Trimetallic Oxide Research Articles

High-efficiency adsorption of phosphate by Fe-Zr-La tri-metal oxide composite from aqueous media: Performance and mechanism

In this study, Fe-Zr-La tri-metal oxide (FZLO) composite was synthesized by co-precipitation method as new complex adsorbent for effective phosphate removal from aqueous media. The scanning electron microscopic study revealed that the adsorbent was of amorphous structure and consisted of the inhomogeneous aggregated nanoparticles with different sizes. Various influencing parameters such as pH values, initial concentration of phosphate ions, contact time, temperature and co-existing anions were studied to perform batch adsorption experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorption process was highly pH-dependent and obtained the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of 101.0 mg g−1 at pH = 6. The adsorption process occurred on surface of FZLO composite has been found to be mono-layered and chemisorption dominated in nature as the data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm as well as the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The structure and properties of the adsorbent before and after adsorption using FT-IR, XRD and XPS techniques suggested that the adsorption mechanisms involved electrostatic attraction, complexation and ligand exchange. After the adsorption, the remained P concentration met the permissible limit by the Environmental Protection Agency. The Fe-Zr-La tri-metal oxide composite could be a promising adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous media.

Green synthesis of trimetallic oxide nanoparticles and their use as an efficient catalyst for the green synthesis of quinoline and spirooxindoles: Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and anti-colon cancer effects

The three-metallic oxide (Cu/Cr/Ni) nanoparticles were prepared using Echinops persicus plant extract via a simple, biocompatible, cost-effective, and non-toxic procedure, and their catalytic activity was evaluated over the synthesis of biologically active quinoline and spirooxindole derivatives. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical methods including UV–Vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, FE-SEM, DLS, and TEM analyses. Effective parameters involved in the reactions were designed by Design-Expert 10.0.7 software. The Cu/Cr/Ni nanoparticles were used as an efficient catalyst for the preparation of quinolines and spirooxindoles under solvent-free conditions with good to excellent efficiencies. Furthermore, due to the rich phenolic content of Echinops persicus flower extract, the antibacterial properties of nanoparticles against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus were studied by MIC as well as well diffusion methods. In addition, the cytotoxicity and anti-colon cancer activity of the nanoparticles was studied on human colon cancer (HT29) cells based on the MTT assay. The results and observations clearly showed that Cu/Cr/Ni NPs have noteworthy catalytic and antibacterial activity, completely superior to their corresponding single-metal nanoparticles.

Antimicrobial activity of green synthesized tri-metallic oxide Ni/Cr/Cu nanoparticles

The tri-metallic oxide Ni/Cr/Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Coriander sativum extract as the reducing agent. The precursors namely CuSO4.5H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and Cr (NO3)3·9H2O were used for the green synthesis. Further, the prepared NPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Its antimicrobial property against two fungal and two bacterial species was determined by measuring the respective zone of inhibition (ZOI) in well diffusion method. A dose dependent inhibition was observed in all the four species of pathogens including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium sp. This antimicrobial property of tri-metallic oxide NPs may be utilized in the field of medical research, pharmaceutical industries and environmental sciences.

Fabrication and characterization of Ni/Ag/Zn trimetal oxide nanocomposites and its application in dopamine sensing

Trimetallic nanocomposites are multiphase materials with a ternary metal or metal oxide. They are widely used as antibacterial materials, catalysts, and sensors due to their high specific surface area, excellent electron transport performance, and good catalytic behavior. To address the issues of high manufacturing cost, poor selectivity, and low sensitivity of traditional biosensors, this work reports the designing of dopamine (DA) electrochemical sensor by trimetallic nano-sensor comprising of noble metal silver with the transition metals nickel and zinc. Four Ni/Ag/Zn nanocomposite samples with different metals' molar ratios were synthesized by a green microwave-assisted coprecipitation reduction method. Morphological and microstructural differences due to different metal composition ratios were observed through scanning electron microscope. The four synthesized materials are composed of nanoparticles of various shapes with a dispersed multiphase matrix. XRD, XPS, and FT-IR techniques employed to determine the elemental and phase composition of the synthesized samples. Electrochemical characterization results show that trimetallic composites modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) has good sensing performance for DA; the sensor sensitivity is 0.96 μA/μM cm2, and the detection limit LOD is 0.3 μM. It has good anti-interference and selectivity for ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and various ion simulated biological environments.

