation tolerance has been observed in animal models following costimulation or coreceptor blockade therapies, and in a subset of patients through induction protocols that include donor bone marrow transplantation, or following withdrawal of immunosuppression. Previous data from our lab and others have shown that proinflammatory interventions that successfully prevent the induction of transplantation tolerance in mice often fail to break tolerance once it has been stably established. This suggests that established tolerance acquires resilience to proinflammatory insults, and prompted us to investigate the mechanisms that maintain a stable state of robust tolerance. Our results demonstrate that only a triple intervention of depleting CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), blocking programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) signals, and transferring low numbers of alloreactive T cells was sufficient to break established tolerance. We infer from these observations that Tregs and PD-1/PD-L1 signals cooperate to preserve a low alloreactive T cell frequency to maintain tolerance. Thus, therapeutic protocols designed to induce multiple parallel mechanisms of peripheral tolerance may be necessary to achieve robust transplantation tolerance capable of maintaining one allograft for life in the clinic.

France and the First Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895

Around the time of the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, France reiterated that it had no direct interest in the Korean issue, and professed to be an onlooker. But from the very beginning, in fact, France viewed the war as an opportunity to consolidate its alliance with Russia and further encroach on China’s southwest frontiers; it was therefore happy to see war break out between China and Japan, and took Russia’s position on stopping Britain from playing a dominant role in mediation between them. As the outcome of the war became clear, exposing Japan’s ambition to invade China, France turned from its wait-and-see attitude to intervention, taking an active part in the peacemaking activities of Russia, Britain and France and the triple intervention of Russia, France and Germany. In so doing, it attempted to safeguard general European interests and consolidate its alliance with Russia, as well as preventing Japan from replacing Europe as the dominant force in China. At the same time, it demanded a quid pro quo from the victim. During negotiation over the return of the Liaodong Peninsula, France put aside its conflicts with its old enemy Germany and endeavored to mediate in disputes between Germany and Russia so as to maintain concerted action under the triple intervention. It proposed to sacrifice the interests of China to satisfy the wishes of Japan and Russia for a swift resolution of the issue of the Liaodong Peninsula.

Russian Policy toward Korea during The Sino-Japanese War and Triple Intervention

Russian Policy toward Korea during The Sino-Japanese War and Triple Intervention

Anti-Russian Secret Actions - The Kokuryūkai and the Russo-Japanese War

The Kokuryukai was founded in 1901 to foster the outbreak of a Russo-Japanese War. For these sake, the members of the society started spying in Korea, Manchuria, China and even Russia and prepared the image of a despotic and weak country, which would not be able to counter Japanese aspirations on the Asian mainland anymore. In 1895 the Triple Intervention under Russian leadership had finished the Japanese dreams of getting the Liaodong peninsula as a compensation for the Sino-Japanese War. And just some years later as a consequence of the Boxer Rebellion Russia seized Manchuria and was not willing to negotiate about its abandonment. Finally, the Japanese nationalists saw no alternative than founding another secret society to prepare the Japanese army and public for war. Due to this, information about the possible opponent needed to be collected and an anti-Russian propaganda campaign was started by the members. This made Russia the enemy number one and many publications like Uchida Ryohei's Roshiaron started to provide a negative image of the future enemy on the battlefield for Asian hegemony. An article will outline the establishment of this anti-Russian image by analyzing the measures of the Kokuryukai members from its foundation until the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904.

Influence of protective measures after epidural catheter disconnection on catheter lumen colonization: an in vitro study

Epidural anaesthesia provides excellent pain therapy and reduces postoperative morbidity and mortality. Epidural haematoma and infection are catastrophic complications of this therapy. Following accidental catheter disconnection the choice is between reconnection and premature treatment termination. There is little experimental or clinical data guiding clinical decision-making after epidural catheter disconnection. Investigation of the in vitro effects of clinically applied safety measures after epidural catheter disconnection. The proximal 20mm of epidural catheters were submerged into a suspension of 1 × 10(8)cfu Staphylococcus epidermidis. Catheters were treated by the following potentially preventive measures: (i) cutting 2 cm distal to the level of contamination, (ii) disinfection by spray-wipe, or (iii) employing ropivacaine 0.75% as flushing solution instead of normal saline. All measures were used alone, in a dual combination or all together as a triple intervention (N = 10 catheters in each group). Control catheters were not treated. After 24h of culturing, bacterial growth of the eluates was recorded. All control catheters showed positive cultures. All 49 eluates of catheters that were cut as a single, dual or triple intervention remained sterile. Disinfection prevented bacterial growth in eluate of only six catheters in single or dual interventions. Ropivacaine did not prevent any bacterial growth. Only cutting of epidural catheters 20 mm distal to the level of contamination completely prevented bacterial growth. Disinfection might further reduce risk as an additive measure. This supports the clinical practice of catheter shortening and reconnection. The safe window of time and length of shortening needs to be further investigated.