Trimming Time Research Articles

Automatic Pico Laser Trimming System for Silicon MEMS Resonant Devices Based on Image Recognition

Laser trimming promises an increasing yield in microfabrication for the high performance Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) resonant devices by overcoming manufacturing tolerances and tuning sensors or actuators for certain operating conditions. How to achieve a high precision and efficiency trimming at low cost is the critical issue that the technical communities are most concerned. In this paper, we proposed an automatic laser trimming system for silicon MEMS devices based on a picosecond laser source and image recognition technique (IRT). Through the design of laser focusing optical path and coaxial imaging optical path, the observation of laser machining process is realized. A set of picosecond laser trimming parameters is determined by experiments, which enables a 4um width trench on the silicon resonator. Compared with the femtosecond laser trimming systems, the cost of the pico-laser system is reduced by more than 60%. The shape matching algorithm based on OpenCV and the chord-to-point distance accumulation (CPDA) algorithm for MEMS resonators image measurement solve the problem of inefficiency of manual trimming for complex resonators. A dual-mass tuning fork resonator is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the trimming approach. It is shown that the system realizes a fine-tuning (< 0.3Hz) of the resonant frequencies. The trimming time of a single device using the automatic trimming method is reduced from more than 1 hour manual trimming to less than 1 minute. Finally, the structural stiffness imbalance of tuning fork resonator caused by the manufacturing error is eliminated, which verifies the feasibility of the system.

Capacitance-to-Digital Converter for Harvested Systems Down to 0.3 V With No Trimming, Reference, and Voltage Regulation

In this work, a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) suitable for direct energy harvesting is introduced. The nW peak power and the ability to operate at any supply voltage in the 0.3-1.8 V range allow complete suppression of any intermediate DC-DC conversion, and hence direct supply provision from the harvester, as demonstrated with a mm-scale solar cell. The proposed CDC architecture eliminates the need for any additional support circuitry, preserving true nW-power operation, and reducing design and integration effort. In detail, the architecture is based on a pair of double-swappable oscillators, and avoids the need for any voltage/current/frequency reference circuit in the oscillator mismatch compensation. The digital and differential nature of the architecture counteracts the effect of process/voltage/temperature variations. A load-agnostic one-time self-calibration scheme compensates mismatch, and can be run from boot to run stage of the chip lifecycle. The proposed self-calibration scheme suppresses any trimming or testing time for low-cost systems, and avoids any input capacitance disconnection requirement. A 180-nm testchip shows 7-bit ENOB down to 0.3 V and 1.37-nW total power, when powered by a 1-mm2 indoor solar cell down to 10 lux (i.e., late twilight).

Šivaće mašine ručnih uboda za izradu muških odela

Hand stitches seams along edges of lapels, collars and pocket flaps on a men jacket help to fix canvas interlining under face fabric, keep the edges flat and prevent them from rolling or curling. Traditionally hand stitches seams also indicate high quality of the suit. Real hand stitch machines imitate had stitch 209. Depending on the length of the top and bottom stitch parts the machines can create pick stitches, saddle stitches and other stitch patterns. One group of the machines create stitches by help of a hooked needle, other machines use a double pointed needle. The machines work with limited length threads, most often with 90 cm and 120 cm long ones. The hand stitch seams can to be sewn with special waxed silk threads or regular threads. To increase work productivity and quality the machines use manual or auto thread trimming devices, reverse stitch function, half stitch option, seam beginning and end securing, programmable stitch type, sewing speed, stitch length, thread trimming time.

Progress in individualizing autologous islet isolation techniques for pediatric islet autotransplantation after total pancreatectomy in children for chronic pancreatitis.

Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation is performed to treat chronic pancreatitis in children. Successful islet isolation must address the challenges of severe pancreatic fibrosis and young donor age. We have progressively introduced modifications to optimize enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of the pancreas during islet isolation. We evaluated 2 islet isolation metrics in 138 children-digest islet equivalents per gram pancreas tissue (IEQ/g) and digest IEQ per kilogram body weight (IEQ/kg), using multiple regression to adjust for key disease and patient features. Islet yield at digest had an average 4569 (standard deviation 2949) islet equivalent (IEQ)/g and 4946 (4009) IEQ/kg, with 59.1% embedded in exocrine tissue. Cases with very low yield (<2000 IEQ/g or IEQ/kg) have decreased substantially over time, 6.8% and 9.1%, respectively, in the most recent tertile of time compared to 19.2% and 23.4% in the middle and 34.1% and 36.4% in the oldest tertile. IEQ/g and IEQ/kg adjusted for patient and disease factors improved in consistency and yield in the modern era. Minimal mechanical disruption during digestion, warm enzymatic digestion using enzyme collagenase:NP activity ratio<10:1, coupled with extended distension and trimming time during islet isolation of younger and fibrotic pediatric pancreases, gave increased islet yield with improved patient outcomes.

PENGARUH WAKTU PEMANGKASAN PUCUK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TIGA VARIETAS TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Peningkatan produksi komoditas tanaman cabai rawit dapat dilakukan dengan mudah dan murah, cukup dilakukan dengan pemilihan varietas dan teknik budidaya yang tepat, salah satunya adalah waktu pemangkasan pucuk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan hasil tiga varietas cabai rawit akibat perlakuan waktu pemangkasan pucuk. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di greenhouse UPT Pengembangan Agribisnis Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Jawa Timur pada Pebruari-Juni 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan percobaan faktorial yang disusun menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua faktor dan diulang tiga kali. Faktor pertama yaitu waktu pemangkasan pucuk dengan empat taraf perlakuan, antara lain tanpa pemangkasan pucuk, pemangkasan pucuk 7 HST, 14 HST dan 21 HST. Faktor kedua yaitu varietas dengan tiga taraf yaitu, varietas Mhanu F1, CR ASA 7 dan OR Kencana. Parameter pengamatan meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah cabang produktif, jumlah bunga, jumlah buah per periode panen, jumlah buah total, fruit set, bobot buah per periode panen dan bobot total buah segar. Perlakuan kombinasi P3V3 menghasilkan jumlah buah total terbanyak (102,33 buah) dan bobot buah segar total terberat (288,10 g), berbeda nyata dengan semua perlakuan. Perlakuan waktu pemangkasan pucuk berpengaruh nyata pada semua parameter pengamatan. Penggunaan tiga varietas berpengaruh nyata pada parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah bunga, jumlah buah tanaman per panen dan bobot buah segar tanaman per panen.

The Effect of Hoof Trimming on Milk Yield in Dairy Cattle

Hoof trimming is necessary for conformation and health of cattle. It is performed to prevent hoof lesions and maintenance the symmetry and shape of claw. At the same time it is a stress factor in dairy cattle. The aim of the study was to investigate the stress effects of hoof trimming on milk yield in healthy dairy cattle. Twenty Simmental dairy cattle were used as material. Functional hoof trimming was performed for all cattle. Dairy milk yield was measured before and after hoof trimming period. There were personal increases and decreases of milk yield recorded in animals. However, these increase and decrease were not statistically significant. As a result of this study hoof trimming is necessary for claw health and prevention for foot diseases. In healthy dairy cattle it causes stress and to decreases in milk yield. On the other hand the hoof trimming time, environmental factors such as flooring system and management style, and the animal related factors such as lactation period and stage, number of milking, breed and age affect the milk yield with hoof trimming positively or negatively. Keywords : Cattle, Dairy, Hoof, Milk, Simmental DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-5-07

Functional laws for trimmed Lévy processes

AbstractTwo different ways of trimming the sample path of a stochastic process in 𝔻[0, 1]: global ('trim as you go') trimming and record time ('lookback') trimming are analysed to find conditions for the corresponding operators to be continuous with respect to the (strong)J1-topology. A key condition is that there should be no ties among the largest ordered jumps of the limit process. As an application of the theory, via the continuous mapping theorem, we prove limit theorems for trimmed Lévy processes, using the functional convergence of the underlying process to a stable process. The results are applied to a reinsurance ruin time problem.

