Tripartite Classification Research Articles

Motives, Timing, and Targets of Corporate Philanthropy: A Tripartite Classification Scheme of Charitable Giving

AbstractAlthough corporate philanthropy has been an important part of American business for more than a century, the motives and consequences of corporate philanthropy are not well understood. This paper develops a richer classification scheme of philanthropic activity, to aid in theory development and management. Examining simultaneously the domains of why firms give (motive), when they give (timing) and to whom they give (target), a conceptual model identifying distinct categories of philanthropic activity is developed and its implications to present and future research discussed.

A Real Quaternion Spherical Ensemble of Random Matrices

One can identify a tripartite classification of random matrix ensembles into geometrical universality classes corresponding to the plane, the sphere and the anti-sphere. The plane is identified with Ginibre-type (iid) matrices and the anti-sphere with truncations of unitary matrices. This paper focusses on an ensemble corresponding to the sphere: matrices of the form Y=A −1 B, where A and B are independent N×N matrices with iid standard Gaussian real quaternion entries. By applying techniques similar to those used for the analogous complex and real spherical ensembles, the eigenvalue joint probability density function and correlation functions are calculated. This completes the exploration of spherical matrices using the traditional Dyson indices β=1,2,4. We find that the eigenvalue density (after stereographic projection onto the sphere) has a depletion of eigenvalues along a ring corresponding to the real axis, with reflective symmetry about this ring. However, in the limit of large matrix dimension, this eigenvalue density approaches that of the corresponding complex ensemble, a density which is uniform on the sphere. This result is in keeping with the spherical law (analogous to the circular law for iid matrices), which states that for matrices having the spherical structure Y=A −1 B, where A and B are independent, iid matrices the (stereographically projected) eigenvalue density tends to uniformity on the sphere.

The Rhetorical Construction of Social Classes in the Reports of Stalin's Secret Police

Stalin's government received information about the political and economic situation in the countryside through the reports prepared by the security service VChK-OGPU-NKVD. This article reveals that these reports ( svodkas in Russian) strain to rhetorically construct a social classification of the peasantry by dividing it into the kulaks (wealthy peasants hostile to Soviet power), the bednyaks (poor peasants supporting Soviet power), and the serednyaks (peasants of average means with uncertain attitudes to the regime). The svodkas persuaded their audience—the secret police and the governments—of the reality of this tripartite classification. This persuasion derived from their massiveness, secretiveness, and mixture of ideological and technical language. Since these conditions inhere in modern governmental, technical, and scientific discourse, the writers for these fields should be aware that when they engage in constructing order through classification, they face temptations of what Kenneth Burke calls rhetoric of hierarchy with its scapegoat principle.

Termos singulares, transcategoriais e Summa Genera na lógica de Aristóteles

Quais termos são suscetíveis de operações silogísticas? Para importantes intérpretes da lógica aristotélica - especialmente Ross, Patzig e Lukasiewicz - a resposta tende a introduzir um único e homogêneo grupo de termos, aqueles de generalidade intermediária (τὰ µεταξὺ). Fundamentada basicamente na classificação tripartite de entes que aparece no capítulo 27 de Primeiros Analíticos I, essa opinião atribui à silogística a exclusão de (i) termos singulares (como "Sócrates" e "este homem"), (ii) transcategoriais (como "ente" e "um"), bem como dos chamados (iii) summa genera ("substância", "qualidade", "quantidade", etc.). Em nossa opinião, esses resultados não derivam dos textos de Aristóteles, mas de leituras, traduções e interpretações impróprias das passagens centrais da discussão. Neste artigo, faremos um novo exame desses textos, a fim de mostrar que Aristóteles jamais afastou de sua lógica os tipos de termos que os intérpretes não hesitam em excluir da silogística. Assim, esperamos reintroduzir termos singulares, transcategoriais e summa genera, no domínio da silogística aristotélica.

Secondary Education in Nigeria : A Synthesis of Basic Student-Specific Concerns from Guidance and Counselling Perspective

The paper is an extrapolation of a tripartite classification of basic concerns in secondary education in Nigeria. Experiences in school counselling practice guided the discussion on the classification– the cause, the effect and the consequence -so as to arrive at a comprehensive picture of the main concerns of secondary education Nigeria. The discussion focuses more on an area which is often accorded little or no attention that is the third leg of the classification - the consequence. The consequence of the main causes of the problems in secondary education in Nigeria is largely student–specific with a far-reaching implication to the future and general well-being of the society. The student-specific concerns are presented and discussed from guidance and counselling perspective. A case is finally made for additional official attention to student concerns in order to be able to achieve the set objectives of secondary education.

