Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Triglycerides Research Articles

OCCURRENCE OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PRE-DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS: A HOSPITAL-BASED OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Background: Pre-diabetes (PD) is the precursor stage of diabetes mellitus, in which the subject's plasma glucose is higher than normal but lower than diabetes mellitus thresholds. Lipid prole disorders are signicantly associated with prediabetes and diabetes. Individuals with pre-diabetes have a high risk of progression to diabetes. Assessment of serum lipids is warranted not only for T2DM patients but also for those with prediabetes. Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati from 1st June 2021 to 31st May 2022. After satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria 120 prediabetic patients were included in the study and were evaluated. Patients were categorized according to ATP III classication. In our study group, out of 120 patient Result: s, a maximum number of patients belonged to the age group of 41-50 yrs and the mean age was 48.17±10.5 years with 60.8% male and 39.2% female cases. Among the different lipids, we found hypercholesterolemia in 23.4%, hypertriglyceridemia in 62.5%, and high LDL was found in 76.7% of prediabetic subjects. In our study, we found low HDL (<40 mg/dl)levels in 64.2% of prediabetic patients. The mean value of total cholesterol was 171.1 ±50.2 , Triglyceride was 170.2 ±76.5 , HDL was 38.3 mg/dl±9.4, LDL was120.8 ±33.5 and VLDL was 30.5 ±8.6. HbA1c has a signicant positive correlation (p-value <.001) with TC, TG LDL, and VLDL and a signicant negative correlation (p-value< .001) with HDL. Pre-diabetic individuals often exhibit an Conclusion: atherogenic pattern of risk factors that include high levels of total cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), it predisposes to premature atherosclerosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications in the long term in this individuals if not evaluated early

Triglyceride/low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is the most valuable predictor for increased small, dense LDL in type 2 diabetes patients

BackgroundSmall, dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) increases in type 2 diabetes patients and causes arteriosclerosis. Non–high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) is thought to be useful for predicting arteriosclerosis and sd-LDL elevation; however, there are no data about whether the triglyceride /low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/LDL-C) ratio is a valuable predictor for sd-LDL.MethodsA total of 110 type 2 diabetes patients with hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed. No patients were treated with fibrates, but 47 patients were treated with statins. LDL-C was measured by the direct method. LDL-migration index (LDL-MI) using electrophoresis (polyacrylamide gel, PAG) was calculated, and a value ≥0.400 was determined to indicate an increase in sd-LDL. Simple regression analyses were carried out between LDL-MI and lipid markers. Receiver operating characteristic curves of lipid markers for predicting high LDL-MI were applied to determine the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off point.ResultsLDL-MI correlated negatively with LDL-C (P = 0.0027) and PAG LDL fraction (P < 0.0001) and correlated positively with TGs, non–HDL-C, TG/LDL-C ratio, TG/HDL-C ratio, and non–HDL-C/HDL-C ratio among all study patients. Similar results were obtained for patients analyzed according to statin treatment. The AUCs (95% confidence interval) were 0.945 (0.884-1.000) for TG/LDL-C ratio and 0.614 (0.463-0.765) for non–HDL-C in patients without statins (P = 0.0002). The AUCs were 0.697 (0.507-0.887) for TG/LDL-C and 0.682 (0.500-0.863) for non–HDL-C in patients treated with statins. The optimal cut-off point for TG/LDL-C ratio for increased LDL-MI was 1.1 (molar ratio) regardless of statin treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of the TG/LDL-C ratio (90.0 and 93.9%, respectively) were higher than those of non–HDL-C (56.7 and 78.8%, respectively) in patients without statins.ConclusionsThe TG/LDL-C ratio is a reliable surrogate lipid marker of sd-LDL and superior to non–HDL-C in type 2 diabetes patients not treated with statins.

Gastrodin Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction in Diabetes Rat Model via the Suppression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk for cognitive dysfunction. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inflammation play crucial roles in DM. Gastrodin (Gas), the main component of Gastrodia elata, possesses anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. This present study aims to investigate whether Gas could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in DM and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 DM were used in this study. After administration of Gas for 5 weeks, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA and SOD in the hippocampus were measured. Morris water maze, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Nissl staining were performed to assess the effects of Gas on cognitive function and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Protein levels of GLUT3, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GRP78, PERK, P-PERK, TXNIP, ASC, NLRP3, CHOP, Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by using Western blot. The results showed that Gas could improve hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in DM rats, as the levels of TC, TG LDL-C in serum were decreased. TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA contents in the hippocampus were decreased, and SOD contents was increased in the hippocampus of DM rats. Inflammation, oxidative stress, ERS, and apoptosis were observed in the hippocampus of DM rats, accompanied with decreased expression of BDNF and GLUT3. Gas improved the cognitive deficits caused by diabetes and inhibited inflammation, oxidative stress, ERS, and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Furthermore, Gas substantially increased the expression of GLUT3, and inhibited hippocampal ERS and ERS-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, Gas increased the expression of BDNF and decreased the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. These results suggested that by inhibiting ERS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and increasing the expression of BDNF and GLUT3, Gas exhibits neuroprotective effects against cognitive dysfunction in DM.