Flurprimidol Performance on Ornamental Species in Relation to Trimming Time and Method of Application

The plant growth regulator flurprimidol (Cutless G) is registered for use on ornamental plants to reduce internode elongation and reduce trimming frequency. It has been hypothesized that timing of the trimming event can be related to the efficacy of the flurprimidol treatment. Granular flurprimidol was applied to well-established plants at a standard rate of 22.5 g/a.i. (15 lbs product)/1000 ft2 on 23 Apr. 2012 and 1 May 2013.Two common Florida landscaping species, Viburnum odoratissimum and V. suspensum, were selected to be trimmed at different times to investigate flurprimidol efficacy by measuring plant regrowth, biomass, and visual appearance. The five trimming treatments occurred at 7 days before (flurprimidol) application (DBA), 0 DBA, 7 days after application (DAA), 14 DAA, and 21 DAA. No significant differences were observed in trimming times for flurprimidol-treated V. odoratissimum or V. suspensum. V. odoratissimum shoot regrowth was significantly reduced in flurprimidol-treated plants compared with the untreated control (UTC). The insufficient growth regulation observed in both Viburnum species is likely the result of species tolerance. Two flurprimidol application methods, granular and drench, were evaluated against an UTC on two landscaping species, Elaeagnus pungens and Loropetalum chinense. This experiment was to determine if a granular or drench application would influence the performance of flurprimidol. Shoot growth of E. pungens was reduced 4.3% and 13.9% by the granular and drench applications, respectively, but was not significantly different from one another or the UTC. The granular application reduced biomass (25.1%) but was not significantly different from the drench (16.9%). L. chinense shoot regrowth was decreased 39.5% and 38.2% by the granular and drench treatments, respectively. Plant biomass was significantly reduced in both treatments compared with the UTC (17.0% by granular and 13.9% by drench), but the biomass and visual assessments between the application methods were not significantly different. Species sensitivity was found to have a substantial influence on the efficacy of a flurprimidol application.

English

As electrical energy prices continue to rise each year, accurate energy consumption monitoring becomes increasingly important. Therefore, there is a growing demand for high precision, low value shunt resistors in order to measure the flow of electrical current in applications such as smart energy meters and electric vehicle charging stations. This paper will discusses the concurrent trimming approach using machining to reduce the standard ±5% tolerance of 100μΩ Manganin shunt resistors which is used in metering applications. The experimental results reveal that the concurrent trimming approach can reduce the standard trimming time by more than 50% more than half the normal trimming time. The resistance value of shunt is obtained approximately at 100μΩ and is in the range of targeted value of 100μΩ with tolerance of less than ±5%.

Software for pre-processing Illumina next-generation sequencing short read sequences.

BackgroundWhen compared to Sanger sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are hindered by shorter sequence read length, higher base-call error rate, non-uniform coverage, and platform-specific sequencing artifacts. These characteristics lower the quality of their downstream analyses, e.g. de novo and reference-based assembly, by introducing sequencing artifacts and errors that may contribute to incorrect interpretation of data. Although many tools have been developed for quality control and pre-processing of NGS data, none of them provide flexible and comprehensive trimming options in conjunction with parallel processing to expedite pre-processing of large NGS datasets.MethodsWe developed ngsShoRT (next-generation sequencing Short Reads Trimmer), a flexible and comprehensive open-source software package written in Perl that provides a set of algorithms commonly used for pre-processing NGS short read sequences. We compared the features and performance of ngsShoRT with existing tools: CutAdapt, NGS QC Toolkit and Trimmomatic. We also compared the effects of using pre-processed short read sequences generated by different algorithms on de novo and reference-based assembly for three different genomes: Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c, and Escherichia coli O157 H7.ResultsSeveral combinations of ngsShoRT algorithms were tested on publicly available Illumina GA II, HiSeq 2000, and MiSeq eukaryotic and bacteria genomic short read sequences with the focus on removing sequencing artifacts and low-quality reads and/or bases. Our results show that across three organisms and three sequencing platforms, trimming improved the mean quality scores of trimmed sequences. Using trimmed sequences for de novo and reference-based assembly improved assembly quality as well as assembler performance. In general, ngsShoRT outperformed comparable trimming tools in terms of trimming speed and improvement of de novo and reference-based assembly as measured by assembly contiguity and correctness.ConclusionsTrimming of short read sequences can improve the quality of de novo and reference-based assembly and assembler performance. The parallel processing capability of ngsShoRT reduces trimming time and improves the memory efficiency when dealing with large datasets. We recommend combining sequencing artifacts removal, and quality score based read filtering and base trimming as the most consistent method for improving sequence quality and downstream assemblies.ngsShoRT source code, user guide and tutorial are available at http://research.bioinformatics.udel.edu/genomics/ngsShoRT/. ngsShoRT can be incorporated as a pre-processing step in genome and transcriptome assembly projects.

