Triple Band Research Articles

A Novel UWB Monopole Antenna with Reconfigurable Band Notch Characteristics Based on PIN Diodes

Our design for a novel UWB monopole antenna structure with reconfigurable band notch characteristics based on PIN diodes is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is comprised of a modified circular patch and a partial ground plane. The band-notch characteristics are achieved by etching a slot on the partial ground plane and inserting three PIN diodes into the slots for adjusting the operating antenna bands. The reconfigurability is achieved by adding three PIN diodes to obtain eight states with UWB, dual and triple operating bands which can be obtained by changing the PIN state from ON to OFF, and vice versa. The proposed design shows a simple biasing process to switch the frequency bands with insignificant gain variation and low radiation efficiency reduction. The reconfigurability of the frequency is accomplished by adjusting the effective slot length through modifying the PIN diodes states at the desired operating bands. The desired operating frequency bands can be obtained by switching the diodes. A systematic parametric study based on a numerical analysis is invoked to verify and refine the proposed performance. The proposed antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 50×60×1 mm3. The proposed antenna performance was tested experimentally and compared to the simulated results from CSTMW based on FIT. Experimental results were in concordance with simulated results. We found that the proposed antenna design had simple geometry and it was easy to control the frequency bands to suit the applications of WiMAX and WiFi systems.

DNG Metamaterial Reflector Using SOCT Shaped Resonator for Microwave Applications

In this paper, the triple reflection band split O circled T (SOCT) shape metamaterial resonator is presented based on the transmission line principle. This paper aims to develop a miniature metamaterial resonator that can simultaneously perform as a reflector and a sensing element in the microwave range. Compare to symmetric and asymmetric structures; the reflection feature is mostly available in a typical resonating structure. The primary motivation beyond the presented work is to achieve high reflection with triple resonance points at 5.8 GHz, 6.37 GHz and 6.57 GHz. The proposed structure achieved Double Negative (DNG) features on this particular resonance with a relative permittivity value ranges −2.17 to −6.62 and relative permeability of −0.73 to −4.15. The scattering parameter performance was verified through simulation and measurement for unit cell and $5\times 8$ array structure. An analytical sensing ability for liquid salinity was performed for potential microwave application, which indicates a potential outcome of the proposed structure in microwave sensing applications.

TRIPLE BAND DUAL SENSE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED CERAMIC BASED ANTENNA: EXPLORING CONCEPTUAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY

TRIPLE BAND DUAL SENSE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED CERAMIC BASED ANTENNA: EXPLORING CONCEPTUAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Designing of Triple Band Octagonal Ring Antenna for Flexible and Wearable Application

Designing of Triple Band Octagonal Ring Antenna for Flexible and Wearable Application

Triple notch slotted monopole antenna with complementary split ring resonators

This paper solemnly aims on demonstrating the triple band notched design of ultra-wideband with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) along with inverted T-shaped stub in the patch. The designe...

Design and Experimental Analysis of Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Wireless Communication.

A low-profile frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna operating in the microwave frequency band is presented in this paper. The proposed structure is printed on Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4) substrate having relative permittivity of 4.3 and tangent loss of 0.025. Four pin diode switches are inserted between radiating patches for switching the various operating modes of an antenna. The proposed antenna operates in five modes, covering nine different bands by operating at single bands of 5 and 3.5 GHz in Mode 1 and Mode 2, dual bands (i.e., 2.6 and 6.5 GHz, 2.1 and 5.6 GHz) in Mode 3 and 4 and triple bands in Mode 5 (i.e., 1.8, 4.8, and 6.4 GHz). The Voltage Standing Waves Ratio (VSWR) of the presented antenna is less than 1.5 for all the operating bands. The efficiency of the designed antenna is 84 % and gain ranges from 1.2 to 3.6 dBi, respectively, at corresponding resonant frequencies. The achieve bandwidths at respective frequencies ranges from 10.5 to 28%. The proposed structure is modeled in Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio (CST MWS) and the simulated results are experimentally validated. Due to its reasonably small size and support for multiple wireless standards, the proposed antenna can be used in modern handheld fifth generation (5G) devices as well as Internet of Things (IoT) enabled systems in smart cities.