Symmetric supercapacitors composed of ternary metal oxides (NiO/V2O5/MnO2) nanoribbon electrodes with high energy storage performance

Supercapacitors with improved specific capacitance, long cycling life, high power density and energy density are fabricated to close the gap between traditional and emerging energy storage. We develop interactive ternary metal oxides nano-ribbon electrodes used to assemble symmetric supercapacitor. The well-aligned vanadium oxide ribbon arrays act as the matrix, growing from nickel oxide/nickel substrate and then being grafted by manganese oxide nanoparticles. These tri-metallic oxides are formed in a cost-effective and green hydrothermal chemistry. The electrodes composed of ribbon arrays retain their crystallographic structure during charging and discharging processes, enabling steadiness at 83.6 % after 10,000 cycles. These as-prepared electrodes demonstrate a specific capacitance of 788 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. The symmetrical supercapacitors are assembled using triple component electrodes, achieving a high energy density of 138 W h kg−1 at a power density of 450 W kg−1. These binderless single-cell devices are reported with a simplified design showing 10–20 times higher energy density in comparison with reported results of the V2O5-MnO2 system. The nanografting results in reactive interfaces with interpenetrating channels for efficient ion transport and electron conduction. The advances to design nanostructured supercapacitor materials are based on these heterojunction arrays to enhance their supercapacitive performances.

A Tri-Metallic (Mn–Co–Ti) Oxide Photoanode with Improved Photo-Conversion Efficiency

A Tri-Metallic (Mn–Co–Ti) Oxide Photoanode with Improved Photo-Conversion Efficiency

Engineered nano-foam of tri-metallic (FeCuCo) oxide catalyst for enhanced hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis

Catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride can potentially be considered as a convenient and safe method to generate hydrogen, an environmentally clean and sustainable fuel for the future. The present effort establishes the development of FeCuCo tri-metallic oxide catalyst by a simple, single-step solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method for hydrogen generation from NaBH4 hydrolysis. Amongst series of FeCuCo tri-metallic oxide catalyst synthesized, FeCuCo with 50:37.5:12.5 wt% respective precursor loading displayed remarkable activity by generating hydrogen at the rate of 1380 mL min−1 g−1 (1242 mL in 18 min) with turnover frequency (TOF) of 62.02 mol g−1 min−1. The catalyst was characterized by using various techniques to understand their physiochemical and morphological properties. The results revealed that the catalyst synthesized by combustion method led to the formation of FeCuCo with appreciable surface area, porous foam-like morphology and high surface acidity. Major factors affecting the hydrolysis of NaBH4 such as catalyst loading, NaOH concentration and temperature variation were studied in detail. Additionally, the FeCuCo catalyst also displayed substantial recyclability performance up to eight cycles without considerable loss in its catalytic activity. Therefore, FeCuCo oxide can be demonstrated as one of the most efficient, cost effective tri-metallic catalyst so far for application in the hydrogen generation.