Classifying theories of welfare

This paper argues that we should replace the common classification of theories of welfare into the categories of hedonism, desire theories, and objective list theories. The tripartite classification is objectionable because it is unduly narrow and it is confusing: it excludes theories of welfare that are worthy of discussion, and it obscures important distinctions. In its place, the paper proposes two independent classifications corresponding to a distinction emphasised by Roger Crisp: a four-category classification of enumerative theories (about which items constitute welfare), and a four-category classification of explanatory theories (about why these items constitute welfare).

037 A data-driven assessment of the proposed criteria for classification of primary progressive aphasia

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a neurodegenerative syndrome characterised by gradual dissolution of language, is both clinically and pathologically heterogeneous. Identification of discrete clinical subtypes has been considered relevant to predicting...

The half-life of cognitive-affective states during complex learning

We investigated the temporal dynamics of students’ cognitive-affective states (confusion, frustration, boredom, engagement/flow, delight, and surprise) during deep learning activities. After a learning session with an intelligent tutoring system with conversational dialogue, the cognitive-affective states of the learner were classified by the learner, a peer, and two trained judges at approximately 100 points in the tutorial session. Decay rates for the cognitive-affective states were estimated by fitting exponential curves to time series of affect responses. The results partially confirmed predictions of goal-appraisal theories of emotion by supporting a tripartite classification of the states along a temporal dimension: persistent states (boredom, engagement/flow, and confusion), transitory states (delight and surprise), and an intermediate state (frustration). Patterns of decay rates were generally consistent across affect judges, except that a reversed actor–observer effect was discovered for engagement/flow and frustration. Correlations between decay rates of the cognitive-affective states and several learning measures confirmed the major predictions and uncovered some novel findings that have implications for theories of pedagogy that integrate cognition and affect during deep learning.

A Socio‐epistemological Framework for Scientific Publishing

In this paper I propose a new theoretical framework to analyse socio‐technical epistemic practices and systems on the Web and beyond, and apply it to the topic of web‐based scientific publishing. This framework is informed by social epistemology, science and technology studies (STS) and feminist epistemology. Its core consists of a tripartite classification of socio‐technical epistemic systems based on the mechanisms of closure they employ to terminate socio‐epistemic processes in which multiple agents are involved. In particular I distinguish three mechanisms of closure, integration, aggregation and selection, and argue that they correspond to three different types of epistemic sociality. Different systems can employ different mechanism of closure or combinations thereof. Yet each mechanism has its own epistemic merits, depends on specific social, technical and epistemic prerequisites, has different strengths and weaknesses, and is optimal for different epistemic tasks. The aim of my analysis is twofold. Distinguishing different modes of epistemic sociality is a way for me not only to put forward a more nuanced framework for analysing socio‐epistemic practices, such as web‐based scientific publishing and scholarly communication. It can also serve as the theoretical basis for improving them.

Revisiting the Dimensions of Intra-Group Conflict: Theoretical and Psychometric Construct Refinement

Fifteen years ago, Jehn’s (1995; 1997) investigations of conflict types (task, relationship and process conflict) attempted to resolve the paradox of intra-group conflict by examining the distinct effects of each conflict type. Although this work has greatly enhanced the field’s understanding of the role of conflict in groups, the body of subsequent empirical work has been equivocal regarding the predictive validity of these constructs. The distinction continues to be widely cited and used in theory building, but limitations of scale properties and the theoretical underpinnings of the constructs, ultimately, have not let us resolve the conflict paradox. In this paper, we suggest that the current tri-partite classification of intra-group conflict requires greater explication and refinement in order to more accurately represent the latent constructs underlying conflict types. Thus, we revisit the theoretical grounding of group conflict and more clearly specify the mechanisms through with each type of conflict may affect group processes and outcomes. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, we present preliminary construct development evidence for a new, six-dimensional group conflict structure.