Miniaturization and Bandwidth Enhancement of Quarter-mode and Half-mode SIW Cavity-Backed Antenna for 5G Applications

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) is a special antenna technology which retains reduced copper surface waves and low dielectric loss property of classical rectangular waveguides. The antennas developed on SIW have simple configuration with an ease of fabrication in flame redundant wearable and integration in walls and floors. In this sense a Quarter-mode SIW (QMSIW) antenna has been designed, analyzed and its performance has been compared with Half-mode SIW. QMSIW has been precisely designed to operate efficiently in the range of 40 - 57 GHz. It aims at enhancing the bandwidth for 5G applications with a maximum return loss of -36 db at 55 GHz. HMSIW structure has Triple band resonant frequencies at 20.5 GHz, 24.7 GHz & 27 GHz with the return loss values of -34 db, -14 db & -32.5 db respectively. Both antennas operate in 20 – 72 GHz range of 5G applications.

A Dual Function Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter for Wideband and Tri-Band Operations

A dual-functional reconfigurable filter is explored for the application in wideband and triple band pass filter. The wideband configuration is implemented by parallel combination of open stub loaded and short circuited stub loaded resonators to exhibit a passband from 2.0 GHz-6.1 GHz. Tight coupling generates transmission zeroes at the either side of passband, which enhances the selectivity. The proposed tri-band BPF offers passbands at 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz where two-stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) and one uniform impedance resonator (UIR) are assembled to accomplish such behavior. The two short circuited stubs are connected to the feed line to extend the range of upper stopband. PIN diodes are effectively utilized to switch the operation from wideband to tri-band or vice versa. Detailed design guidelines are provided to design the proposed filter. The behavior of the proposed filter topology is investigated by even and odd mode analysis. The developed reconfigurable filter is fabricated and measured to verify the anticipated and simulated results. A close agreement is observed between them. The fabricated reconfigurable BPF has a very compact size, high selectivity, less insertion loss and good return loss profile.

A Compact Triple Band Antenna for Military Satellite Communication, Radar and Fifth Generation Applications

A compact triple band antenna by using etching slots technique in the radiation element is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is designed to target three different frequencies: 7.5 GHz (military satellite communication), 9 GHz (radar applications) and 28 GHz (fifth generation applications). The fabricated prototype of the antenna has overall dimensions of 13x12.8x1.6 mm3. Measurements were carried out to validate the simulation results. The impedance bandwidths are 259 MHz (7.435-7.695 MHz), 355 MHz (8.86-9.221 MHz) and 2.67 GHz (26.79-29.433 GHz) with return loss less than -10 dB. Furthermore, the suggested antenna provides a gain of 3.96 dBi, 3.05 dBi and 5.86 dBi at 7.5 GHz, 9 GHz and 28 GHz respectively. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed triple band antenna can be used for military satellite communication, radar applications and is a good candidate for the future 5G applications.

A Compact Triple Band EBG Using Interdigital Coplanar Waveguide Structure for Antenna Gain Enhancement

A new triple band EBG unit cell with compact size has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The proposed EBG unit cell is based on a square mushroom-like EBG (M-EBG) structure with an interdigital coplanar waveguide (ICPW). With this technique, the size of the proposed ICPW-EBG structure has been reduced from λ/2 to λ/4 compared with the conventional M-EBG unit cell dimension, which is 18 × 18 mm2. The proposed unit cell was designed in order to respond for three frequency bands at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 3.7 GHz. An array of 10 × 10 unit cell was also designed as a reflector with an overall dimension of 181.8 × 181.8 mm2. The dipole antennas were implemented over the designed reflector with a short distance of λ/8 to radiate electromagnetic wave. The simulation results showed that the ICPW-EBG reflector can improve directivity of the dipole antenna to be 9.12 dB at 1.8 GHz, 9.02 dB at 2.45 GHz, and 8.40 dB at 3.7 GHz. The measurement directivities agreed well with simulation results including 8.72 dB at 1.8 GHz, 8.56 dB at 2.4 GHz, and 8.1 dB at 3.7 GHz. This is the first design of triple band EBG unit cell with 50% size reduction compared with the conventional structure at the same frequency. The designed ICPW-EBG reflector with dipole antenna results in the triple band operation, low-profile and high gain suitable for modern wireless communication systems.

A compact UWB antenna with triple band notch reconfigurability

AbstractA compact ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with reconfigurable triple band notch characteristics is proposed in this paper. The antenna consists of a coplanar waveguide-fed top-cut circular-shaped radiator with two etched C-shaped slots, a pair of split-ring resonators (SRRs) on the backside and four p-type intrinsic n-type (PIN) diodes integrated in the slots and SRRs. By controlling the current distribution in the slots and SRRs, the antenna can realize eight band notch states with independent switch ability, which allows UWB to coexist with 5G (3.3–4.4 GHz)/WiMAX (3.3–3.6 GHz), WLAN (5.15–5.825 GHz), and X-band (7.9–8.4 GHz) bands without interference. By utilizing a nested structure of C-shaped slots and SRRs on the backside, a compact size of 18 × 19.5 mm2 is achieved along with multimode triple band notch reconfigurability. The antenna covers a bandwidth of 3.1–10.6 GHz. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The simulated and experimental results are in good agreement.

