Triphenylmethane Research Articles

Escherichia coli -polydopamine coated stir bar sorptive extraction combing with portable mass spectrometer for rapid and simultaneous detection of triphenylmethane residues in fishes

Rapid, accurate, and simultaneous detection of triphenylmethane (TPM) residues and their metabolites in aquaculture products is vital to ensure the safety of aquatic products. In this study, a novel Escherichia coli (E. coli) engineering bacteria-polydopamine (PDMS@PDA@E. coli) coated stir bar was prepared for the extraction and enrichment of malachite green (MG), leucomalachite green (LMG), crystal violet (CV), and leucocrystal violet (LCV), which are typical TPM drugs utilised in aquaculture. A PDMS stir bar was first modulated to show hydrophilic properties via plasma treatment to enhance the evenness and stability of PDA coating. Subsequently, the PDMS@PDA stir bar was adsorbed with E. coli to form PDMS@PDA@E. coli coating, which showed enhanced extraction capacity and selectivity towards TPMs. These characteristics were due to the specific adsorption properties of TPM dyes by Gram-negative bacteria. A hand-held stirring device was installed with the stir bar for on-site extraction. To directly detect the eluted targets without separation, a portable mass spectrometer was utilised. Under the optimal conditions, the samples can be rapidly pretreated (within 30 min) and used for the analysis of 4 TPMs with a recovery of 77.8 %-97.0 % together with the detection limits of 0.13–0.38 μg/kg. These findings prove that the assay has potential application value and broad prospects for the on-site detection of TPM residues in fish.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Based and Space Interactions Induced Color-tunable Single-component Organic Phosphorescence.

Construction of new system and exploration of new approach are of great importance for the improvement of their photophysical properties to meet the growing various uses of phosphorescent materials. Triphenylmethane (TPM), composed only of carbon and hydrogen, exhibits excellent color tunable phosphorescence in air, with ultralong lifetime (836 ms), and wide color-tunable range (from cyan to green, then to yellow and finally to orange, 525 nm-616 nm). Through careful comparison with the single crystal diffraction structure of tetraphenylmethane (TTPM) and theoretical calculation analysis, we believe that various clusters formed through space interactions are crucial for color-tunable phosphorescence.

Biosorption of Triphenylmethane (TPM) Dyes by Microbial Biomass: A Review

Many organic and inorganic contaminants are present in wastewater, and releasing them into receiving waterways causes major environmental problems. The wastewater produced by numerous industries contains a significant amount of dyes; this continues to be one of the most serious ecological issues confronting public health. Unfortunately, conventional wastewater remediation methods are incapable of completely removing dyes. Biosorption is the process by which living material removes chemicals from a solution. Organic, inorganic, gaseous, liquid, or insoluble substances are examples of such substances. Absorption, adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, and precipitation are all mechanisms involved in this physicochemical process. It is a characteristic shared by both live and dead biomass. Triphenyl methane dyes are a significant category of commercial dyes known for their remarkable color intensity, bright red, green, and blue colors, and low lightfastness on many substrates. In contrast to live biomass, using dead biomass in biosorption is more ideal since the hazardous nature of pollutants does not affect the sorption process. There is also no need to provide nutrients or maintain a growing environment. In addition to these variables, researchers discovered that dead biomass is more efficient than active biomass at absorbing organic contaminants. This review highlighted the toxicity of dyes, principles, and theory of the adsorption process, isotherm and kinetic studies of some microbial biosorbents, and thermodynamic studies of triphenyl methane dyes adsorption.

Azophenyl Calix[4]arene Porous Organic Polymer for Extraction and Analysis of Triphenylmethane Dyes from Seafood.