The good(ish), the bad, and the ugly: a tripartite classification of ecosystem trends

Abstract Bundy, A., Shannon, L. J., Rochet, M-J., Neira, S., Shin, Y-J., Hill, L., and Aydin, K. 2010. The good(ish), the bad, and the ugly: a tripartite classification of ecosystem trends. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 745–768. Marine ecosystems have been exploited for a long time, growing increasingly vulnerable to collapse and irreversible change. How do we know when an ecosystem may be in danger? A measure of the status of individual stocks is only a partial gauge of its status, and does not include changes at the broader ecosystem level, to non-commercial species or to its structure or functioning. Six ecosystem indicators measuring trends over time were collated for 19 ecosystems, corresponding to four ecological attributes: resource potential, ecosystem structure and functioning, conservation of functional biodiversity, and ecosystem stability and resistance to perturbations. We explored the use of a decision-tree approach, a definition of initial ecosystem state (impacted or non-impacted), and the trends in the ecosystem indicators to classify the ecosystems into improving, stationary, and deteriorating. Ecosystem experts classified all ecosystems as impacted at the time of their initial state. Of these, 15 were diagnosed as “ugly”, because they had deteriorated from an already impacted state. Several also exhibited specific combinations of trends indicating “fishing down the foodweb”, reduction in size structure, reduction in diversity and stability, and changed productivity. The classification provides an initial evaluation for scientists, resource managers, stakeholders, and the general public of the concerning status of ecosystems globally.

In Babel‘s Shadow: Language, Philology, and the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Germany by Tuska Benes, and: Der romantische Mythos vom Ursprung der Sprache: Friedrich Schlegels Suche nach der indogermanischen Verbindung by Chen Tzoref-Ashkenazi

894 Reviews In BabeVs Shadow: Language, Philology, and theNation inNineteenth-Century Germany. By Tuska Benes. (Kritik: German Literary Theory and Cultural Studies) Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 2008. xii+418 pp. $54.95. ISBN 978-0-8143-3304-4. Der romantischeMythos vom Ursprung der Sprache: Friedrich Schlegels Suche nach der indogermanischen Verbindung. By Chen Tzoref-Ashkenazi. Trans, fromHebrew byMarkus Lemke. (Schriftenreihe des Minerva Instituts fur deutsche Geschichte, Universitat Tel Aviv, 29) Gottingen: Wallstein. 2009. 29. ISBN 978-3-8353-0472-7. These two books are closely interrelated inmethod and subject-matter, indeed Chen Tzoref-Ashkenazi quotes with approval from Tuska Benes's original disser tation of 2001. That said, one author (Benes) has a linguistician's training, while Tzoref-Ashkenazi is a historian. Both deal with potentially contentious material: notions of linguistic and national origins, migrations of peoples and languages, notably the rise and progress of theGermanic tribes and their tongues, tomention the salient points of both books. These ideas are all too commonly judged on the basis of their later aberrations, not on their actual historical merits. Benes and Tzoref-Ashkenazi both avoid such reductionism, defending Herder and Friedrich Schlegel against misappropriations made at a later juncture and placing discussion of the termAryan1 in its context. Thus, both take a stand against Edward Said's simplifications, such as the imputation of populism' to Herder or even 'racism' to Schlegel. They tacitly accept that orientalist ideas gathered around 1800 were supplied by imperial or colonial systems (Said), but leave itat that.They do not take sides on the polemic, initiated by nineteenth-century German Sanskrit scholars, that British oriental studies were 'inferior', because driven by politics and trade, whereas theirGerman equivalents represented 'pure scholarship' (Bonn and Berlin versus Haileybury). They are equally useful in their informativeness, although Benes devotes one section only to what is the substantive part of Tzoref-Ashkenazi's study. Benes examines in a wide sweep the process whereby the eighteenth century's preoccu pations with 'Ursprache', the origin of language, the Golden Age, the genealogy of 'Kulturnation' and national character, become defined in terms of linguistic spaces and political entities. Thus what Herder expresses as an aspiration of human progress takes on a different complexion when measured against the realities of the years 1805-15 and beyond. Yet Benes is insistent thatphilological scholarship proper, certainly for the first three-quarters of the nineteenth century, was pre cisely that: crude applications of Tndogermanic' or 'Aryan' or 'Urvolk' came only later. She identifies threemajor areas or models for philological endeavour that contribute to the definition of a nation: the Indian, theGermanic, theGreek, and their various interrelations. Out of speculations, such as Friedrich Schlegel's on primeval language and religion, came the important linguistic distinction between inflecting, 'organic' languages (later defined as Indogermanic) and 'mechanical', ag glutinating (Semitic); or Bopp's tripartite classification of languages; or Klaproth's MLR, 105.3, 2010 895 notion of tindogermanisch> as a linguistic and geographical location. JacobGrimm, not surprisingly, is themain representative of theGermanic school, with his em phasis on the organic growth of language and its function in defining national and historical patrimony. The Greek model Benes associates largelywith Humboldt's idea of ,through the incorporation ofGreek culture into a reformed edu cation system, orwith Boeckh's and Droysen's use ofGreek history as a pattern for nation-building. Thiersch's and Karl Otfried Muller's Hellenism seeks to freeGreek language and culture from the oriental' contamination that the early Sanskritists had made somuch of. Out of the confluence of these threemodels, overlapping in time and subject, the discipline of comparative philology was established. An evaluative element creeps in around mid-century that identifiesAryan' as super ior to 'Semitic' (Lassen, Max Miiller, Renan) and unwittingly provides support forGobineau's theory of racial inequality. Similarly, Benes traces the course of Neogrammarian linguistics, with its emphasis on the individual speaker, not the community, the psychological linguistics that so influenced Nietzsche (language as subjective impulse), and takes us up to Saussure's theory of the linguistic sign. Only then does she discuss the distortions that these various theories underwent in the twentieth century. Tzoref-Ashkenazi's study is focused on Friedrich Schlegel's (full title...

