Trimethylolpropane Ester Research Articles

Synthesis of bio-based multi-purpose lithium grease from different vegetable oils: Drop point enhancement approach

Bio-based greases are considered as viable sustainable alternatives for mineral greases. This study investigates the synthesis of bio-based lithium grease from the trimethylolpropane ester obtained from different vegetable oils, namely sunflower, rapeseed, and soybean oils. The effects of the thickener concentration, reaction time, and type of vegetable oil on the drop point of the grease were investigated using response surface method. The results showed that the concentration of the thickener had the most significant effect on the drop point, followed by the type of vegetable oil. Increasing the thickener concentration in sunflower oil can increase the drop point about 20 %, in soybean oil about 26 %, and in rapeseed oil by about 6 %. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of bio-based lithium grease with a drop point of 187 °C were found to be a thickener of 30 %, a reaction time of 60 min, and sunflower oil as the base oil, with a desirability of 0.995. The bio-based lithium greases produced from sunflower oil in this study and measured for its physicochemical properties including NLGI grade, penetration, water washout resistance, and drop point. The results showed that the greases had an NLGI grade of 1, a penetration of 327 (0.1 mm), a water washout resistance of 9 %, and a drop point of 187 °C.

Performance evaluation of trimethylolpropane ester as high-temperature resistant lubricant for high performance water-based drilling fluids

As drilling operations increasingly target large-displacement wells, horizontal wells, deep wells, and ultra-deep wells, the challenges of excessive drilling resistance and downhole safety have become more prominent. During the drilling process, one of the primary technical methods for preventing and addressing drilling safety issues is the reduction of downhole frictional resistance through the addition of lubricants to the drilling fluid. In this study, a high-temperature and high-salt-resistant drilling fluid lubricant was synthesized using raw materials such as oleic acid and trimethylolpropane. The lubricant exhibited excellent lubrication performance under high-temperature and high-salt conditions. When added at a 1.5% dosage to a 4% freshwater-based slurry, HZ-1 resulted in a 95.2% reduction in the lubrication coefficient. After aging at 200 °C, the HZ-1-containing slurry maintained an 87.9% reduction, and when used with a NaCl dosage of 36%, the slurry still exhibited an 80.5% reduction. Furthermore, HZ-1 exhibited favorable compatibility with both polymer drilling fluid and polysulfone drilling fluid systems. It had basically no effect on the rheological properties of the drilling fluid and reduced filtration loss. Moreover, HZ-1 exhibited a lubrication coefficient reduction rate of 94.5% in freshwater-based slurry and 85.5% in brine-based slurry, outperforming domestic and foreign lubricants. It outperformed these comparative lubricants in terms of lubrication and drag reduction within the same period. The analysis of the lubrication and drag-reduction mechanism revealed that HZ-1, when adsorbed onto a metal surface, formed a hydrophobic and high-strength physical adsorption film. This film prevented direct contact between drilling tools and the friction surface of the well wall, resulting in a significant reduction in the lubrication coefficient. Furthermore, using the drilling fluid system containing HZ-1 lubricant, the wear scar diameter formed on the surface of the four-ball friction experimental body was the smallest, measuring only 0.78 mm. This property significantly enhances the extreme-pressure and anti-wear performance of the friction sub-surface. Consequently, HZ-1 effectively prevents complications such as pressure support, stuck drilling, and high frictional resistance, thereby significantly reducing costs and improving efficiency.

