Trinary System Research Articles

Predictors of the prevalence and importance of the observed trinary control system in rural China

Western criminological literature continues to focus on the binary control system (formal vs. informal), while China has long employed the trinary system (formal, semiformal, and informal) in its construction of social control. China scholars have investigated the prevalence and importance of the trinary control system as a key to understanding social control. However, there is a lack of research on their predictors. The current study aims at investigating the correlates of the prevalence and importance of the observed trinary control system in rural China. Using the sample data of 2343 respondents collected from 164 villages in rural China, the study found that both individual and village factors were the predictors of the prevalence of the observed controls exerted by village committees, a measure of semiformal control, and police, a measure of formal control, in maintaining community social order. Findings included the reported prevalence of four control mechanisms as significant predictors of their importance in community order maintenance. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Simultaneous adsorption of malachite green, methyl orange, and rhodamine B with TiO2/macadamia nutshells-derived activated carbon composite

Abstract In this study, TiO2/activated carbon (TiO2/MAC) composite was synthesized from activated carbon prepared from macadamia nutshells and a water-soluble titanium complex, and it was used to simultaneously adsorb malachite green (MG), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solutions. The kinetic studies show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model describes the adsorption experimental data the best. The equilibrium data of the trinary system were analyzed via the ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) and the Langmuir and P-factor-Langmuir extended models that combine the three single-component isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips). The AICs (Akaike Information Criterion) values indicate that IAST incorporating the Langmuir model is the most suitable to describe the removal of the dyes in the trinary solution. The TiO2/MAC composite exhibits a high dye adsorption capacity compared with those of the published adsorbents. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that the adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic. The high adsorption capacity and the recyclability through photocatalytic self-cleaning show that TiO2/MAC can be utilized as a sustainable alternative for the simultaneous elimination of textile dyes from effluents.

Trinary Component Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Methyl Orange, and Methyl Red from Aqueous Solution Using TiO2/Activated Carbon

Porous TiO2/activated carbon (AC) material was synthesized by grafting peroxo-hydro titanium complexes to rice husk-derived activated carbon. It was found that the morphology of TiO2/AC consists of TiO2 fine particles highly dispersed on the AC matrix. The obtained TiO2/AC composites with high surface area and a red shift exhibit an excellent adsorption performance in both single and trinary system toward methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl red (MR). The isotherm models including extended Langmuir, P-factor, ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) for Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips models were applied to study the adsorption equilibrium data of trinary solutions. It was found that IAST for Freundlich and Langmuir models were the most suitable one to describe the adsorption of the three dyes on TiO2/AC material. The high maximum adsorption capacities (mmol g-1) in single/trinary mixture were found as 0.452/0.340 for MB; 0.329/0.321 for MO; and 0.806/2.04 for MR. Moreover, the recyclability experiments showed that the adsorbent could be reused through photocatalytic self-cleaning for at least three cycles with stable capacity. Thus, the TiO2/AC can be effectively employed for the removal of dyes from industrial textile wastewater.

A novel g-C3N4/In2O3/BiVO4 heterojunction photoanode for improved the photoelectrochemical cathodic protection of 304 SS stainless steel under solar light

Recently, photocathodic protection has been regarded as one of the environment-friendly techniques for metal's anti-corrosion. In this technique, n-type semiconductor photoanode produces photogenerated electrons to reparation the lost electrons from metals. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to develop materials with facile methods for improving metals photocathodic protection. Herein, g-C3N4/In2O3/BiVO4 trinary system composite was synthesized through a novel approach. The XRD, UV, and PL techniques were used to confirm the enhancement in photogenerated electrons. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical results showed that the prepared samples increased the negativity of the 304 SS stainless steel under open circuit potential (OCP) conditions. Additionally, the potential of the 304 SS polarization showed a negative shift from − 505 to − 625 mV and − 635 mV after joined to In2O3/BiVO4 and C3N4/In2O3/BiVO4, respectively. Moreover, the presence of g-C3N4 was provided extra cathodic protection, providing polarization potential more negative during light off. That expects the insertion of this material into the offshore facilities coating to increase its lifetime and decrease corroded metals' discharge into the water bodies.