Consumption of beef/veal/lamb in Australian children: Intake, nutrient contribution and comparison with other meat, poultry and fish categories

AbstractAimTo describe reported consumption of meat for children using the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey.MethodsOne‐day, weighted data are described for consumption of meat, poultry and fish consumed as ‘cuts’ and from mixed dishes. Data are presented for all children by age groups (2–3 years, 4–8 years, 9–13years, 14–16 years) and gender. Trimming practices, time and place of consumption, and nutrient contributions are described.ResultsNinety per cent of children reported consuming meat, poultry or fish on the day surveyed. Reported mean consumption of all beef/veal/lamb, pork/ham/bacon, poultry and fish ranged from 52 g in 2 to 3‐year‐old boys to 161 g in 14 to 16‐year‐old boys; and was lower in 9 to 16‐year‐olds girls; 98 g.Mean reported consumption of beef/veal/lamb was 21–64 g for boys and 23–36 g for girls, depending on age group.For meals where the meat, poultry or fish were identified individually, meals with beef/veal/lamb contained more vegetables (159 g) than pork/ham/bacon (50 g) and poultry (110 g). The beef/veal/lamb was fully (20%) or semi‐trimmed (58%), and 49% of minced beef/veal/lamb was lean. Sixty‐eight per cent of respondents reported eating poultry with the skin removed.Across all age groups, beef/veal/lamb in cuts and mixed dishes contributed 4% of total energy, 6% of total fat, 5% of saturated fat, 46% of haem iron, 18% of zinc and 21% of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid intake.ConclusionsThese findings help to inform evidence‐based individual or population‐level recommendations.

An 80 mV Startup Dual-Mode Boost Converter by Charge-Pumped Pulse Generator and Threshold Voltage Tuned Oscillator With Hot Carrier Injection

This paper presents an 80 mV startup-voltage dual-mode boost converter for energy harvesting applications. The charge-pumped pulse generator enables a startup operation of the boost converter from the input voltage of 80 mV. The threshold voltage tuned oscillator for the clock generator of the boost converter compensates for the die-to-die process variation by a hot carrier injection (HCI), thereby reducing the minimum operation voltage (VDDMIN) of the clock generator by 45% with a trimming time of 10 minutes. The proposed step-up converter achieves the lowest startup voltage without using a mechanical switch or a large transformer.

Endoscopic removal and trimming of distal self-expandable metallic biliary stents

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic removal and trimming of self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS). All SEMS had been placed for distal biliary strictures. Twenty-seven endoscopic procedures were performed in 19 patients in whom SEMS (one uncovered and 18 covered) removal had been attempted, and 8 patients in whom stent trimming using argon plasma coagulation (APC) had been attempted at Tokyo Medical University Hospital. The APC settings were: voltage 60-80 W and gas flow at 1.5 L/min. The mean stent indwelling period for all patients in whom stent removal had been attempted was 113.7 ± 77.6 d (range, 8-280 d). Of the 19 patients in whom removal of the SEMS had been attempted, the procedure was successful in 14 (73.7%) without procedure-related adverse events. The indwelling period in the stent removable group was shorter than that in the unremovable group (94.9 ± 71.5 d vs 166.2 ± 76.2 d, P = 0.08). Stent trimming was successful for all patients with one minor adverse event consisting of self-limited hemorrhage. Trimming time ranged from 11 to 16 min. Although further investigations on larger numbers of cases are necessary to accumulate evidence, the present data suggested that stent removal and stent trimming is feasible and effective for stent-related complications.