Preparing vegetable oils-based metalworking fluids by a hydrolysis-esterification two-step process

Oil-soluble esters of free fatty acids were synthesized with a 2-step process including the first step of reacting vegetable oil with water in the presence of sulfuric acid and p-Toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst, followed by removing water and glycerol, and the second step of reacting the obtained free fatty acids with various polyhydric and fatty alcohols. The best conditions were 190 °C, 6 h, 30 to 1 water to oil molar ratio, 5 wt% PTSA catalyst loading in the hydrolysis reaction (the 1st step), and 150 °C, 10 h, 4 to 1 fatty acid to trimethylolpropane molar ratio, 1 wt% PTSA catalyst loading in the esterification reaction (the 2nd step). Under the best conditions, the process achieved the final product with the 87% yield of free fatty acid trimethylolpropane ester and 82% conversion of free fatty acid. Different esters were made concurring to the aforementioned conditions with distinctive polyhydric and fatty alcohols. Hydrolysis reactions facilitated by catalysts offer an alternative approach to traditional hydrolysis in supercritical conditions, enabling efficient substrate conversion under milder operating conditions. Furthermore, the inclusion of the obtained esters mixed with base oil and additives produced bio-based metalworking fluids with exceptionally lubricant performance in wear resistance, with a wear scar diameter of 0.33 mm.

Halal Green from Plant-Based Product Perspective: Palm Oil as a Potential Source for Marine Engine Lubricant

The green concept is the idea or the theory that harmony with the demand of Shariah, and therefore, it needs to be put into practice in the daily lives of every inhabitant on earth, including Muslims. Everyone can contribute and create impacts with their actions towards the environment; it may be good but also bad. As Muslims, it is part of their religious duties to make a good impact on the environment in general and the earth in particular. This research project is an attempt towards a halal green perspective of palm oil as a potential source of marine engine lubricant. This is because the Synthetization of Trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters derived from palm oil through transesterification has proven to be a suitable lubricant for industrial purposes. The lubricant displays good thermal and oxidative stability, a high viscosity index and, most importantly, good biodegradability. Thus, they are suitable for marine applications where environmental concerns are paramount due to oil spillage. However, the high requirement of lubricant properties due to extreme conditions for marine vehicles prevents the lubricant from being used for marine applications. Thus, this work aims to improve the important properties of TMP esters by blending them with synthetic marine engine oil. This will allow the TMP ester to achieve a higher kinematic viscosity, lower pour point and stronger wear prevention properties that are critical for applications in marine four-stroke engines while still retaining the biodegradability of the lubricant to some degree. The result obtained was a 40% TMP to 60% Synthetic Oil blend ratio that is most suitable to ensure maximised biodegradability potential without sacrificing engine performance.

Optimizing Molecular Structure for Trimethylolpropane Ester-Insulating Oil: Achieving High Fluidity and Stability

Synthetic ester exhibits a unique combination of advantages, including remarkable oxidation stability similar to mineral oil, as well as high flash point and biodegradability of natural ester, which makes it a promising insulating fluid alternative for transformers. In this work, a series of medium-chain fatty acid trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters (MTE) were prepared by esterification of a mixture of TMP blended with 3 saturated medium-chain fatty acids (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> , C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sub> , and C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> ). The MTEs were synthesized via a vacuum esterification method with the following optimized reaction conditions: 1 wt.% p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) as catalyst, reaction temperature of 120 °C, internal air pressure of 5 kPa, and the acid:TMP molar ratio of 3.2:1. The MTEs were obtained through a rationally designed purification procedure. By characterizing the physical and electrical properties of the 9 MTEs, it is found that the viscosity of MTEs increases with increasing mean molecular weight, the pour point decreases with increasing C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sub> content, and the flash point slightly increases with inscreasing C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> content. The C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> with a relatively short carbon chain and C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sub> with an odd carbon chain may be beneficial for enhancing the oxidation stability of MTEs, whereas the AC breakdown voltage of the MTEs shows a negligible correlation with the fatty acid ratios.