Preparation and Characterization of Maillard Reaction Products from a Trinary System Composed of the Soy Protein Isolate, Chitosan Oligosaccharide, and Gum Arabic

Preparation and Characterization of Maillard Reaction Products from a Trinary System Composed of the Soy Protein Isolate, Chitosan Oligosaccharide, and Gum Arabic

Beyond Disenchantment

Beyond Disenchantment

Analysis of insulin glulisine at the molecular level by X-ray crystallography and biophysical techniques

This study concerns glulisine, a rapid-acting insulin analogue that plays a fundamental role in diabetes management. We have applied a combination of methods namely X-ray crystallography, and biophysical characterisation to provide a detailed insight into the structure and function of glulisine. X-ray data provided structural information to a resolution of 1.26 Å. Crystals belonged to the H3 space group with hexagonal (centred trigonal) cell dimensions a = b = 82.44 and c = 33.65 Å with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. A unique position of D21Glu, not present in other fast-acting analogues, pointing inwards rather than to the outside surface was observed. This reduces interactions with neighbouring molecules thereby increasing preference of the dimer form. Sedimentation velocity/equilibrium studies revealed a trinary system of dimers and hexamers/dihexamers in dynamic equilibrium. This new information may lead to better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of glulisine which might aid in improving formulation regarding its fast-acting role and reducing side effects of this drug.

A comprehensive investigation of the variable overcontact system EH Cancri

Precise multi-color CCD-derived photometric data were obtained from EH Cnc at two sites during 2010, 2014 and 2018 wherein each epoch used a different instrument. This has provided a unique opportunity to investigate parameter uncertainty following Roche modeling of light curves optimized by differential corrections using the Wilson–Devinney code. Furthermore, new radial velocity data from EH Cnc presented in this study for the first time has produced absolute physical and geometric parameters for this A-subtype W UMa-type variable. Analysis of eclipse timing data confirms the presence of sinusoidal-like excursions in the eclipse timing residuals. We address whether these are due to magnetic activity cycles, the so-called “Applegate effect”, or related to a light-time effect (LiTE) resulting from the presence of a third gravitationally bound cool low mass white dwarf. A model using the PAdova & TRieste Stellar Evolution Code (PARSEC) has provided valuable insight about the evolutionary history of EH Cnc as a trinary system.

Хищные птицы (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes) Северной Евразии в биологической тетранарной околовидовой номенклатуре

The main disadvantage of the generally accepted trinary system of around-species nomenclature is the lack of a species concept. This leads to the fact that any lower taxon can be declared a species or subspecies, and any combination of these taxa of arbitrary rank is correct and legitimate, by definition, and therefore cannot even be discussed. Ambiguity of the level of divergence of species creates a “species problem” and makes the question – species or subspecies – meaningless. The solution to the “species problem” can be the creation of a nomenclature system with a "own" species concept. The only concept whose criteria are objective (reproductive isolation and sympatry) and, more importantly, correspond to a certain level of divergence, and that have a biological meaning, is a biological species concept. However, the use of this concept is difficult due to the uncertainty of the degree of reproductive isolation. Therefore, a revised definition of a biological species (B-species) as a category of taxonomy is proposed – this is a level of divergence that provides reproductive isolation sufficient for sympatry (with other closely related forms). Accordingly, as a physical object, the B-species can be defined as a set of sister populations that are incapable to sympatry with each other. The level of B-species is very high, therefore, for forms intermediate between subspecies and B-species, an additional category is needed – a semi-species. Unlike subspecies, which differ only in size and color, a semi-species must have at least one of the following features: 1 – obvious differences in the preference for environmental conditions; 2 – a certain assortative mating with other semi-species; 3 – reduced fertility of hybrids; 4 – significant differences in morphology, physiology, behavior, etc.; 5 – the hybridization zone is relatively very narrow (parapatry). The taxonomy of birds of prey (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes) of Northern Eurasia is presented in a new (genus, B-species, semi-species, subspecies) system of categories and nomenclature.

A scheme for the development of a trinary logic unit (TLU) using polarization-based optical switches

Frequency-encoded optical processors based on multivalued logic (MVL) will play a significant role in future all-optical networks. In this work, basic optical logic gates are designed using a modified trinary system, exploiting the switching action of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) based on the principle of the nonlinear rotation of the polarization of a probe beam in the presence of a pump beam. A control unit capable of performing OR, AND, and XOR logic operations depending on the frequency of the control signal is then developed. Finally, a trinary logic unit is designed to execute 27 different logic operations. The feasibility of these proposals is confirmed by simulation results. In this approach, each trinary bit, i.e., “trit,” is represented by a unique frequency, which in turn helps to address the noise margin problem that arises in intensity-encoded MVL systems. This scheme can therefore play an important role in errorless optical computing and processing.

