Triphenylmethane Research Articles

Studies on the photochemical interaction of Fuchsin Basic dye with Triton X-100

A new solarchemical cell consisting of Fuchsin Basic, a cationic triphenyl methane dye, and triethanol amine as reductant in solution of surfactant separated from a saturated aqueous solution of iodine by a pyrex sintered glass membrane, has been developed. The surfactants used was Triton X-100 (non-ionic). The results show that the photopotential and photocurrent of the cell is increased in Triton X-100 and decreased with the cell without surfactant. The photopotential and photocurrent of the cell were observed as 690 mV, 175 μA respectively and power of the cell was 63.4 μA/min. The possible mechanisms of the cell in the various surfactants are discussed.

HPW and supported HPW catalyzed condensation of aromatic aldehydes with aniline: Synthesis of DATPM derivatives

The mesoporous Si-MCM-41 was synthesized by hydrothermal method and various wt.% (20 and 30 wt.%) of HPW were loaded on Si-MCM-41 by wet impregnation method. The synthesized Si-MCM-41 and HPW-loaded catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET surface area, FT-IR, TEM and TGA–DTG techniques. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was tested over the condensation reaction of aniline with various aromatic aldehydes at refluxing temperature under liquid-phase condition, which yields highly commercial product namely diamino triphenyl methanes (DATPMs). The effects of various parameters like catalyst, mole ratio, solvents and substituent effect on the formation of DATPMs were optimized. The catalytic activity of the catalysts showed the following order: H 3PW 12O 40· nH 2O > H 3PMo 12O 40· nH 2O > H 4SiW 12O 40· nH 2O > 20 wt.% HPW/MCM-41 > 30 wt.% HPW/MCM-41 > HM (12) > Hβ (8) > HY (4) > HZSM-5 (15) > Al-MCM-41 (25). The results showed that mole ratio of 4:1 (aniline:aldehyde) gave higher yield than the other mole ratios. Acetonitrile and ethyl acetate shows better activity especially in the supported materials than toluene was used as a solvent. The product thus obtained was analyzed by 1H NMR, FT-IR techniques.

Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of MMA Initiated by Triphenylmethane

Triphenylmethane (TPM) was successfully employed for the reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of CuCl2/pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA). The conventional free radical polymerization (CFRP) of MMA was firstly carried out in the presence of TPM, proving that TPM can initiate the polymerization. The RARTP of MMA in cyclohexanone (CHO) exhibited the living/controlled characteristics: the first-order kinetics with respect to monomer, linear increase of number-average molecular weight (Mn) with conversion, narrow polydispersity index (PDI) (<1.4) and successful chain extension. The possible mechanism was also proposed.

Mechanism of Phosphor Ylide-Mediated Living Polymerizations of MMA. Nature of Side Reactions in the Formation of Initiators