Brief Communications: Interrater Reliability for Kernberg's Structural Interview for Assessing Personality Organization

Interrater reliability is considered a precondition for the validity of theoretical models and their corresponding diagnostic instruments. Studies have documented good interrater reliability for structured interviews measuring personality characteristics on a descriptive-phenomenological level but there is little research on reliability of assessment procedures on a structural level. The current study investigated the interrater reliability of the structural interview (SI) designed to assess neurotic, borderline, and psychotic personality organization according to Kernberg. Videotaped SIs of 69 psychiatric patients were randomly and independently rated by two out of three trained psychologists. Agreement between rater pairs was expressed as square weighted kappa (K(sw), 95% CI). Results indicate satisfactory interrater reliability with respect to Kernberg's tripartite classification (K(sw) = 0.42, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.77). Subdivision of the borderline category or introduction of intermediate subcategories to the tripartite system did not significantly affect reliability (K(sw) = 0.55, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.80; K(sw) = 0.59, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.84, respectively). The conclusion is that trained clinicians can reliably assess structural personality organization using the SI. Refining the nosological system adding subcategories did not reduce reliability.

The anatomy of cultural omnivorousness: The case of the United Kingdom

The cultural omnivore debate is central to the understanding of contemporary cultural inequality. This paper offers some new evidence about Britain, some methodological clarification regarding the consequences of using different measures of omnivorousness and some considerations about its role in cultural reproduction. High quality data from a survey of the UK in 2003–2004 provide relevant evidence about participation and taste across several cultural domains. We identify omnivorousness in terms of both volume and composition of preferences. Socio-demographic factors affecting omnivore volume are broadly similar, but not identical, to those reported for other countries. Concerning the composition of preferences, and conscious of the controversies about the dissolution of cultural hierarchy, we apply a new procedure for a tripartite classification of tastes and practices as legitimate, common and unauthorised. Bundles of preferences are examined. We conclude that there is a section of the population whose preferences span the categories of the legitimate, the common and the unauthorised, but that the most omnivorous portion of the population, and also the highest social class, disproportionately embrace legitimate items, suggesting that an omnivorous orientation is a mark of cultural capital.