Reaction behavior of ferric oxide in system Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 during reductive sintering process

Pure compounds and kaolin were employed to investigate the reaction behavior of ferric oxide in the trinary system Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 during reductive sintering process. The thermodynamic analyses and reductive sintering experimental results show that ferrous oxide generated from the reduction of ferric oxide by carbon can react with silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide to form ferrous silicate and hercynite at 1173 K, respectively. In the trinary system Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3, ferrous oxide obtained from ferric oxide reduction preferentially reacts with aluminum oxide to form hercynite, and the reaction of ferrous oxide with silicon dioxide occurs only when there is surplus ferrous oxide after the exhaustion of aluminum oxide. When sintering temperature rises to 1473 K, hercynite further reacts with silicon dioxide to form mullite and ferrous oxide. Results presented in this work may throw a new light upon the separation of alumina and silica present in Al/Fe-bearing materials with low mass ratio of alumina to silica in alumina production.

LiOH - H2O2 - H2O trinary system study for the selection of optimal conditions of lithium peroxide synthesis

Using solubility method the decay kinetics of peroxide products contained in liquid phase of LiOH - H2O2 - H2O trinary system with 2 to 6% by wt hydrogen peroxide content in liquid phase in 21 to 33 °C temperature range has been studied. Conducted studies have allowed to determine temperature and concentration limits of solid phase existence of Li2O2·H2O content, distinctness of which has been confirmed using chemical and qualitative X- ray phase analysis. Stabilizing effect of solid phase of Li2O2·H2O content on hydrogen peroxide decay contained in liquid phase of LiOH - H2O2 - H2O trinary system under conditions of experiments conducted has been shown.

Trinary system protoplanetary disks reveal clues about planet formation

Trinary system protoplanetary disks reveal clues about planet formation

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) lung scintigraphy: a long journey to a renewed position of prominence in diagnosing pulmonary embolism

The ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) lung scan has traveled a long, circuitous path since its introduction for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the 1960s. Its initial credibility was damaged following the publication of the PIOPED study in 1990 and the emergence of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the mid-1990s. A considerable number of advances in both methodology and image interpretation have helped to restore the credibility of V/Q. There has also been considerable concern over the large radiation burden associated with CTPA. The issue of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of small PEs has also received a lot of attention. Although CTPA diagnoses more of these smaller PEs than V/Q, follow-up “outcomes” data show that they do not require treatment. The false-negative rates for both procedures are approximately 1 % and not significantly different from one another. Finally, a change from traditional probability interpretations to a simpler and similarly accurate trinary system has made V/Q scintigraphy interpretations easier to understand for the referring clinician.

Trinary flip-flops using Savart plate and spatial light modulator for optical computation in multivalued logic

The memory devices in multi-valued logic are of most significance in modern research. This paper deals with the implementation of basic memory devices in multi-valued logic using Savart plate and spatial light modulator (SLM) based optoelectronic circuits. Photons are used here as the carrier to speed up the operations. Optical tree architecture (OTA) has been also utilized in the optical interconnection network. We have exploited the advantages of Savart plates, SLMs and OTA and proposed the SLM based high speed JK, D-type and T-type flip-flops in a trinary system.

Interaction of cholesterol with carbon nanotubes: A density functional theory study

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are being presented as medical devices at an increasing rate. To date, they have been suggested as targets for the thermal ablation of cancers, as delivery systems for pharmaceuticals, and as bio-sensors. A common thread amongst these applications is that CNTs are used as a delivery vector for some pharmaceutical into the body. We consider here the possibility that CNTs might be used as a device to trap and remove chemicals, particularly cholesterol, from a living organism. We have performed ab-initio calculations to determine how cholesterol might interact with CNTs placed inside the body. We have found that cholesterol exhibits no particular affinity for or effect on a bare CNT; however, its binding energy can be increased by functionalizing the CNT with a Ca adatom. We found that a Ca adatom on the wall of a CNT increases the binding energy of cholesterol to a CNT by around 1.5 eV, regardless of the nanotube’s diameter. The presence of the cholesterol does not affect the band structure of the CNT, but the Ca atom does have an effect near the Fermi level. This indicates that a CNT based detector could function by detecting the alteration to the electronic structure caused by the induced adsorption of an adatom in the trinary system of CNT + cholesterol + adatom.