Materials. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (HPLC grade, >99.99%) was stirred over potassium/sodium alloy until a sky-blue color was observed and distilled in vacuo before use. NiBr2 (Fluka, 97%), Ph3P (Aldrich, 99%), and 1-bromonaphthalene (Aldrich, 98%) were used as received. Triphenylmethane (TPM) (Aldrich, 97%) was dried under high vacuum at 60 °C for 3 h. MMA was stirred over CaH2 for 24 h, distilled in vacuo, and then distilled twice over triethylaluminum. 1-Naphthyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (NTPP,Br, 1) was prepared by stirring NiBr2 ,P h 3P, and 1-bromonaphthalene mixture at 200 ° Cf or 3h . 15 The NTPP,Br was of high purity based on proton and 31P NMR: ‰H (400 MHz; CDCl3) 8.42 (Ha, 1H, d, J 8.4), 8.12 (Hb, 1H, d, J 7.6), 7.87 (Hj, 3H, t, J 7.4), 7.77-7.72 (Hi + Hg, 7H, m), 7.66-7.60 (Hh + Hc, 7H, m), 7.537.46 (Hf, 1H, m), 7.40-7.36 (Hd + He, 2H, m) with the structure and assignment in Figure 2A and Figure SI-2 (Supporting Information); ‰P (162 MHz; CDCl3): 22.2. TPP,Br (Aldrich, 97%) and NTPP,Br were dried under high vacuum at 190 °C for 3 h before use. TPM,K (2) was prepared from TPM using a potassium mirror in THF. Polymerizations. Polymerizations were carried out in THF at 25 °C in vacuo using break-seal techniques. In a typical procedure (Table 1, no. 4), compounds 1 (0.118 g, 0.250 mmol) and 2 (8.40 mL, 0.0173 mol/L in THF) were mixed in THF and stirred for various periods (Scheme 1, eq 1) before addition of an MMA/THF solution (5.10 mL, 1.43 mol/L). The NTPP ylide-mediated polymerizations were terminated by 1 mL acetic acid/methanol (1/3 V/V). Methanol (1 mL) was used to terminate the TPP,TPMinitiated polymerizations. The PMMA solutions were precipitated in hexanes, filtered, and dried in vacuo to constant weight. Characterization. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 on a Varian Mercury-400 ( 1 H: 400 MHz; 13 C: 100 MHz; 31 P: 162 MHz) or a Bruker AMX-500 ( 1 H: 500 MHz; 2 H: 77 MHz) instrument. CDCl3 was used as an external standard for the 2 H NMR measurements. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses were carried out at 25 °C on a Waters-510 instrument using three “Polymer Laboratories” (10 I m1 0 4 A (10K -600K), 5 I m1 0 3 A (0.5K-60K), and 5 Im 50 A (up to 2K) columns and equipped with UV and RI detectors in THF at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using PMMA standards. Molecular weights were also determined by proton NMR. UV-vis spectra were recorded on an HP 8453 UV-vis spectrophotometer.

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dye-bath effluent in an integrated two-stage anaerobic reactor

In the present study, decolorization of a simulated dye waste containing three different triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes—Magenta, Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, was investigated in a laboratory scale, two-stage anaerobic high-rate reactor. The effect of various parameters (influent dye concentration, hydraulic and co-substrate loading rates) on color and COD removal efficiency of the reactor has been studied. It has been shown that the influent dye concentration had little effect on overall COD and color removal efficiency. More than 99% color removal and 96% COD removal efficiency were maintained even at a dye concentration of 500 mg/l and a dye loading rate of 1000 mg/l day. However, a minimum level of glucose as supplementary carbon source is required to maintain the maximum color removal efficiency and it drops appreciably when no glucose is added to the influent. The study also showed that the acidogenic phase of the reaction plays an important role in decolorization of the TPM dyes. In addition, the two-stage anaerobic reactor was observed to have distinct advantages over the single-stage system, as the drop in color and COD removal efficiency of stage 1 are adequately compensated by stage 2 of the reactor especially under high dye loading rates accompanied by low co-substrate loading and under reduced HRTs.

Reduction in the mutagenicity of synthetic dyes by successive treatment with activated sludge and the ligninolytic fungus, Irpex lacteus

Synthetic dyes are released in wastewater from textile manufacturing plants, and many of these dyes are genotoxic. In the present study, the mutagenicity of azo, anthraquinone, and triphenyl methane dyes was investigated before and after successive biodegradation with activated sludge and the ligninolytic fungus, Irpex lacteus. Two biodegradation systems were used to reduce the genotoxicity of dyes that were not efficiently inactivated by activated sludge alone. Mutagenicity was monitored with the Salmonella reversion assay conducted with the base-pair substitution detector strains, TA100 and YG1042, and the frame-shift detector strains, TA98 and YG1041, with and without rat liver S9. All dyes except for Congo Red (CR) were mutagenic with S9 activation. Assays conducted with the dyes indicated that only the azo dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) was mutagenic in both TA98 and TA100. Methyl Red and Disperse Blue 3 (DB3) were mutagenic in TA98, YG1041 and YG1042, while Reactive Black 5 was mutagenic in YG1041 and YG1042. Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), Crystal violet (CV) and Bromophenol Blue (BPB) were mutagenic only in TA98, but the toxicity of the latter two dyes complicated the evaluation of their mutagenicity. CR was not mutagenic in any of the tester strains. Biodegradation studies conducted with RO16 and DB3 indicated that the two-step biodegradation process reduced the mutagenic potential of RO16 and DB3 to a greater extent than activated sludge alone; the mutagenicity of the two dyes was reduced by 95.2% and 77.8%, respectively, by the two-step process. These data indicate that the combined biodegradation process may be useful for reducing the mutagenicity associated with wastewater from textile factories that contain recalcitrant dyes.