Synthesis of TMP esters as a biolubricant from canola oil via a two‐step transesterification–transesterification process

AbstractTrimethylolpropane esters were synthesized from canola oil by a two‐step transesterification–transesterification process. In the first step, canola oil is reacted with ethanol to produce canola oil ethyl ester, while in the second step, canola oil trimethylolpropane ester was obtained by reacting the canola oil ethyl ester and trimethylolpropane using K2CO3 as a catalyst. In the first step, under the optimal reaction conditions (70°C, 2 h, ethanol‐to‐canola oil molar ratio of 10:1, and 0.25 wt.% catalyst loading), canola oil ethyl ester was successfully synthesized with a yield of 95.7 wt.%. In the second step, the final product with the maximum total concentration of canola oil trimethylolpropane ester (82%) and the maximum conversion of canola oil ethyl ester (85%) was obtained at 130°C for 3 h with a canola oil ethyl ester to trimethylolpropane molar ratio of 3.1:1, and 1 wt.% loading of K2CO3 catalyst. The produced polyol esters can be a promising biolubricant with excellent lubricant characteristics, quenching performance, biodegradability, and rheological/tribological properties.

Tribological performance of trimethylolpropane ester bio-lubricant enhanced by graphene oxide nanoparticles and oleic acid as a surfactant

One of the issues of nanoparticle additives is the tendency to agglomerate. The presence of a surfactant may help reduce this issue. In this study, trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester was used as a base lubricant, graphene oxide (GO) as a nanoparticle additive, and oleic acid (OA) as a surfactant. Tribological testing was carried out using a four-ball tribotester at various concentration ratios. The results showed that the TMP + GO + OA demonstrated increased dispersion stability compared to TMP + GO alone. Furthermore, the presence of OA reduced the coefficient of friction of the samples containing 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, and 0.5 wt% GO by 22.9%, 21.1%, and 23.6%, respectively. Surface roughness and physical wear conditions were also observed and discussed.

Chicken tallow, a low-cost feedstock for the two-step lipase-catalysed synthesis of biolubricant

Biolubricants are oleochemical esters that are non-toxic to the environment, and they are preferred because of their high-performance activities in various automobile and industrial fields. In this study, chicken tallow has been explored as an alternative to a non-renewable source, which acts as a low-cost feedstock for synthesizing biolubricants in a two-step hydro esterification process catalysed by Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). The enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken tallow is optimized at different time intervals at 40 °C, and the maximum release of 160.2 µmol min−1 free fatty acids (FFAs) is observed at 100 min. The hydrolysed FFAs are characterized by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis that has depicted the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition of the tallow oil. The recovered FFA is then enzymatically esterified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) to produce TMP esters. Optimization studies are performed to explore the effect of factors such as time, temperature, amount of the enzyme, and TMP: FFA molar ratio for the esterification process. Thus, the optimal conditions for achieving a maximal hydroxyl group conversion of 60% during TMP ester production include incubation time (120 min), temperature (35 °C), lipase concentration (3% w/w), and TMP: FFA molar ratio (1:4). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies confirm the synthesized TMP esters. Moreover, physicochemical properties such as viscosity, cloud point (CP), and calorific value (CV) are found to be 36 mm2/s, 7159.14 cal/g, and 20 °C, respectively.

Trimethylolpropane ester bio-lubricant enhanced by graphene oxide nanoparticles and oleic acid as a surfactant

Trimethylolpropane ester bio-lubricant enhanced by graphene oxide nanoparticles and oleic acid as a surfactant

Synthesis and Evaluation of Jatropha Oil Branched Esters as Potential Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids

Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas L.), a non-edible oil with oleic acid (45.7%) and linoleic acid (33%) as major components, was used to prepare basestocks for biolubricants. The hydrolyzed fatty acids underwent reaction with two iso-alcohols, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (EH) and 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol (TMH) and 5 different polyols, namely neopentyl glycol (NPG), 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propandiol (MPPD), trimethylolpropane (TMP), trimethylolethane (TME) and pentaerythritol (PE) at around 140 ºC in presence of catalyst p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) and xylene as solvent. The yields for the branched mono- and polyol esters ranged from 90% to 97.5%. The physico-chemical, lubricant and tribological properties of these esters as well as their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS techniques were investigated. Among the products, polyol esters were found to possess good viscosity indices, good foam stability, higher thermal stability and higher flash and auto ignition points compared to branched mono esters. TMP and TME esters have matched the specifications of ISO VG 46 and PE esters match ISO VG 68 fire resistant hydraulic fluids, which are in high demand.