Catalytic Enantioselective .ALPHA.-Fluorination of Carbonyl Compounds Using Chiral Transition Metal Complexes

Two catalytic systems were developed for efficient catalytic enantioselective α-fluorination reactions of carbonyl compounds. Cationic Pd complexes were found to be effective for fluorination of active methine and methylene compounds, and various substrates including β-ketoesters, β-ketophosphonates, and other related compounds were fluorinated in environmentally friendly alcoholic solvents (up to 99% ee). This system was also applicable to the reaction of 3-substituted oxindole derivatives. In addition, we succeeded in developing a novel trinary system NiCl2-binap/R3SiOTf/2, 6-lutidine for the reaction of less acidic α-aryl acetic acid derivatives, and the desired reaction proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding monofluorinated compounds in a highly enantioselective manner (up to 88% ee). Our fluorination reactions are versatile, being applicable to stereoselective synthesis of chiral fluorinated analogues of fundamental building blocks and catalytic asymmetric synthesis of BMS204352, a promising agent for the treatment of stroke.

The functional liminality of the not-dead-yet-students, or, how public schooling became compulsory: a glancing history

This paper redefines the focus for narrating histories of education in the USA through a ‘glancing history’. It highlights the important role played by ‘not-dead-yet students’ who occupied a liminal place on the scale of life in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century. Traditional histories of education have been more singularly focused on the advent and dynamics of public schooling, ignoring the functionality of such child subjects to public schooling’s existence. This paper argues that public schools as historical objects cannot be understood outside of a broader trinary system of prior institutions that were established for ‘delinquent’ and ‘special’ children. These prior institutions facilitated the formation of ‘the public’ in public schooling less in opposition to ‘the private’ and more in consonance with ‘the human’. The existence of prior institutions enabled the enforcement of compulsory attendance legislation. Compulsory attendance legislation, in place across all existing states by 1918, was concerned more with the conditions for exclusion and exemption than with compelling attendance. Thus, at the most immediate level, this paper historicizes some of the discursive and hence institutional events that linked an array of tutelary complexes by the early 1900s, and which enabled such legislation. This part of the argument extends the notion of institution to consider broader places of confinement and systematicity. It examines the prior practice of reservation and slavery systems, and the efficacy they lent to further institutionalized segregation in the USA. At a second level, the narrative reflects on how such a narration has become possible. It considers how histories of education can currently be rethought and rewritten around the notion of dis/ability, historicizing the formation of dis/ability as identity categories made noticeable in part (and circularly) through the crystallization of a segregated but linked common schooling system. The paper thus provides a counter-memory against dominant economic foundationalist and psychomedical accounts of schooling’s past. It documents both ‘external’ conditions of possibility for public schooling’s emergence and ‘internal’ effects that emerged through the experiences of confinement.

516 Characterization of Micro- to Macroscopic Response of Trinary Polymer System

516 Characterization of Micro- to Macroscopic Response of Trinary Polymer System

Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary hyperhidrosis.

Axillary hyperhidrotics is reviewed from the standpoint of anatomical factors, physiological mechanisms and the history of methods of control. Anhydrous aluminum chloride and anhydrous zirconium tetrachloride are shown to be superior topical agents for partial control of axillary sweating when applied as a powder or in anhydrous nonreactive vehicles. Complete anhidrosis as demonstrated by sustained garment armpit dryness could be achieved in hyperhidrotics within 48 hours by the following trinary antiperspirant system: (1) a saturated solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate or zirconyl chloride in absolute ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, (2) application to the dry axilla at times of sleep or other prolonged non-sweating period, (3) water vapor occlusion of area for 6 to 8 hours by means of Saran wrap. The hypothesis is presented that metallic antiperspirants act by reflux entrance into the terminal intraepidermal eccrine duct, slowly combining with the intraductal keratin, to produce a fibrillar contraction (super contraction) of keratin and hence functional closure, not histologically evident. This altered keratin is shed weeks later, with the consequent return of ductal patency and sweating.