A triple band modified F-shaped monopole antenna for RFID application

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a very prominent technology and is used in object-attached identification and tracking tags. In this paper a triple band monopole antenna is designed to work at 2.2-2.6 GHz (lower RFID band), 5.3-6.8 GHz and 8.7-9.5 GHz (upper RFID band) frequency ranges. The antenna design resembles a modified F-shaped radiator and is built on a low cost easily available FR4 dielectric substrate. Initially an F-shaped radiator with partial ground plane is studied which exhibits the operation at 2.6 and 6.5 GHz. Further, modifying this F-shaped radiator exhibits an additional resonance at 9.2 GHz. Fundamental characteristics such as reflection coefficient (S11), radiation pattern and 3D gain have been analyzed and good results have been obtained. Parametric analysis is carried out to fix the optimized antenna dimensions. All the simulations are carried out using the high frequency structure simulator software (HFSS). The antenna structure is easy to design and produce, and ideal for use in RFID applications.document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety.

Sequence spaces derived by the triple band generalized Fibonacci difference operator

In this article we introduce the generalized Fibonacci difference operator mathsf{F}(mathsf{B}) by the composition of a Fibonacci band matrix F and a triple band matrix mathsf{B}(x,y,z) and study the spaces ell _{k}( mathsf{F}(mathsf{B})) and ell _{infty }(mathsf{F}(mathsf{B})). We exhibit certain topological properties, construct a Schauder basis and determine the Köthe–Toeplitz duals of the new spaces. Furthermore, we characterize certain classes of matrix mappings from the spaces ell _{k}(mathsf{F}(mathsf{B})) and ell _{infty }(mathsf{F}(mathsf{B})) to space mathsf{Y}in {ell _{infty },c_{0},c,ell _{1},cs_{0},cs,bs} and obtain the necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix operator to be compact from the spaces ell _{k}(mathsf{F}(mathsf{B})) and ell _{infty }(mathsf{F}(mathsf{B})) to mathsf{Y}in { ell _{infty }, c, c_{0}, ell _{1},cs_{0},cs,bs} using the Hausdorff measure of non-compactness.

Gain Augmentation of a Triple Notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Compact Uniplanar Frequency Selective Surface for Ground Penetrating Radar

A simple structured, compact ultra-wideband (UWB) circular disk monopole antenna of dimension 35 × 30 × 0.8 mm3 that offers wide bandwidth from 2.64 to 9.36 GHz with sharp triple notch bands at 3.28–3.84, 5.08–5.44, and 5.62–6.06 GHz is integrated to the single-layer UWB frequency selective surface (FSS) that has unit cell dimension of 0.1136λL × 0.1136λL only where λL signifies the lower band-edge of UWB. Sharp triple notches are employed by embedding split-ring slot on circular patch and implanting dual circular split-ring resonator pairs at the backside of feed. Addition of FSS layer does not affect the antenna impedance band and offers significant antenna gain improvement by 2–4 dBi in the pass bandwidth with maximum gain of 8 dBi at 8.5 GHz. The antenna also provides high average radiation efficiency of 80%, improved radiation in the broadside direction and consistent group delay response in its pass band when integrated to the FSS layer. Working capability of proposed antenna-FSS structure is evaluated in proximity of soil test bed by keeping thin aluminum sheet at different buried levels. Adequate VSWR profile, linear transfer function response, and consistent group delay response in pass band ensure the eligibility of proposed antenna to work for ground penetrating radar.

Design and Simulation of Triple Band Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna Based on Shape of Ring and Rectangular Slots

In this work, new structures of circular microstrip antenna based on slots are designed and simulated to operate with triple band applications. These slots are annular ring and rectangular shapes in different sizes. The annular ring slot is etched inside the circular patch while the other two rectangular slots are etched on the circular patch edge. The suggested antennas are simulated using version 13 of Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The various parameters such as input impedance, reflection coefficient, gain, radiation patterns and surface currents were investigated. The present results observed that the optimum antenna designed is resonating at three frequencies 2.695, 5.799 and 8.323 GHz. Also, the bandwidths of simulated reflection coefficients at -10 dB are 106, 204 and 371 MHz which are identical with the S-, C- and X-bands frequencies, respectively. Therefore, the optimum antenna designed can be used in the space saving applications in addition to its important role in variety applications at these three frequency bands.