Effect of ethylene glycol concentration on the structural and optical properties of multimetal oxide CdO–NiO–Fe2O3 nanocomposites for antibacterial activity

Herein, we present the effect of ethylene glycol (EG) concentration on the size of CdO–NiO–Fe2O3 nanocomposites with the intention to enhance their structural and optical properties for antibacterial activity. The self-combustion method was used to prepare trimetal oxide (TMO) nanocomposites. Structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of TMO nanocomposites were investigated using a UV–visible spectrophotometer and PL spectroscopy. XRD measurements showed that CdO and NiO have a face-centered cubic structure, while Fe2O3 showed pure maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) phase with a cubic spinel crystalline structure. TEM measurements showed that the size of the TMO nanocomposites increased from about 9.4 to 20.8 nm as the EG concentration decreased from 1 M to 0.001 M. FTIR spectra showed the characteristics peaks for CdO, NiO, and γ-Fe2O3. Optical bandgap values of samples showed variation related to EG concentration due to the quantum confinement of TMO nanocomposites. Antibacterial activity of TMO nanocomposites was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). It is the first time TMO nanocomposites have been tested against M. catarrhalis. The zones of inhibition of TMO nanocomposites were 13, 25, 25, and 25 mm for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus, respectively. The enhanced ZOI of TMO nanocomposites makes them good candidates for antibiotic development.

Facile Cyclic Voltammetric‐Induced Trimetallic Oxides with Shear‐Wall Structure Exhibiting Advanced Performance in an Asymmetric Pseudocapacitor

Recently, a multicomponent system in the electrochemical energy‐storage field exhibits advantages of both electrochemical activity and electronic conductivity due to its synergistic effects. Herein, a trimetallic oxide thin film of Ni−Mn−Fe is obtained through a facile cyclic voltammetric electrodeposition method. The obtained thin film is grown vertically on Ni substrate to form a unique nanosheet morphology with shear‐wall structure. This less crystalline structure is beneficial for the observed faster kinetics due to the rational transport channels, avoiding sluggish charge diffusion. This trioxide thin film displays a maximum capacitance of 3950 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, with 1250 F g−1 being obtained at a higher current density of 25 A g−1 and maintaining a capacitance of 865 F g−1 after 10 000 cycles. In addition, by paring this film as a cathode with activated carbon, it delivers a considerable energy density of 194.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.75 kW kg−1 and still outputs an energy density of 33.2 Wh kg−1 at its highest power density of 19 kW kg−1. When applied to a practical condition, the cell lights up three red light‐emitting diodes (LEDs).

Remarkable phosphate removal from saline solution by using a novel trimetallic oxide nanocomposite

Abstract Phosphate removal is an important measure to control eutrophication in aquatic environments, as it inhibits algal bloom. Salinity exists in these media along with high phosphate and currently available phosphate removal methods function poorly under this condition. In this study, the main objective is to fabricate a nanocomposite to improve and accelerate phosphate removal from saline solutions. To achieve this goal, Fe3O4/ZnO and a novel nanoadsorbent, Fe3O4/ZnO/CuO, were synthesized. Their characteristics were determined using FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and XRD analyses, and their capability to adsorb phosphate from saline solutions was investigated and compared. The overall results suggest that the trimetallic oxide nanocomposite has great potential for the efficient removal of phosphate, in comparison with Fe3O4/ZnO. Experiments showed that Fe3O4/ZnO/CuO exhibited a remarkable sorption capacity of 156.35 mg P/g, fast sorption kinetic, strong selectivity for phosphate even in the presence of a high concentration of salinity (60 mg/L), and a wide applicable pH range of 3–6. Furthermore, using Fe3O4/ZnO/CuO, even a low dosage of 0.1 g/L was sufficient to reach an adsorption efficiency of 96.13% within 15 min compared to Fe3O4/ZnO (80.47% within 30 min). Moreover, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the experimental adsorption data for both nanocomposites.

Refractory organic compounds in coal chemical wastewater treatment by catalytic ozonation using Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3.