Boundary Lubricity of Vegetable-Oil-Derived Trimethylolpropane (TMP) Ester

Vegetable-oil-based biolubricants are an excellent alternative to conventional lubricants. Instead of focusing on novel feedstocks, these biolubricants should be further elucidated based on their fatty acid composition, which influences their tribological properties. Therefore, the study utilises gene expression programming (GEP) to derive a boundary lubricity model for vegetable-oil-derived trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters, considering the fatty acid composition (saturation and monounsaturation levels), load and speed. Neat vegetable oil and blends from seven feedstocks are selected following a wide range of fatty acid profiles to synthesise TMP esters using a two-stage transesterification process. The TMP esters are spin-coated on wear discs that are subsequently rotated against a ball using a purpose-built tribometer. The frictional performance of the TMP esters with balanced saturation and monounsaturation levels of fatty acid are measured to improve it at higher speeds. The GEP model is statistically evaluated by adopting the friction data, a showing good generalisation and predictability capability. The model demonstrates that friction decreases with increasing saturation levels of the TMP ester. The GEP model for vegetable oil TMP esters allows for the tribological performance prediction of TMP esters following the fatty acid profile, providing a platform to optimise such biolubricant for desired applications.

Modified Tamanu Plant-Based Oil From Pahang Malaysia as Biodegradable Metalworking Fluids

Metalworking fluid (MWF) is a cooling and lubrication agent for the machining process. It is used as a coolant for rapid heat removal and provides a lubrication mechanism at the cutting zone. However, commercial MWFs such as synthetic ester and mineral oil give negative effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, the manufacturing industry should substitute commercial oil with vegetable-based oil. Calophyllum Inophyllum or also known as Tamanu is one of the feasible plant that has abundant oil quantity. In this study, modified Tamanu based oil with Trimethylolpropane ester (MTO) and modified Tamanu based oil with Pentaerythritol ester (MTOP) have been prepared and tested for their physical and tribological properties. Two types of ionic liquids; Phosphonium-based ionic liquid (PIL) and Ammonium-based ionic liquid (AIL) were added to each Tamanu-based oil (MTO and MTOP) to enhance their physical and tribological properties. Physical tests and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) were performed on each lubricant samples. The obtained results have shown that there is high viscosity index in MTOP + PIL 1 % and a lower double bond value in MTOP oil. MTOP + PIL 1 % has shown improvement in its tribological properties and can be comparable with commercial oil. Thus, it is suitable to be used as a substitute for commercial metalworking fluid in corresponding to green manufacturing activity.

Enzymatic synthesis of palm oil-based trimethylolpropane ester as biolubricant base stock catalyzed by Lipozyme 435

The application of enzymes in the organic synthesis of polyol esters for biolubricants is one of the initiatives in the development of sustainable processes in the oil palm industry. In this study, trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester was synthesized from high oleic palm methyl ester (HO-PME) via enzymatic transesterification. Lipozyme 435, which is an immobilized form of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB), was investigated as a substitute for chemical catalyst in the production of palm oil-based lubricant. Response surface methodology (RSM) via Central Composite Rotatable Design was employed to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that only 3% (w/w) enzyme dosage was required to obtain the highest triester of 82% without purification. The optimum process conditions predicted by RSM were 3.45:1 M ratio of HO-PME: TMP, 15.25 mbar pressure, and 48 h reaction time. The TMP ester exhibited excellent lubricant properties. This study demonstrated a reduction in overall production cost including waste management due to the elimination of the product purification step. As compared to chemical catalyst, milder reaction conditions and no formation of side products were observed in this study. The physicochemical characteristics of the TMP ester synthesized via enzymatic transesterification complied satisfactorily with the requirements of biolubricant base stock. Our findings offer a greener and economical approach for producing high-performance biolubricant, which can be applied for scale-up production.