Grecisms in Serbian: A review of previous and prospects for future studies

The paper deals with Grecisms which are one of the most widely studied class of loanwords in Serbian. After defining its scope as limited to lexical Grecisms (thus leaving aside semantic borrowings and semantic translations) a short review of the bibliography of the hitherto studies of the topic is given, with a particular stress on the existing classifications of Grecisms. The point is made of proposing a new classification of Grecisms (more substantial than the hitherto ones which depart from that once given by Max Vasmer) to be established, based on three criteria: chronological geographical and genetic ones which often come intertwined in one the same word. Examples illustrating the tripartite classification and all its subcategories are provided by a few dozens of well-known, indisputable Grecisms. Specially highlighted is the existence of a series of pairs (even triads) of words different in form, often meaning too, which through various mediations derive from identical Greek prototypes. In conclusion, future tasks of studding Grecisms are identified as working on completing the corpus by excerption of all the dialectal sources available and parallel going through the relevant etymological works dealing with Grecisms in Serbian (and in other Balkan languages as well), with the ultimate goal of producing a monograph to be a continuation of Die griechischen Lehnworter im Serbo-Kroatischen, written by M. Vasmer almost seven decades ago.

Criminal Omissions: Some Relevant Distinctions

The prevailing theory in continental European and Latin American legal literature distinguishes two kinds of punishable omissions: the simple (or "authentic," "genuine") omission and the "inauthentic" or "pseudo" omission (also known as commission by omission, comisión por omisión). In this article a tripartite classification of crimes of omission is proposed. On the one hand, there are crimes of omission that are identical to cases of active commission (for which we should reserve the term of commission by omission). These are based on the idea of responsibility for one's own organization. On the other hand, there are simple crimes of omission in which we punish a breach of a duty of minimum solidarity toward our fellow citizens. Somewhere between these two categories lies a third type of aggravated crimes of omission that are based on liability for a breach of a duty of qualified solidarity (derived from specific institutions or relationships between people). Moreover, this threefold classification is based on the idea that differences between such omissions are a matter of degree.

The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

This research expands the user/nonuser dichotomy commonly used in research on marijuana. By conceptualizing nonusers as homogeneous, vital nuances in susceptibility to risk and protective factors may be overlooked. Research operations tested the predictive validity of a brief measure that divided nonusers into resolute and vulnerable subcategories; determined whether variables that distinguished nonusers and users were more informative when a tripartite classification was used; and with an eye on future prevention, examined variables on which resolute nonusers were similar to vulnerable nonusers or users, and on which they differed from both. A nationally representative sample of respondents (N = 2,111; ages 12-16 years) from the National Survey of Parents and Youth was used in this secondary analysis. Panel data gathered yearly over four rounds included information on intentions and use of marijuana and other illicit substances, along with social, demographic, intrapersonal, and parental variables. The three groups differed significantly on associates' marijuana use, participants' approval of others' use, and cigarette and alcohol use. Resolute nonusers differed from vulnerable nonusers and users alike on religiosity, delinquency (self and friends'), refusal strength, sensation seeking, parental monitoring and warmth, and adult supervision. Results support the utility of distinguishing vulnerable from resolute nonusers, counsel against considering nonusers as a homogeneous group, and provide insight into variables that might prove useful in future prevention efforts.

Focus on Geriatric Psychiatry: Schizophrenia in Later Life: Clinical Symptoms and Social Well-being

The number of persons aged 55 and older with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is projected to double over the next 20 years. A tripartite classification system of early-onset schizophrenia, late-onset schizophrenia, and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis has been proposed. This column reviews recent findings on the outcome and associated features of clinical symptom and social well-being categories for older adults with early-onset schizophrenia.

Focus on Geriatric Psychiatry: Schizophrenia in Later Life: Clinical Symptoms and Social Well-being

Focus on Geriatric Psychiatry: Schizophrenia in Later Life: Clinical Symptoms and Social Well-being

Colinguals among bilinguals

ABSTRACT: Discussions about intranational uses of English tend to follow the predominant theme of international uses, namely communication between people who do not have the same native language (L1). But how often do compatriots who share an L1 speak L2 English with each other? In other words, how many of a country's bilinguals are alsocolinguals? If citizens are not speaking English with each other, does it make sense for their educators, literati, or politicians to claim that they have their own national variety? Is spoken discourse the prime mover that generates independent canons? That is, does abundance or lack of speech interaction in intranational contexts act as a touchstone for separating norm‐providing varieties (e.g. Indian English) from norm‐dependent varieties (e.g. so‐called “Japanese English”)? These questions serve to reinforce the tripartite classification of Kachru's model, with a focus on the similarities between the Inner and Outer Circles, counterbalancing the tendency to combine the Outer and Expanding Circles.