Porous organic polymers (POPs) based on calix[4]arene with a hydrophobic π-rich cavity and host-guest recognition properties exhibit a wide application range of molecular extraction and separation. However, it is still a challenge to improve the extraction and separation selectivity by exploring and seeking appropriate building blocks for the functionalization and pore size adjustment of calix[4]arene. Herein, an azophenyl calix[4]arene porous organic polymer (AC-POP) was proposed. By introducing an electron-rich cavity and adjusting the pore sizes of calix[4]arene, the AC-POP showed high selectivity extraction performance in triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes. The extraction mechanism was explored by adsorption thermodynamics study, density functional theory (DFT) calculation, and reduced density gradient (RDG) and electrostatic potential (ESP) analyses, which suggested that the selectivity adsorption of TPM dyes based on AC-POP was mainly the result of entropy driven by the hydrophobic effect. In addition, the noncovalent interactions including π-π stacking, van der Waals force, and electrostatic interaction were also important factors affecting the adsorption capacity of TPM dyes. Under optimal extraction conditions, the AC-POP possessed a maximum extraction amount of 95.3 mg·g-1 for Rhodamine B (RB), high enrichment factor of about 100, and excellent reusability more than 10 times. Then, an analytical method of TPM dyes with AC-POP as a solid-phase extractant combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) was established, which displayed excellent sensitivity with the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) in the ranges of 0.004-0.35 and 0.016-1.16, respectively. The mean recoveries for TPM dyes ranged from 85.0 to 109.4% with an RSD of 0.48-9.45%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the five TPM dyes in seafood matrix samples.

Screening, identification and optimization of Bacillus species isolated from textile effluents in malachite green degradation

Dye releases from the textile industry disrupt the ecosystem by causing environmental pollution. Our study focused on the degradation of synthetic triphenyl methane, Malachite Green dye by isolating native microorganisms from textile effluents. Among 150 bacterial colonies, two dye-degrading bacteria were selected for the study. The selected bacteria were characterized using different techniques including morphology, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Based on all test results, the isolates were confirmed as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis species. Bacillus cereus was selected for further study based on the percentage of dye decolorization assay. The optimal dye degradation parameters were determined by the Central Composite Design (CCD). Experimentally 99.35% of dye degradation was obtained for Bacillus cereus, at a dye concentration of 1500 mg/L at pH 7.5, temperature 40 °C and 300 mg/L of which is the optimal condition for effective dye degradation.

Biosorption of Triphenyl Methane Dyes (Malachite Green and Crystal Violet) from Aqueous Media by Alfa (Stipa tenacissima L.) Leaf Powder.

This study includes the characterization and exploitation of an abundant agricultural waste in Algeria, Alfa (Stipa tenacissima L.) leaf powder (ALP) as a biosorbent for the removal of hazardous triphenylmethane dyes, malachite green (basic green 4) and crystal violet (basic violet 3), from aqueous media under various operating conditions in batch mode. The effect of experimental parameters such as initial dye concentration (10-40 mg/L), contact time (0-300 min), biosorbent dose (2.5-5.5 g/L), initial pH (2-8), temperature (298-328 K), and ionic strength on dye sorption was investigated. The results of both dyes show that the increase in initial concentration, contact time, temperature, and initial pH of solution leads to an increase in biosorbed quantity, unlike the effect of ionic strength. The biosorption kinetics for triphenylmethane dyes on ALP was analyzed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models proposed by the Weber-Morris equation. Equilibrium sorption data were analyzed by six isotherms, namely the Langmuir, Freundlich, Harkins-Jura, Flory-Huggins, Elovich, and Kiselev isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated for both dyes. The thermodynamic results suggest that both dyes' biosorption is a typical physical process, spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Efficient degradation and decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Serratia sp. WKD under extreme environmental conditions and the mechanism

Microbial degradation of dyes is fundamental and essential for understanding their environmental fate. In this study, a new bacterial strain with efficient degrading capability of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes named WKD was isolated and identified as the genus Serratia sp. by 16S rDNA analysis. The decolorization of TPM dyes by the strain especially under extreme environmental conditions were studied. The results showed that the strain could completely decolorize Malachite Green (MG) and Crystal Violet (CV) at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 and at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 45 °C in a 12 h of incubation. The strain still showed an excellent decolorizing capability even at low (5 °C) and high (60 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the enzymatic analysis indicated that MnP, NADH-DCIP reductase, MG reductase, and CV reductase might be involved in TPM dyes biodegradation. Besides, the biodegradation pathways were proposed based on UV–visible, FTIR, and LC-Q-TOF-MS analyses. Results indicated that degradation of MG by the strain was mainly regulated by N-demethylation and hydroxylation pathways, while degradation of CV was only by the N-demethylation pathway. Therefore, Serratia sp. strain WKD is expected to have a broad application prospect for the bioremediation of TPM dyes, especially in extreme environments.

Removal of triphenylmethane dyes by Streptomyces bacillaris: A study on decolorization, enzymatic reactions and toxicity of treated dye solutions.