An environmentally friendly production of ester‐biolubricant from oleic acid

AbstractThe production of oleic‐based trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters via the esterification reaction between oleic acid (OA) and TMP in a reactive distillation system, employing the environmentally friendly catalyst methanesulfonic acid, was explored. The homogeneous acid catalyst, the OA/TMP molar ratio within 1.0–3.0, the esterification reaction enhancement and a new purification technique, using choline hydroxide (ChOH), for obtaining choline carboxylate as a subproduct, were studied. It was found that using an OA/TMP molar ratio of 3.0, only unreacted OA remained as an impurity. The deleterious or beneficial effect of intermediate products, unreacted OA and temperature on the kinematic viscosity were unraveled. The kinematic viscosity behavior for the products was practically independent of temperature but an abrupt enlargement of the kinematic viscosity was observed in the presence of functional groups in the intermediate esters, even greater than the Mark–Houwink counterpart effect. On contrary, the presence of OA in the final product decreased the kinematic viscosity attending to its lower molecular weight with respect to the trimethylolpropane trioleate one. It was found that trimethylolpropane monooleate is undesirable for the viscosity index, whereas the presence of trimethylolpropane dioleate could also increase the viscosity index to a small extent, requiring a complex purification process. Finally, it is possible to affirm that the optimal TMP‐based lubricant obtained using an OA/TMP molar ratio of 3.0, after OA neutralization presented good marginal benefit and a viscosity index of 208.7, which is applicable for gear lubricants. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.

Green lubricants production from Nile tilapia waste and prediction of physical properties through molecular dynamics simulations

AbstractFish farming is a worldwide growing activity and a large amount of residues is produced in this process. The present work describes a cleaner and sustainable way to produce new lubricants from fish waste oil. Oil extracted from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viscera was utilized as raw material to produce basic oil for lubricants. The products were synthesized by esterification with polyols, trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE), using p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TSA) as catalyst. The synthesized esters were characterized by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Computational methods were used to predict the physical characteristics of the material. In addition, the main physicochemical properties were evaluated, as well as the thermal behavior and toxicity of the products against Artemia salina. The synthesized esters showed high viscosity indexes (VI &gt; 150) and viscosities that fit the degree of application ISO‐46 and 150. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that at room temperature the lubricants Tilapia fatty acid ‐ trimethylolpropane ester (T‐TMPE) and Tilapia fatty acid ‐ pentaerythritol ester (T‐PEE) are in liquid and gel states, respectively, confirming the experimental data. The products did not present toxicity against A. salina. In this research, we reinforce the potential of using tilapia oil from waste to produce green lubricants as a strategy to reduce damage to the environment, as well as the use of computational methods that collaborate to predict physical properties of lubricants.

Prospects of Plant-Based Trimethylolpropane Esters in the Biolubricant Formulation for Various Applications: A Review

Biodegradable lubricants from renewable feedstocks have been successfully developed to meet the demands of new machines with stringent requirements of the global standards, which address sustainability and environmental policy. Trimethylolpropane ester (TMPE) has been extensively evaluated as a biolubricant base stock and occasionally used as an additive, due to their low toxicity and excellent biodegradability. The formulation of high-performance TMPE-based lubricants involves addition of surface additives, multifunctional additives, and solid nano particles. This review focuses on the development of plant-based TMPE formulation for various applications, namely food-grade lubricant, engine oil, drilling fluid, insulating fluid, metal working fluid, hydraulic and heat transfer fluids. Even though plant-based TMPE lubricants have huge advantages over mineral oils, they have other challenging issues such as limited load-bearing capacity, hygroscopic properties, and high risk of toxic emission owing to additives selection. The details on the performance characteristics of TMPE as base stocks and additives are discussed, including the current prospects and challenges in the respective areas. This review concludes with a brief discussion on suggestions and recommendations for future advancement in the usage of TMPE and the remaining issues that must be overcome to allow for its full potential to be realized.