A composite Mn-Cu-Ce tri-metal oxide supported on γ-Al2O3 (Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3) catalyst was prepared by an impregnation-calcination method and investigated in the catalytic ozonation treatment of real coal chemical wastewater (CCW). The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XRF, BET, and XPS techniques. The results showed that Mn, Cu, and Ce metal oxides were evenly distributed on the Al2O3 surface and the catalyst maintained a large surface area and a high pore volume compared with the pristine Al2O3. The synergy between Mn, Cu, and Ce oxides greatly enriched the catalytic active sites and enhanced the ozonation performance. The catalytic ozonation process with Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3 increased the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) by 31.6% compared with ozonation alone. The ketones, aromatic compounds, phenols, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds in CCW have been effectively degraded and mineralized by Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3 catalytic ozonation process, and its biodegradability has also been significantly improved. The experimental results of ∙OH scavengers revealed that the mechanism of Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3 catalytic ozonation was to promote the generation of ∙OH radicals. The catalytic activity of Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3 was only a slight decrease in six consecutive catalytic ozonation treatments, showing good stability. Therefore, Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3 can be used as a candidate catalyst for the advanced treatment of refractory organic wastewaters upon catalytic ozonation.

New Class of Trimetallic Oxide Hierarchical Mesoporous Array on Woven Fabric: Electrode for high-Performance and Stable battery type Ultracapacitor

Imperative urgency to substitute outdated combustion engines with safer, faster and efficient energy storage devices and conversion systems has inspired researchers to realize new energy storage materials with high performance. In this work, a facile hydrothermal technique with subsequent calcination procedure has been adopted to prepare Cu-Ni-Co (CNCo) based trimetallic oxide nanowires over carbon cloth (CC). Hierarchical mesoporous CNCo arrays on conducting scaffold delivers excellent supercapacitive performance with specific capacitance as high as 2535 Fg-1 at current density of 1 Ag-1 and excellent rate capability of 94% at 5 Ag-1 even after 5000 cycles. To judge the figure of merit of CNCo electrode, results are compared with the synthesized one-dimensional binary and monoxides nanoform over same platform namely nickel cobalt oxide (NCo) and cobalt oxide (Co). Utility of CNCo as robust and potential electrode material is further assessed by fabricating CNCo based symmetric supercapacitor. Specific energy of 39 Wh/kg at specific power of 0.45 KW/kg and extraordinary cyclic stability (capacitance retention more than 100% after 10000 cycles) register from the fabricated device. Coordination of metal ions strengthens the synergistic effect which affects the rate of redox charge transfer and thereby improves the cyclic stability and rate capability.

Sulfur-doped Fe–Cu–La trimetallic oxides as a novel magnetic adsorbent for efficient removal of As(iii) and As(v) from aqueous solution

The magnetic material S-FeCuLaO not only can effectively remove As(iii) and As(v) but also possesses good stability and high reusability. It has a potential application for arsenic removal from contaminated waters.

Synthesis of the SrO–CaO–Al2O3 trimetallic oxide catalyst for transesterification to produce biodiesel

Calcium oxide is one of the most promising heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. However, an inherent drawback of CaO is the leaching of active species into the reaction solution with the degraded reusability. To strengthen the stability, different supports are composited with the SrO–CaO oxide through the hydrothermal method and mass ratio of SrO to CaO are optimized to get the best outcome of the catalyst. Meanwhile, various characterization methods, including TG, XRD, SEM-EDX, CO2-TPD, XPS, ATR-FTIR and ICP-AES, are used to explore the physicochemical properties of catalysts. The 0.4-SrO-CaO-Al2O3 catalyst shows the best catalytic capability in transesterification of palm oil with methanol to produce biodiesel, where the FAME yield of 98.16% is achieved with the molar ratio of methanol to oil of 18:1 and catalyst concentration of 7.5 wt% at 65 °C for 3 h. Besides, ascribed to the greatly reduced leaching out of the active species, this catalyst presents the satisfying reusability and the FAME yield is slightly decreased to 92.61% for the fifth reused cycle. Therefore, this modification method for SrO–CaO–Al2O3 is feasible for enhancing the catalytic stability in transesterification.