This study revealed Streptomyces bacillaris as an efficient biological agent for the removal of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes. The isolate decolorized Malachite Green (MG), Methyl Violet (MV), Crystal Violet (CV), and Cotton Blue (CB) effectively. S. bacillaris in the treated dye solutions were analyzed for enzyme production, and the cell biomass was observed for functional groups and cell morphology. The treated dye solutions were also analyzed for degraded compounds and their toxicity. Results revealed high decolorization activities for MG (94.7%), MV (91.8%), CV (86.6%), CB (68.4%), attributed to both biosorption and biodegradation. In biosorption, dye molecules interacted with the hydroxyl, amino, phosphoryl, and sulfonyl groups present on the cell surface. Biodegradation was associated with induced activities of MnP and NADH-DCIP reductase, giving rise to various simpler compounds. The degraded compounds in the treated dyes were less toxic, as revealed by the significant growth of Vigna radiata in the phytotoxicity test. There were no significant changes in cell morphology before and after use in dye solutions, suggesting S. bacillaris is less susceptible to dye toxicity. This study concluded that S. bacillaris demonstrated effective removal of TPM dyes via biosorption and biodegradation, rendering the treated dyes less toxic than untreated dyes. Findings in this study enabled further explorations into the potential application of lesser-known actinobacteria (i.e. Streptomyces sp.) for dye removal.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles-loaded sawdust carbon for malachite green removal from aquatic solutions

MG, an organic compound composed of triphenyl methane, is often widely used in various industries, especially in the food, pharmaceutical and textile industries. This study emphasizes the green synthesis of novel magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-loaded sawdust carbon (Fe3O4/SC) and their effect on the removal of MG from the aqueous solution. To obtain the optimum conditions of MG removal using the Box–Behnken model, the independent variables such as the initial MG concentration (10–100 mg/L), pH (3–9), reaction time (10–60 min), and Fe3O4/SC nanocomposites dose (0.2–1 g/L) were experimented. According to the quadratic model, the highest removal rate (89.22%) was found at the pH of 8.62, the contact time of 59.86 min, the Fe3O4/SC ncs dose of 0.59 g /L and the MG level of 17.62 mg/L. The MG removal rate follows the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model. The maximum absorption capacity for MG was 41.66 mg/g. These findings suggest that the Fe3O4/SC ncs has a significant potential for the MG adsorption from aqueous solution.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Alprazolam in Pure and Pharmaceutical Forms using Triphenyl Methane Dyes

Three simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of Alprazolam either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of coloured chloroform extractable ion-pair complexes of the drug with bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima at 410, 408 and 405nm with use of the cited reagents, respectively. The stoichiometry of the complex is found to be 1:1 in each case. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 3.0-25, 4.0-30, and 4.5-40μg/ml with BTB, BPB and BCG respectively. The effect of concentration of dye, pH, and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The limits of detection and quantification have been determined for three methods. All the three methods have been validated as per the guidelines of ICH. The methods have been applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets and results of analysis were validated statistically through recovery studies.

Selective Raman detection and photocatalytic degradation of triphenylmethane dyes based on Ag nanoparticles anchored on the flower-like of aluminum/carbon nitride

At present, to develop an effective sensor with good photocatalytic activity for triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes in wastewater is urgently needed. Herein, Ag nanoparticles anchored on the flower like of aluminum/carbon nitride (Al/f-CN/Ag) are prepared. Importantly, the optimal Al/f-CN/Ag substrate shows not only a highly selective and sensitive SERS response but also excellent adsorption and photocatalytic performance for TPM molecules, due to the f-CN in Al/f-CN/Ag provides abundant contacting sites for AgNPs, and the highly efficient adsorption activity for TPM molecules through π-π stacking. Also, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis indicates that more vital “hot spots” are generated by AgNPs which are perfectly anchored in the petal gaps of Al/f-CN, further confirming the superiority of flower-like nanostructure. In addition, the Al/f-CN/Ag displays distinguished SERS activity with a detection limit of ~10−10 mol·L−1 for crystal violet (CV) and ~ 10−8 mol·L−1 for other TPM molecules, and the degradation rate for CV is as high as 99.9% in 140 mins. Moreover, the Raman activity of the substrate is almost unchanged in air within 95 days and after seven cycles. Thus, the constructed versatile SERS substrate will be an attractive nanomaterial for the detection and removal of TPM dyes in wastewater.