Automatic Non-contact Laser Trimming Technique for Optical Components (2nd Report)

Laser welding technology is essential to fix the collimators and mechanical parts for robust optical components. However the operator for this work must have a special skill of laser trimming. Therefore we developed automatic laser trimming technique by contactless probing. It is achieved by using the regular-relation between the direction of tilt by welding distortion and the orientation of laser shoot. This system is consists of a pulsed YAG laser with three laser irradiation devices and an optical power monitor only as a simple configuration. As a result, the laser trimming time to produce the completed component was performed in 65 seconds.

Line-edge-roughness transfer during plasma etching: modeling approaches and comparison with experimental results

Both modeling and experimental results for the effects of plasma etching on photoresist line edge roughness and linewidth roughness (LER/LWR) and their transfer to underlayer films are presented and compared. In particular, we investigate the roughness formation on both photoresist and underlayer sidewalls during (1) isotropic trimming of photoresist, and (2) anisotropic plasma etching and LER transfer to substrate. The trimming process is modeled with an isotropic movement of the resist sidewall. In the anisotropic plasma etching process, the resist sidewall is used as a mask to anisotropically transfer the pattern to the underlying film. Experiments include trimming of a photoresist patterned with 193-nm photolithography in O2 plasma with no bias voltage and anisotropic etching of BARC and Si underlayers in CF4 and HBr/Cl2/O2 with bias. Both model and experimental results show that resist trimming causes reduction of resist LER and increase of the correlation length and roughness exponent with trimming time. This means that surface nano-protrusions versus trimming time become shorter and wider. In the case of anisotropic etching, the model predicts noticeable reduction of LWR, whereas correlation length and roughness exponent remain almost unaffected. The first experimental results seem to confirm these predictions.

Nanoscale Roughness Effects at the Interface of Lithography and Plasma Etching: Modeling of Line-Edge-Roughness Transfer During Plasma Etching

We present 3-D modeling results on resist line-edge-roughness (LER) transfer to underlying films during plasma etching. After generating random fractal resist sidewalls with controlled roughness parameters, we model and contrast the nanoscale roughness phenomena for both resist and underlayer sidewalls in a two-layer stack using two different plasma processes in three scenarios: (1) pattern transfer; (2) resist trimming; and (3) resist trimming followed by pattern transfer. In the pattern transfer process, etching is considered ion driven and anisotropic. The protrusions of the rough, trimmed or nontrimmed, resist sidewall act as a shadowing mask for the incident ions. It is found that shadowing of ions is enough to induce the, well known by experiments, striations at the sidewalls of both the underlayer and the resist. Pattern transfer induces a decrease of rms roughness but has no important effects on the correlation length. In the trimming process, the evolution of the resist sidewall is modeled with an isotropic etching process not affecting the underlayer. The trimming process causes a decrease of the rms value of the resist sidewall and an increase of its correlation length and roughness exponent. For sufficiently long trimming times, the change of LER parameters becomes less intense. In the case of trimming followed by pattern transfer, the striations of the underlayer widen with trimming time, and pattern transfer further reduces all LER parameters. The effect of trimming on the rms roughness of the underlayer is important in the case of initially anisotropic resist sidewall. For both trimming and pattern transfer, a stronger relative reduction on rms roughness of both the resist and the underlayer sidewalls is obtained for smaller correlation length and larger rms roughness of the initial resist.

Trimming a fiberglass challenge to save money, production time and improve quality

PurposeTo relate how even a smaller manufacturing operation can benefit from the application of robotic methods to manual operations.Design/methodology/approachA maker of fibreglass automobile body kits called in a robotic systems integrator with 20 years of experience to automate his manual panel trimming operation. In about three months, the system integrator delivered a complete system to meet all application requirements.FindingsThe auto body kit maker achieved a 95 percent reduction in trimming time and improved his quality as well.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this manufacturer achieved dramatic benefits, not all trimming operations might achieve such results.Practical implicationsKey to a successful robot application can depend heavily on the skills and prior experience of the system integrator selected to address the application.Originality/valueMay provide incentive to other smaller fiberglass panel manufacturers to examine potential applications where robotic trimming systems could provide excellent pay back on the investment.