Selective laser sintering of metallic oxide powder mixtures for bi/tri-metallic-oxide formation

The objective of this work is to investigate the formation, relative concentrations, and chemical states of bi/tri-metallic oxides within the sintered layers of three naturally non-combinable oxides, namely ZnO, ZrO2 and TiO2. The novelty of this effort is in utilizing a single-step laser-based approach to chemically combine these three oxide powders, which are otherwise not conventionally combinable. The motivation lies in being able to achieve desired/tuneable combinatorial properties inherent to individual oxides like corrosion-resistance, self-cleaning and photocatalytic properties, besides customizing the location/extent of sintering; this has the potential to revolutionize multi-functional coatings for harsh environments. Various volume ratios of the three oxide powders were spread on a substrate, and a high-energy laser used to sinter and solidify it at different volumetric energy densities (VED). Morphological characterization showed the increasing concentrations of Ti- and Zr-based oxides when increasing the laser energy imparted, suggesting that their higher specific/latent heats (compared to ZnO) in fact requires higher energies for liquid phase sintering of the mixture, besides forming grains and grain boundaries at higher VED. Further, the formation of a tri-metallic oxide, as well as several bimetallic oxides was detected, thus paving the path for designing and applying tailored multi-functional coatings for multifaceted applications.

In Situ Growth of Hollow Trimetallic Nanocubes on Nickel Foam for the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The Cover Feature shows a trimetallic oxide composite with a porous nanocubes structure, which is grown in situ on nickel foam to form an electrode material, NiO/FeOX/Co3O4@NF. The pore structure is conducive to the contact between the electrolyte and the catalyst, thus improving the electrocatalytic performance of the material toward the oxygen evolution reaction. More information can be found in the Article by Z. Li et al.

Zinc and Nickel Based Oxides Anchored Onto Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes As Bifunctional Catalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries

Rechargeable zinc-air batteries are a promising battery technology as they are safe, environmentally friendly, low cost, and have a high theoretical energy density. However, there are several challenges with zinc-air batteries which occur mainly at the air electrode. The main challenge is the slow reaction kinetics for the oxygen evolution and reduction reactions (OER/ORR). To improve the OER and ORR precious metal catalysts have typically been added to the air electrode. However, using precious metals as catalyst materials inhibits large scale applications due to the high material cost and material scarcity. Transition metal oxides are an effective lower cost alternative. Combining transition metal oxides with nanocarbon structures can further increase OER and ORR rates and improve electrochemical stability. [1], [2]In this study, a combination of nitrogen-doped nanotubes (N-CNTs) and transition metal oxides is impregnated into a gas diffusion layer (GDL) made from porous carbon paper. This synthesis process ensures that the catalyst is present throughout the GDL, improving the reaction kinetics [2]. Zinc- and nickel-based tri-metallic and tetra-metallic oxides are investigated. Nickel-based oxides have demonstrated potential for high electrochemical activity but have not been fully studied [3]. Zinc is chosen, in part, because it appears to be incorporated into the transition metal oxide catalysts during battery cycling, so its effect on battery behavior is worth further study. The metal oxide combinations are determined from previous bi-metallic and initial tri-metallic oxide results. For each combination, different ratios are tested, since the amount of each transition metal affects the OER and ORR kinetics. Each combination is examined through various electrochemical and microstructural characterization techniques; e.g., linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A Design of Experiments approach is used to determine the best metal ratios for each combination. The overall goal of this work is to find a catalyst that increases the efficiency, lowers the voltage gap, and improves the cyclability of zinc-air batteries.[1] N. Xu et al., “Self-Assembly formation of Bi-functional Co 3 O 4 /MnO 2-CNTs hybrid catalysts for achieving both high energy/power density and cyclic ability of rechargeable zinc-Air battery,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. September, pp. 1–10, 2016.[2] D. Aasen, M. Clark, and D. G. Ivey, “ A Gas Diffusion Layer Impregnated with Mn 3 O 4 ‐Decorated N‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Zinc‐Air Batteries ,” Batter. Supercaps, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 882–893, 2019.[3] J. Yi et al., “Non-noble Iron Group (Fe, Co, Ni)-Based Oxide Electrocatalysts for Aqueous Zinc-Air Batteries: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives,” Organometallics, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1186–1199, 2019.