Biodegradation of harmful industrial dyes by an extra-cellular bacterial peroxidase

Nowadays the treatment of environmental pollutants such as synthetic dyes (used in multiple industries such as paper, textile, food, plastic and pharmaceutical) has received much attention, especially for biotechnological treatments using both native and artificial enzymes. In this context, many enzymes have been reported to efficiently perform dye degradation. Peroxidase is one such enzyme, which causes dye degradation either by precipitation of chemical structure of aromatic dyes or by opening up their aromatic ring structure. In the present study an extra-cellular peroxidase extracted from a bacterial strain Bacillus sp. F31 JX984444.1 was tested for its capability to decolorize 16 different dyes used in various industries. Out of 16 different textile dyes the Bacillus sp. peroxidase efficiently decolorized 5 dyes out of which 4 triphenyl methane dyes (Basic Fuchsin (BF), Rhodamine B (RB), Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBBG) and Malachite Green (MG) showed decolorization up to 95.5%, 70.8%, 70% and 40%, respectively, while a polymeric heterocyclic dye Methylene Blue (MB) showed 66.2% decolorization. These 5 dyes were studied to further enhance their decolorization by peroxidase after purification by optimizing different reaction conditions (temperature, time, enzyme concentration, buffer pH, dye concentration and effect of various salt ions, H2O2 concentration). This study indicates that the extracellular peroxidase (purified) from Bacillus sp. can be used as a useful tool for the treatment (degradation/decolorization) of industrial effluents contaminated with harmful industrial dyes.

How to Manipulate Through-Space Conjugation and Clusteroluminescence of Simple AIEgens with Isolated Phenyl Rings.

Apart from the traditional through-bond conjugation (TBC), through-space conjugation (TSC) is gradually proved as another important interaction in photophysical processes, especially for the recent observation of clusteroluminescence from nonconjugated molecules. However, unlike TBC in conjugated chromophores, it is still challenging to manipulate TSC and clusteroluminescence. Herein, simple and nonconjugated triphenylmethane (TPM) and its derivatives with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were systematically studied. TPM was characterized with visible clusteroluminescence due to the intramolecular TSC. Experimental and theoretical results showed that the introduction of electron-donating groups into TPM could red-shift the wavelength and increase the efficiency of clusteroluminescence simultaneously, due to the increased electronic density and stabilization of TSC. However, TPM derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups showed inefficient or even quenched clusteroluminescence caused by the vigorous excited-state intramolecular motion and intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer process. This work provides a reliable strategy to manipulate TSC and clusteroluminescence.

Identification and optimization of triphenylmethane dyes removal by Streptomyces sp. from forest soil

This study identified a common Streptomyces sp. (MN262194) from forest soil as an efficient decolorizer of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes. Partial 16S rRNA sequencing identified the isolate as possibly Streptomyces bacillaris (similarity 99.32%). Live and dead cells of Streptomyces sp. were applied to decolorize Malachite Green (MG), Methyl Violet (MV), Crystal Violet (CV), and Cotton Blue (CB). The decolorization efficacy for both cell types was further optimized based on One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) method to determine the influence of pH, agitation speed (rpm), biomass (g), initial dye concentration (mg L− 1), and oxygen. Removal of TPM dyes was repeated for both live and dead cells using combined optimal conditions determined for each biomass type. Results revealed that optimum conditions for live cells were pH 7, 100 rpm agitation, 0.5 g cell biomass, initial dye concentration of 100 mg L− 1 (50 mg L− 1 for CB), and with the presence of oxygen. In contrast, pH 9 (MG, MV, CV) and pH 3 (CB), with 100 rpm agitation, 0.75 g cell biomass, and initial dye concentrations of 100 mg L− 1 (50 mg L− 1 for CB), were the optimum conditions for dead cells. At optimal conditions, live cells showed significantly higher decolorization activities for all dyes (MG 95%, MV 92%, CV 87%, CB 68%). Removal of TPM dyes was via biosorption and biodegradation, detected with changes of ultraviolet-visible spectra between the untreated dye and treated dye. Sorption by Streptomyces sp. conforms to the Langmuir isotherm model. Streptomyces sp. was established as an effective decolorizer for most TPM dyes with > 85% decolorization (with the exception for CB).

Preparation of menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of triphenylmethane dyes: quantitative properties and extraction mechanism.