Sub-100 nm MOSFET fabrication with low temperature resist trimming process

A low temperature resist trimming process with low trimming rate and good uniformity was developed. Wafer chuck temperature in the ashing chamber was adjusted to be 6 °C to achieve low trimming rate and improve process uniformity. Low power oxygen and argon plasma was used for ashing the resist. Resist lines (0.5 μm wide) patterned with a g-line stepper was trimmed down to sub-100 nm widths. The trimming rate was found to be independent of the initial line width and trimming time. A 0.6 μm CMOS process flow with LOCOS and nitride spacer was suitably modified incorporating resist trimming to fabricate NMOSFETs with gate length as small as 95 nm. Since most polymer-based photoresists can be etched in oxygen plasma, the basic technique could be extended to supplement other lithographic processes for channel length scaling.

Direct trim etching process of Si/SiO2 gate stacks using 193 nm ArF patterns

A polysilicon gate of 30 nm length is successfully fabricated by direct trimming of a gate stack that consists of organic BARC, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and SiO2. It is achieved by patterning the gate stack using a 193 nm photoresist process and trimming the poly-Si gate with HBr/Cl2 plasma chemistry in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etcher. HBr is found to be more effective than Cl2 as a trimming etchant since it can achieve a higher trimming rate. A maximum trimming rate of 32 nm/min is obtained with gas chemistry of 80% HBr and 20% Cl2 at 40 mTorr, ICP power of 700 W, and rf bias power of 0 W. In general, the trimming rate increases with an increase in ICP power from 200 to 800 W and decrease in pressure from 70 to 10 mTorr. The inclusion of SF6 and O2 to the plasma and the longer trimming time are found to be very effective in reducing the poly-Si footprint which is observed after the trimming process.

Retail yields from beef chuck and round subprimals from two grade groups when merchandised as single muscle cuts.

Beef subprimals from two different grade groups were obtained from two beef processors to assist in updating the Beef Computer Assisted Retail Decision Support (CARDS) program with new fabrication styles. The grade groups consisted of Top Choice (containing subprimals from carcasses with a Modest or Moderate degree of marbling) and Select (containing subprimals from carcasses with a Slight degree of marbling). Subprimals (shoulder clod; top blade, roast; arm roast; knuckle, peeled; outside round, flat) were separated into individual muscles and fabricated into retail cuts by professional retail meat cutters. Mean retail cutting yields and labor requirements were calculated from observed weights (kilograms) and processing times (seconds). Data were analyzed to determine means and standard errors of percentage yield and processing times for subprimals in each grade group, and comparisons were made between grade groups. Generally, there were few differences in processing times between Top Choice and Select subprimals, and the trimming phase required the most time to complete for each subprimal. Differences (P < 0.05) were observed in saleable yield between Top Choice and Select subprimals for the shoulder clod (Top Choice = 73.89%; Select = 78.49%), top blade, roast (Top Choice = 84.36%; Select = 86.70%), and outside round, flat (Top Choice = 85.99%; Select = 91.34%). Trimmable fat differed (P < 0.05) between Top Choice and Select subprimals: shoulder clod (Top Choice = 25.30%; Select = 20.85%), top blade, roast (Top Choice = 14.88%; Select = 12.59%), arm roast (Top Choice = 8.35%; Select = 7.47%), knuckle (Top Choice = 5.72%; Select = 2.73%), and outside round, flat (Top Choice = 13.82%; Select = 7.26%). Most of the differences in saleable yields were related to less trimmable fat for Select subprimals, which also required less trimming time than Top Choice subprimals. These data will serve to update the Beef CARDS program and will provide retailers and foodservice operators with third-party cutting yield and time allocation information.