Organoplatinum Polymorphs with Varying Molecular Conformation, Intermolecular Interaction, and Luminescence

Two mononuclear organoplatinum complexes based on the 2,2'-dipyridylamino derivative ligands (2,2'-dipyridylamino)phenyl triphenyl methane (dm) and (2,2'-dipyridylamino)phenyl triphenyl silane (dsi) with the formula PtPh 2 (dm) (1) and PtPh 2 (dsi) (2), respectively, have been synthesized. Both 1 and 2 have been found to form two polymorphs concomitantly: a colorless blue-luminescent form A (space group I4 1 /a) (1A and 2A) and a yellow nonluminescent form B (space group P2 1 /c) (1B and 2B). The crystal structures of 1A, 1B, and 2A were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The CPh 3 group was found to display different conformations in the crystal lattices of 1A and 1B. Considerable variations in intermolecular interactions were also observed for the crystals of 1A and 1B. 2A was found to be isostructural to 1A. Spectroscopic study (UV-vis and luminescence) and molecular orbital calculations (Gaussian98) were performed to understand the color and luminescent differences between 1A and 1B. Intermolecular π-π stacking interactions between a phenyl of the CPh 3 group and the pyridyl of the 2,2'-dipyridylamino group were found to be the most likely cause for the absence of emission in the crystals of 1B.

Enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. and Irpex lacteus (Fr.)Fr.: Decolorization of Dyes and Effluents

White-rot Basidiomycetes (WRB) play a central role in global carbon cycles as a result of their innate ability to mineralize the lignin, which has a complex polymeric structure. Shallow stationary cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, grown on low-nitrogen mineral medium, produced manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LP). Sulphonphthalein (SP) dyes were decolorized by MnP activity. Decolorization of SP dyes occurred optimally at pH 4.0. An increase in the halogenation (bromine group) of the SP dyes decreases its substrate specifi city for MnP. Th e presence of additional auxochromes (position, type, and number) on the SP dye chromophore infl uence the suitability of SP dyes as an MnP substrate. Th e methyl group in the ortho position (in the case of o-cresol red) is favored over that in meta position (in the case of m-cresol purple). Oxygen scavenger (sodium metabisulfi te) and hydroxyl radical scavengers (thiourea and mannitol) did not have any infl uence on MnP decolorization activity. EDTA, a metal chelator, inhibited MnP-catalyzed decolorization reaction. Th e results highlight the SP dyes as substrates of MnP and provide another class of chromogen for the detection and estimation of ligninolytic peroxidases. Also, the results emphasize as a model for the bioremediation program of the structurally similar xenobionts and recalcitrant compounds stressing over enzyme(s) of white rot basidiomycete P. chrysosporium as a potent biochemical tool. In another study, white-rot basidiomycete Irpex lacteus decolorized the textile dyes on solid medium. Decolorization on solid medium was of older mycelium. Extracellular enzyme extract prepared from I. lacteus-infested wheat straw possessed ligninolytic enzymes manganese peroxidase (MnP), manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), and lignin peroxidase (LP). Decolorization of triphenyl methane dyes is attributed to MnP activities. Th e same color dyes (red, orange, and blue) were decolorized variably on the solid medium as well as by the ligninolytic enzymes of I. lacteus. Th e presence of a halogenated compound, cyanuric chloride, in the structure of reactive orange 13 makes it a suitable substrate for MIP, whereas MnP decolorizes reactive orange 16 that has a naphthalene ring with an hydroxyl group, presenting the dye as a simpler phenolic moiety. Decolorization of triphenyl methane dyes methyl blue (MB) and fast green (FG) was attributed to MnP activities. Brilliant green (BG) resisted decolorization by ligninolytic activities. Th e presence of two 3-[2-(ethyl amino) ethyl] benzene sulfonate groups in FG and three 4-amino benzene sulfonate groups in MB favor the decolorization, whereas the presence of two N,Ndiethyl amine groups in BG resist the decolorization by ligninolytic activities. Enzymatic decolorization of effl uents led to the complete loss of the peak in the UV-region. Ligninolytic activities associated to decolorization of effl uents showed no infl uence of pH and decolorized the effl uent over the pH range of 3–5. Th e results highlight the effi cacies of the ligninolytic system in designing a modest bioremediation program and also provide the means to distinguish among the peroxidases generated as a part of the ligninolytic system.

Photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (C.I. Basic Violet 3) on silver ion doped TiO 2

The photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet, a triphenyl methane dye (also known as Basic Violet 3) in aqueous solutions was investigated with Ag + doped TiO 2 under UV and simulated solar light. The dye degradation using untreated TiO 2 and Ag + doped TiO 2 was compared. It was found that Ag + doped TiO 2 is slightly more efficient. Ag + doping was done also to separate the photocatalyst easily from the treated effluent just by settling or centrifuging and decantation thus avoiding the costly filtration process. Measurements of COD were done at regular intervals to have an idea of mineralization of the dye. The effects of pH, catalyst loading, substrate concentration, interfering substances such as Cl −, NO 3 −, SO 4 2−, HPO 4 2−, Ca 2+, Fe 3+ and humic acid on dye degradation were investigated. The degradation of the dye (20 ppm) was >97% on UV illumination for 105 min with TiO 2 and >99% with Ag + doped TiO 2. The dye (20 ppm) was found to degrade about 88% after illumination for 10 h by a simulated solar light source in the presence of Ag + doped TiO 2. The degradation kinetics fit well to Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate law.

Synthesis and characterization of polyimide/silica hybrid nanocomposites

AbstractPolyimide/silica (PI/SiO2) hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by the sol‐gel process directly from a soluble polyimide. This soluble PI was synthesized from a diamine with a pendant phenyl hydroxyl group, 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐hydroxy triphenyl methane (DHTM) and a dianhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), followed by cyclodehydration. Three ways of preparing PI/SiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were investigated in this study. Two of them used the coupling agent 3‐glycidyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMOS) to enhance the compatibility between PI and silica. The coupling agent can react with the PI to form covalent bonds. The structures of the modified hybrid nanocomposites were identified with a FTIR, whereas the size of the silica in polyimides was characterized with a scanning electron microscope. The size of silica particles in the modified system was &lt;100 nm. The covalently bonded PI/SiO2 hybrid nanocomposites prepared by the novel third approach exhibited good transparency when the silica content was &lt;15%. Moreover, their thermal and mechanical properties exhibited a significant improvement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 382–393, 2004

Synthesis and Sulfonation of Poly(aryl ethers) Containing Triphenyl Methane and Tetraphenyl Methane Moieties from Isocynate-Masked Bisphenols

Wholly aromatic poly(aryl ethers) containing triphenylmethane and tetraphenylmethane moieties were successfully synthesized by aromatic nucleophilic substituting polycondensation from masked bisphenols and decafluorobiphenyl followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfonation took place only at the para positions on the pendant phenyl rings due to the novel biphenol structures designed. For the synthesized polymers, the sulfonation content can be easily controlled and the water-takeup can be conveniently tailored by changing the amount of sulfonation agent. These sulfonated polymers are soluble in polar organic solvents, such as NMP, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and can be readily cast into tough and smooth films from solutions. The films exhibited very high water absorption ability and superior mechanical strength. These polymers also showed high glass transition temperatures ranging from 176 to 203 °C compared with Nafion. The sulfonated polymers can be potentially used as the proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells.

Biodegradation of acid blue-15, a textile dye, by an up-flow immobilized cell bioreactor.