A series of natural, environmentally friendly and low-cost menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DES) were synthesized to extract and concentrate solutes from dilute aqueous solutions, especially triphenylmethane (TPM) dye micropollutants. The system has excellent extraction performance for TPM. Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were used to quantitatively analyze the effect of the DES composition and TPM structure on the distribution of target molecules in two phases. The solvation free energy of ethyl violet (EV) in DES (-17.128 to -21.681 kcal mol-1) is much larger than that in water (-0.411 kcal mol-1), and increases with the increase of the HBD chain length, which is proportional to the extraction rate, indicating that the TPM molecules are more inclined to the DES environment, especially long-chain DES, than aqueous solution. For the same C12DES, the extraction efficiency of the TPM dyes follows the order: ethyl violet (EV) (99.9%) > crystal violet (CV) (99.6%) > methyl violet (MV) (98.8%). EV has the smallest positive charge and the smallest dipole moment (9.109 D), and the Flory-Huggins parameters of EV (χEV-C12DES 0.053) relative to MV and CV are the smallest in C12DES, and are also the largest in water (χEV-H2O 0.053), indicating that EV has the largest polarity difference with H2O and is more easily detached from water and compatible with the long-chain DES phase. The motion of EV and MV on the phase interface of DES and water was calculated to further analyze from the molecular level. At the same time, EV tends to move into the DES phase. In summary, the excellent extraction ability of DES for TPM is verified through experiments and simulations, providing solid theoretical support in terms of separation in other fields.

Hierarchically porous covalent organic framework for adsorption and removal of triphenylmethane dyes

Triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes as one of common organic pollutants have been severely criticized while it comes to their negative effects on the environment and human beings. In this study, using 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (Tb) and benzidine (Bd) as building blocks, we fabricated a hierarchically porous covalent organic framework foam (TbBd-foam) via a simple yet accomplished gas-foaming technique to adsorb and remove two typical TPM dyes malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution. Attributed to the use of baking soda, CO2 effervesced continuously during the crystallization of TbBd-foam, and thereby creating disordered porous system which can quicken the diffusion of MG and CV through the pore network in TbBd-foam. Benefit from this merit, the adsorption equilibrium of MG and CV can reach only with 30 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity of TbBd-foam for MG and CV was calculated to be 172.4 mg g−1 and 149.3 mg g−1, respectively. More fascinatingly, TbBd-foam can be facilely recycled upon the treatment with ethanol solution containing HCl (0.1%). Taken together, TbBd-foam might be a potential adsorbent for high-performance contaminated water remediation.

Electrochemically active polyimides containing hydroxyl-functionalized triphenylmethane as molecular sensors for fluoride anion detection

In the challenging pursuit of endowing the high performance polyimide systems with efficient responsive side chains, we have designed and synthesized a series of four molecular sensors containing OH group grafted on triphenylmethane (TPM) core as receptor for the fluoride anion. The sensing platforms were obtained by solution polycondensation reaction of a new TPM-based diamine bearing the OH receptor with four ether-dianhydrides containing different substituents, such as 9,9-diphenyl-fluorene, cyclohexane, isopropylidene or hexafluoroisopropylidene. These structural elements are meant to increase the flexibility of the polyimide backbones, as well as solubility and processing ability from easy accessible solvents, while preserving a high thermal stability. Since TPM-OH based polyimides have not been studied yet with regard to their photo-optical and electrochemical features, we have performed a systematic study which highlighted a complex behaviour in strong dependence on the surrounding environment. The UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra evidenced the occurrence of solute-solvent interactions which are responsible for unusual pink colour of these polyimides. Meanwhile, intermolecular hydrogen bonding evolved in solid state. These features promoted a redox behaviour contingent on the polyimides ability to generate the keto tautomer. For the first time in the case of polyimides, spectroscopic and electrochemical responses to fluoride anion were thoroughly analysed by fluorescence and cyclic voltammetry, besides the already known UV–Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies. Clear changes occurred in the presence of the fluoride anion (with tetrabuthylammonium as the counter ion), allowing us to discriminate it by other anions. The sensing recognition capability was demonstrated by colour change from pink to yellow, fluorescence enhancement and variation from blue to yellowish-green, disappearance of the OH proton signature and easier oxidation in the presence of fluoride anions. Since the acid CH group of TPM core is indirectly entangled in the sensing mechanism of the fluoride anion, different concurrent recognition principles may be considered. Even complex, the sensing behaviour of the understudy polyimides proved that a single OH group/monomeric TPM unit is appropriate for efficient fluoride anion recognition.