Identification of Polymorphisms of Gene CSN2 of B Casein in Greek Cow Breeds (Holstein) by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

The research focused to detect and identify genetic polymorphisms in exon 7 of the β-casein CSN2 gene in blood samples from Greek Holstein cows. For this purpose, DNA was extracted from 120 blood samples of cows. The desired region of exon 7 was amplified by PCR, resulting in a 121 bp product. The PCR product was digested by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The results suggest that the A1A2 genotype prevails over the others. Specifically, of the 120 cattle, 72 showed triple bands of 121 bp, 86 bp, and 35 bp indicating the A1A2 genotype. The 42 cattle showed a single band at 121 bp, indicating that they carried the A1A1 genotype. The remaining 6 showed only two bands of 86 and 35 bps, indicating that they carried the A2A2 genotype. In the total population of heterozygotes A1A2-0.60 were the most frequent, while homozygotes A2A2-0.06 were the least frequent ones. This suggests a slight superiority of allele A-0.65.

Compact ACS-fed monopole antenna with CRR defect for triple band application

A compact asymmetric coplanar strip fed monopole antenna for the triple-band operation is discussed. The introduction of the defected structure along with asymmetric coplanar strip feeding is an effective way of reducing the antenna size. The rectangular complimentary ring resonator is in the ground plane and another inverted T shaped slot at the radiating strip etched for achieving triple-band operation and interference suppression. The proposed antenna is 25 × 12 mm2 and has been fabricated and tested. The measured results reveal that the proposed antenna has impedance bandwidths of 340 MHz (2.36–2.70 MHz), 390 MHz (3.35–3.74 GHz) and 1110 MHz (5.01–6.12 GHz), which is required for 2.4/3.5/5.2 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.

On the fine spectrum of quadruple band matrix operator over $c_0$ and $c$

We give the fine spectrum of the quadruple band matrix operator Q(r,s,t,u) over c0 and c. The matrix Q(r,s,t,u) generalizes Δ3, D(r,0,0,s), B(r,s,t), Δ2, B(r,s), Δ, right-shift and Zweier matrices, where Δ3, B(r,s,t), Δ2, B(r,s) and Δ are called third-order difference, triple band, second-order difference, double band (generalized difference) and difference matrix, respectively.

Optically Tunable Triple-Band Perfect Absorber for Nonlinear Optical Liquids Sensing

Metamaterial perfect light absorbers have received more attention due to their applications in various fields. In this paper, a metamaterial nanostructure design based on absorption analysis is introduced for the purpose of nonlinear optical liquids sensing which is composed of a sandwich structure of metal-dielectric-metal layer. The nanostructure can display very high absorbance over triple bands at infrared frequencies give rise to large absorbance at different frequencies. The modelling and numerical analysis are carried out using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method where a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the geometric parameters of the nanostructure. Numerical simulations show that the proposed perfect absorber with near unity absorbance on all their bands can be tunable designed whereby the dielectric materials of buffer layer, the geometrical parameters of the sandwich nanostructure design, and the polarization of the incident light determine the absorption band of the metamaterial. The triple band perfect absorber is reasonably polarization insensitive and the absorbance remains large even with large angles of incidence. The sensing mechanism of this sensor is detecting changes in the refractive index of the sample environment. This sensor is first optimized for sensitivity using some biomaterial with fixed RI as a sample; this optimized sensor is then used to investigate some nonlinear optical liquid with nonlinear relation in their RI. We achieved a maximum sensitivity of 273 nm/RIU (corresponding to 53 THz/RIU) for Ethanol. This design has considerable potential in similar measurements in various industry such as medical health, and food quality control.

Ultra-Wideband Planar Antenna with Notched-Band for WIMAX, WLAN and MSAT Applications

Ultra-wideband (UWB) with triple band notch characteristics was presented. WIMAX, WLAN and Meteorological Satellite (MSAT) frequency bandwidths were rejected in the UWB planar antenna composed from a single layer conductor element. Frequency bandwidths for WIMAX, WLAN and MSAT are allocated at 3.3~3.7, 5~6 and 7.4~8.4GHz, respectively. Conductor element etching method was used as the means to realize the band notch characteristics as it was considered convenient and simple. Two slits were etched on the ground plane while on the elliptical element, a single slit. The slits were designed for simplicity in the means of achieving the desired band notch characteristics. The proposed antenna design was compact and low profile. The antenna performances were compared with the reference antenna and the results were negligible.