Optimization for Epoxidation of Malaysian Jatropha curcas Oil Based Trimethylolpropane Ester Biolubricant

Epoxidized Jatropha curcas-based trimethylolpropane triester (ETMPJO) was prepared by the in-situ epoxidation reaction of trimethylolpropane ester (TMPJO) catalyzed by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of formic acid. The epoxidation process was optimized through the variable parameters such as hydrogen peroxide to tmpjo molar ratio, formic acid to TMPJO molar ratio, temperature and time of the epoxidation reaction. The results showed the epoxidation optimal condition was achieved at the molar ratio of TMPJO to H2O2 and formic acid of 1 : 2.0 and 1 : 2.5, temperature of 50 °C for 2 h, respectively. The resultant ETMPJO was characterized by using fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and gas chromatography analysis. The FTIR spectrum of ETMPJO showed the appearance of peaks at 825 and 908 cm–1 for the epoxy functional group. ¹H NMR spectrum showed a chemical shift at 2.88 ppm of the epoxide group protons. 13C NMR spectrum showed the chemical signal of carbon epoxide group at 54–57 ppm. At the optimal condition, the resultant ETMPJO obtained was at 91% yield with comparatively high relative conversion oxirane (RCO) of 87%. With high oxygen oxirane content (OOC) of 4.38, ETMPJO owns a good characteristic for an intermediate compound for possible further conversion to produce high-end products. Moreover, its physiochemical and lubrication characteristics indicated that ETMPJO is plausible to be used as biolubricants for industrial application.

Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Four stroke Gasoline engine under Formulated Neem oil as base lubricant

An attempt is made in this paper to use the neem oil as a lubricant to operate a gasoline engine. Basically, the raw oil is modified twice through esterification method and made into Neem Trimethylolpropane ester (NTMPE). A four stroke single cylinder petrol engine is utilized to conduct experiments. Engine is lubricated under various blends of NTMPE with mineral oil. The performance and emission study is made under these blends of lubrication. The obtained results are compared with the outcome under petroleum oil mode of lubrication. The outcomes show that 10 % drop in fuel consumption and marginal improvement mechanical efficiency is noticed when the engine is operated under NTMPE20-MO80 mode of lubrication. About 9 % increase in thermal efficiency is observed under NTMPE20-MO80 blend. Emission results shows that 8 % drop in unburnt HC and 10 % lower CO, under various blends of biolubricants and petroleum oil. Particularly, when the engine is operated under NTMPE20 – MO80 mode of lubrication, lowest CO and unburnt HC are observed.

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

PurposeDepleting reserves of crude oils and their adverse environmental effects have shifted focus toward environment friendly and biobased lubricant base oils. Natural oils and fats act as good lubricants but they have low oxidation and thermal stability which makes them unsuitable for modern day uses. This paper aims to produce trimethylolpropane ester biolubricant from cottonseed oil and study the effects of its use in spark ignition (SI) engines.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, cottonseed oil is converted to TMP lubricant by a two-step based catalyzed esterification. The lubricants thermophysical properties are then analyzed and a 20% blend with synthetic poly-alpha olefin is used in an spark ignition engine.FindingsThe produced lubricant has viscosity @100oC of 4.91 cSt, a viscosity index of 230 and a flash point of 202oC. When used as a 20% blend in a petrol engine, the rate of oil deterioration was reduced by 18%, however, the overall wear increased by 6.7%. However, this increase is offset by its improved environmental impacts.Originality/valueIn its current state, such a biolubricant can be used as an additive to most commercially available lubricants to improve oil deterioration characteristics and environmental impact. However, further work on improving biolubricant’s wear characteristics is needed for the complete replacement of mineral oil-based lubricants.

Diesel engine emission characteristics for cotton seed (CS) trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester (CSTE) as lubricant

Diesel engine emission characteristics for cotton seed (CS) trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester (CSTE) as lubricant