Twenty-year experience of examining biopsies of signal lymph nodes in breast cancer

Biopsy of signal (sentinel) lymph nodes (LN) has been performed at the N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Oncology Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, for almost 20 years. In the first few years, contrast-visual method (1 % blue isosulfan and triphenyl methane control) was used in 640 patients with early (T1–2N0M0) breast cancer. In 150 patients from this cohort, standard axillary dissection was performed irrespectively of the results of signal (sentinel) biopsy. The rate of false positive responses varied between 4.6 and 6.6 %. Since 2012, radioisotope method of visualization of signal LN with intratumor administration of99mТс-technephyte colloid particles has been used (in 708 patients with T1–3N0M0 breast cancer). This type of signal LN biopsy had the following diagnostic characteristics: sensitivity was 58.9 %, specificity was 96.2 %, diagnostic accuracy was 87.1 %.In parallel with this study, in 2016 a study of diagnostic accuracy and safety of biopsy of axillary LN after neoadjuvant systemic therapy was started. The study included 263 patients with T1N1–3M0, T2–3N0–3M0, T4N0–1M0 breast cancer. To evaluate clinical status of axillary LN, ultrasound, single-photon emission computed tomography, mammography at baseline and after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy ± targeted therapy (trastuzumab) were performed. In some patients, in the recent years a double method of signal LN labeling (radioisotope and fluorescent methods) was used.In patients with baseline cN+-status, the rate of false positive signal LN biopsy conclusions was 13.6 %, in patients with baseline cN0-status it was 7.7 %.The study of double contrast of axillary LN and targeted label of metastatic LN prior to neoadjuvant systemic therapy continues. In total, various modifications of biopsy of signal LN were performed in 2,000 patients with breast cancer.The study protocol was approved by the biomedical ethics committee of N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Oncology Center, Ministry of Health of Russia.All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study.

Facial preparation of hierarchical porous Ba(B2Si2O8) microsphere by sacrificial-template method and its highly efficient selective adsorption of triphenylmethane dyes

Hierarchical porous materials exhibit a superb adsorptive performance owing to the merits of large surface area. In this work, novel uniform Ba(B2Si2O8) microspheres with hierarchical porous nanostrucrure constructed by ultrathin nanosheets have been prepared through a facile hydrothermal method using dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres as sacrificial-template, and the corresponding formation mechanism was also proposed. XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TEM techniques were used to characterize prepared samples. The as-fabricated Ba(B2Si2O8) microsphere exhibited excellent absorption performance for triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes because of its large surface area and the abundant porosity, which can selectively adsorb for acid fuchsin (AF), malachite green (MG), and basic fuchsin (BF) with the adsorption capacities of 2460.54, 992.24 and 57.95 mg g−1, which are much higher than those of most reported adsorbent materials. The adsorption process was found to comply with the pseudo-second-order rate equation and Freundlich adsorption model. Moreover, the competitive adsorption, adsorption thermodynamics, and recycling performance were also investigated, respectively. Due to its larger adsorption capacity and good reusability, Ba(B2Si2O8) microsphere could be considered as a highly efficient absorbent for triphenylmethane dyes from pollutional water.

Aromatic polyimides and copolyimides containing bulky t-butyltriphenylmethane units

Triphenylmethane-based polyimides and copolyimides containing bulky t-butyl group (tBu) were obtained by one-step high temperature polycondensation of 2,2′-bis-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride with diamines of triphenylmethane (TPM) family. The polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities of 0.45–0.80 dL/g. They exhibited high thermal stability with 5% weight loss above 500 °C and were cast in films with good mechanical properties capable of testing as gas separation membranes. All polyimides were readily soluble in polar aprotic solvents, and the solubility enhanced with the increase in tBu-group content. The amorphous, free-standing membranes were prepared from these polymers, and their permeabilities and selectivities to several gases were measured and discussed with respect to the structural differences in the polymers. It was shown that the presence of bulky tBu-units made the chain packing less efficient; free volume and d-spacing in the polyimides grew accordingly. As a consequence, the membranes with higher content of tBu-groups demonstrated improved permeabilities, showing 1.5–3.0 times higher permeability coefficients depending on the gas tested. The membranes’ separation performance was improved for CO2/CH4 gas pair in comparison with that of structurally similar polyimides, while it did not change for O2/N2 pair. Additionally, the mechanism of formation of triphenylmethane diamines in the reaction between aniline and benzaldehydes was investigated in order to optimize the monomer synthesis and to minimize possible side reactions. It was established that the secondary diamines, so-called aminals, were inevitable side products, particularly important in the condensation between aniline and tBu-benzaldehyde.