Acid blue-15, a complex and resonance-stabilized triphenylmethane (TPM) textile dye, resistant to transformation, was decolorized/degraded in an up-flow immobilized cell bioreactor. A consortium comprised of isolates belonging to Bacillus sp., Alcaligenes sp. and Aeromonas sp. formed a multispecies biofilm on refractory brick pieces used as support material. The TPM dye was degraded to simple metabolic intermediates in the bioreactor with 94% decolorization at a flow rate of 4 ml h(-1).

Isolation and characterization of microorganisms capable of decolorizing various triphenylmethane dyes.

Various soil and sludge samples collected from the vicinity of textile dyeing industries and waste disposal sites were used for enrichment of microbial population in the presence of triphenylmethane (TPM) dye Acid Violet-17 (AV-17). Twenty-five (25) isolates were screened for their ability to decolorize AV-17 dye added at a rate of 10 mgl(-1) in mineral salts medium (MSM) agar plates. Five bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus sp., Alcaligenes sp. and Aeromonas sp. were selected on the basis of their higher decolorization ability and were used to develop a bacterial consortium. The consortium was able to efficiently decolorize various TPM dyes viz. Acid Violet-17 (86%), Acid Blue-15 (85%), Crystal Violet (82%), Malachite Green (82%) and Brilliant Green (85%). The consortium will be further used for designing efficient and cost effective treatment system for effluents of textile processing industries (TPI).

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PARTICLE SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYUREA MICROCAPSULES BY INTERFACIAL POLYMERIZATION OF POLYISOCYANATES

The interfacial polymerization method was used to prepare fragrant microcapsules. The wall material was a polyurea formed by the reaction of triphenyl methane triisocynate (JQ-1) and TDI (2,4-toulene diisocyanate) with amines that were the reaction results of isocyanates with water. During the preparation, An emulsifier (GPE2040), protective colloid (PVA) and catalyst (dibutyltin dilaurate) were used. The influences of the phase ratio (organic/aqueous), core/wall ratio, the amounts of emulsifier and protective colloid and the radio of triphenyl methane triisocyanate (JQ-1)/TDI (2,4-toluene diisocyanate) on particle size and size distribution of the microcapsules prepared were studied. A mechanism of the process of wall forming is suggested i.e. it might be that the isocyanate migrates outwards through the forming microcapsule's wall and reacts there with water to form amines, which in turn react with isocyanate groups nearby, resulting in the formation of polyurea and the polyurea formed accumulates on the wall of surface.

Production and characterisation of lignocellulases of Panus tigrinus and their application

This study on the lignocellulases in broth cultures of the basidiomycete Panus tigrinus indicates that laccase and xylanase enzymes are constitutive and cellulase is inducible. In stationary culture at 28°C, the greatest laccase and xylanase activity was observed after growth for approximately nine days. Laccase production was dependent on the presence, and the particular brand, of malt extract in the growth medium. While production of laccase was enhanced by growth at 37°C and 42°C, xylanase was not. Raising the pH of the growth medium from pH 5.6 to pH 7.0 did not affect xylanase production, but laccase production was reduced at the higher pH. In shake culture, growth was pelleted and biomass lower than in stationary culture, and synthesis of both enzymes was strongly inhibited. Cultures of P. tigrinus decolourised Poly R-478 and the toxic triphenyl methane dye, crystal violet. It was also shown to degrade a natural lignocellulosic waste, sawdust.

Decolorization of synthetic dyes using a copper complex with glucaric acid

Selected azo, acridine, triphenyl methane, anthraquinone and thiazine-based dyes were decolorized using a catalytic system consisting of Cu(II)/glucaric acid/H 2O 2. More than 90% decolorization was obtained with 100 ppm Acridine Orange, Azure B, Chicago Sky Blue, Crystal Violet, Methyl Orange, Poly B-411, Reactive Black 5, Reactive Blue 2, and Remazol Brilliant Blue R within 24 h. Seventy to eighty percent decolorization was achieved within the first 6 h. The decolorizaton was not affected by pH. The involvement of hydroxyl radicals produced in the system in the decolorization of the dye molecules was confirmed by electron spin resonance study.

Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics from the S2 State of Malachite Green Studied with Femtosecond Upconversion Spectroscopy

We have studied the relaxation dynamics in a triphenyl methane (TPM) dye, malachite green (MG), following S2-state excitation using fluorescence up-conversion measurements in ethanol and ethylene glycol solutions. Information on the mechanisms and dynamics of radiationless transitions from higher excited states in TPM dyes is interesting from the torsional dynamic aspects of the phenyl rings and for the applications of TPM dyes involving knowledge of the excited-state relaxation channels. Kinetic measurements at different wavelengths suggested a cascade population relaxation along the S2 state with a time constant of ∼130 fs that is almost independent of solvent viscosity in the two solvents used, contrary to the relaxation dynamics of the S1 state. Wavelength-dependent time-resolved anisotropy measurements along the S2 and S1 emission bands displayed successive reductions in the anisotropy values, indicating a continuous evolution to the S1 surface. A detailed analysis led us to propose a relaxation path...

Different Real and Imaginary Components of the Resonant Third-Order Polarization Revealed by Optical Heterodyne Detected Transient Grating Spectroscopic Studies of Crystal Violet: Model and Experiment

We carried out heterodyne detected transient grating measurements on a triphenylmethane (TPM) dye molecule, crystal violet, in ethanol, to investigate the origin of the apparently contradictory wavelength dependence observed in pump−probe and homodyne detected transient grating experiments. The measurements were performed at two different wavelengths and the decay profiles of the real and imaginary components of the third-order polarization were found to be strikingly different at both wavelengths. A simple model that accounts for the additional contribution from hot ground state absorption is proposed. The model successfully explains the major features observed in the experiments and provides a consistent picture for the underlying dynamics in this type of system. The striking differences between the decay profiles and wavelength dependencies of the real and imaginary components of P(3) observed in the TPM molecules predominantly originate from the different wavelength dependence of the amplitudes of the various contributions, rather than from changes in the time scales or the observation of new contributions at particular wavelengths.

Photoinduced electron transfer in crystal violet (CV+)–bovine serum albumin (BSA) system: evaluation of reaction paths and radical intermediates

Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from excited probes attached to proteins is of considerable current interest. Photochemical processes following 532nm excitation of triphenyl methane dye, crystal violet (CV+) bound to a protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), have been investigated in picosecond (ps) to microseconds (μs) time scales by flash photolysis technique. The excited singlet state lifetime of CV+ is found to be increased to ∼130ps as compared to ∼1–5ps for the unbound dye in low viscosity solvents. From flash photolysis studies in microsecond region, transient absorption in the region ∼650nm is observed which is attributed to the dication radical CV2+ formed by electron transfer from 3CV+∗ to BSA, contrary to electron transfer from BSA to the excited dye as proposed in a recent report. Supporting spectral evidence for the electron transfer from 3CV+∗ to BSA is obtained from pulse radiolysis studies.

Enhanced fluorescence of triphenylmethane dyes in aqueous surfactant solutions at supramicellar concentrations—effect of added electrolyte

The colour change of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes induced by surfactants at concentrations much greater than their critical micellar concentrations is found to be accompanied by enhanced fluorescence. Thus, the otherwise weak fluorescence of TPM dyes can be detected using supramicellar surfactant concentrations. In this respect, the nonionic polyoxyethylene (POE) chain-containing surfactants are found to be more efficient compared with ionic surfactants. The POE surfactants, Triton X-100, Tween-20 and Tween-60 present a polymer-like surface to the dyes, which can thus easily bind to them. At supramicellar concentrations, the hydrophobic environment formed in these micelles is effective in preventing nonradiative relaxation processes of the dyes. As a result, there is enhanced fluorescence for even micromolar concentrations of the dyes. Among the Tween series, Tween-60 being more hydrophobic leads to greater fluorescence enhancement than Tween-20. From the fluorescence properties, binding constants for dye binding to the surfactants can be determined. Thus the relative efficiency of these surfactants as binding substrates can be assessed. Another interesting observation is that the electrolyte LiCl in presence of the surfactants leads to even larger fluorescence enhancement than the surfactants alone.