Applying a Novel Polymeric Precursor Derived by Capillary-Gravitational Coating in Fabrication of Nanostructured Tri- Metal Oxide-Based pH Sensing Electrode

In this study polymeric precursor (Pechini method) has been modified and utilized with purpose of fabricating tri-metal oxide pH sensing electrode. The method used in this research is unlike Pechini method, hence, propylene glycol used instead of ethylene glycol. pH sensing films were prepared using top candidates in the list of metal oxides that have been used in this field, such as IrO2, RuO2 and TiO2. New process called gravitational-capillary coating method applied to coat two different wire substrate (Ti and Steel). Synthesized electrodes characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction, other related tests carried out. Suitable close Nernstian slope sensitivity −58.69 and −58.89 mV/pH have been observed, for titanium and steel electrodes respectively, acceptable stability, low hysteresis, insignificant rate of drift, short response time 3-3.5 sec with perfect selectivity have been estimated for both electrode.

Venus flytrap-like hierarchical NiCoMn–O@NiMoO4@C nanosheet arrays as free-standing core-shell electrode material for hybrid supercapacitor with high electrochemical performance

In order to improve the sluggish kinetics of the redox reactions occurring at the battery-type electrodes of hybrid supercapacitors, a Venus flytrap-like hierarchical NiCoMn–O@NiMoO4@C nanosheet arrays electrode material are developed based on three aspects of considerations: 1. The developed NiCoMn-based trimetallic (NiCoMn–O) oxides has better electrical conductivity than any of its bimetallic or monometallic counterparts and the self-decorated nanoneedles on its surface can create more electroactive sites for electrolyte to access. 2 NiMoO4 layer is one of the important redox active materials in this composite since its high electrochemical activity in alkaline solution. 3. Carbon protection shell cannot only enhance the rate capability by shorting the electron transport pathway of the composite but also improve its cycling stability via buffering the volume change during the charge/discharge processes. Consequently, the obtained NiCoMn–O@NiMoO4@C electrode can provide a maximum specific capacitance of 2189.5 F/g (at 0.25 A/g) and 81.6% of its initial specific capacitance can be maintained after 1500 cycles GCD tests (at 6 A/g). The prepared NiCoMn–O@NiMoO4@C//AC hybrid supercapacitor exhibits the maximum energy density of 59.9 Wh/kg (at 0.25 A/g) and its specific capacitance can maintain 88.3% of its initial value after 3000 cycles GCD tests (at 6 A/g).

AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 nanocomposite with robust adsorption capacity for tetracycline antibiotic removal from aqueous system

Present study has been designed to govern the usage of nanocomposite of Si3N4 with trimetallic oxide nanoparticles of Ag, Mg and Fe (AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4) for the tetracycline (TC) removal from aqueous solution. Characterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET were employed for analysing the successful fabrication of AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 nanocomposite. Adsorption process has been found to be dependent upon the surface properties of AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 nanocomposite (such as charge, functionality, etc), concentration of TC, solution pH and contact time. As determined from the isotherm studies, surface of AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 nanocomposite has been found to be energetically heterogeneous in nature as the data fitted well to Freundlich isotherm. Maximum adsorption capacity of AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 nanocomposite has been found to be 172.41 mg/g. Pseudo-second order kinetic model successfully explained the rate studies of TC adsorption. Also, reusability study of AgO/MgO/FeO@Si3N4 nanocomposite has also been carried out. In short, the present study could determine an effective way for the removal of toxic pollutants from the wastewater system.