Association between early pregnancy vitamin D status and changes in serum lipid profiles throughout pregnancy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the associations between first trimester 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. We hypothesized that first trimester 25(OH)D inadequacy is associated with lower concentrations of HDL-c and higher LDL-c, TC, TG, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. MethodsA prospective cohort study with 3 visits at 5–13 (baseline), 20–26, and 30–36 gestational weeks, recruited 194 pregnant women attending a public health care center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in the first trimester using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. 25(OH)D concentrations were classified as adequate (≥75nmol/L) or inadequate (<75nmol/L). Serum TC, HDL-c, and TG concentrations were measured enzymatically. Crude and adjusted longitudinal linear mixed-effects models were employed to evaluate the association between the first trimester 25(OH)D status and changes in serum lipid concentrations throughout pregnancy. Confounders adjusted for in the multiple analysis were age, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), early pregnancy BMI, leisure time physical activity before pregnancy, energy intake, and gestational age. ResultsAt baseline, 69% of the women had inadequate concentrations of 25(OH)D. Women with 25(OH)D inadequacy had higher mean LDL-c than those with adequate concentrations (91.3 vs. 97.5mg/dL; P=0.064) at baseline. TC, HDL-c, LDL-c TG, TG/HDL-c ratios, and TC/HDL-c ratios, increased throughout pregnancy independently of 25(OH)D concentrations (ANOVA for repeated measures P<0.001). The adjusted models showed direct associations between the first trimester 25(OH)D status and changes in TC (β=9.53; 95%CI=1.12–17.94), LDL-c (β=9.99; 95% CI=3.62–16.36) concentrations, and TC/HDL-c ratios (β=0.16; 95% CI=0.01–0.31) throughout pregnancy. ConclusionsInadequate plasma 25(OH)D concentrations during early pregnancy were associated with more pronounced changes of TC, LDL-c concentrations, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. Changes in these cardiovascular markers suggest the importance of ensuring adequate vitamin D status at the beginning of pregnancy.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor of arterial stiffness measured by the cardioankle vascular index.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The cardioankle vascular index (CAVI), a new measure of arterial stiffness, was recently developed and is independent of blood pressure. We investigated whether NAFLD is associated with arterial stiffness as measured using the CAVI in an apparently healthy population.A total of 2954 subjects without any known liver diseases were enrolled. NAFLD was diagnosed via typical ultrasonography. The clinical characteristics examined included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol triglycerides, and glucose. Arterial stiffness was defined using an age- and sex-specific threshold of the upper quartile of the CAVI.NAFLD was found in 1249 (42.3%) of the analyzed subjects. Using an age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted model, NAFLD was associated with a 42% increase in the risk for arterial stiffness (highest quartile of the CAVI). The risk for arterial stiffness increased according to the severity of NAFLD (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.27 [1.02 - 1.57] vs 1.78 [1.37 - 2.31], mild vs moderate-to-severe, respectively). When adjusted for other risk factors, including BMI, WC, smoking status, diabetes, and hypertension, these relationships remained statistically significant.Patients with NAFLD are at a high risk for arterial stiffness regardless of classical risk factors. The presence of cardiometabolic risk factors may attenuate the prediction of arterial stiffness by means of NAFLD presence. Thus, physicians should carefully assess subjects with NAFLD for atherosclerosis and associated comorbidities.

OP3: Oxidized LDL as residual lipid risk marker in type 2 diabetes

Previous studies have revealed that the excess of cardiovascular events observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and adequate control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) has been explained through the residual lipid risk. The atherogenic potential of diabetes could be associated with the modified proteins as the result of glycation and oxidation. The role of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) as a residual lipid risk marker is still unclarified. The aim of our study was to analyze the levels of oxLDL and their relationship with other standard lipid atherogenic risk factors as well as with insulin resistance (IR) in: T2D patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (Group A, N=50), T2D patients without CAD (group B, N=45), and nondiabetic patients with CAD (group C, N=50). Patients were aged 40–70 years, matched by gender, duration of diabetes, smoking habit and hypertension. CAD was defined as the presence of any of the following: a) angina, b) myocardial infarction or c) positive angiography. In each patient, oxLDL levels were measured by ELISA methods (Mercodia), glycemic control by the glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c, measured by immuno-inhibition). Total cholesterol (TC), HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (Tg) were determined by enzymatic methods. IR was calculated using homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. We found the highest levels of oxLDL in group A, being significantly higher than in groups B and C (A: 112.2±22.0, B: 95.9±10.2, C: 83.9±8. A vs B p<0.05 and A,B vs C p<0.01). We found significantly higher Tg levels in group A compared to group B (A: 3.39 ± 0.4, B: 2.49 ± 0.27 mmol/l, A vs B p<0.01) being significantly higher among diabetics in comparison to nondiabetics (C: 2.12±0.2 mmol/l, A,B vs C p<0.05). Simultaneously, there was no significant difference in the levels of TC, HDL and LDL between the groups. HbA1c level was higher in group A than in group B (A:7.87±0.23, B:6.92±0.13, C:4,9±0.18%; A vs B p<0.05; A, B vs C p<0.01). Similarly, the HOMA-IR values were higher in group A vs group B, and in both of the groups it was higher than in group C (A:10.4±1.4, B:8.5±1.2, C:7.9±0.7; A vs B p<0.01; B vs C p<0.05). In the groups of diabetic patients increased levels of oxLDL significantly correlated with Tg levels (r=0.628, p<0.01), and HOMA–IR (r=0.399, p<0.05) while oxLDL significantly correlated with HbA1c only in group A (r=0.697; p<0.001), but not in groups B and C (p=NS). Our results have demonstrated that in patients with T2D and CAD increased oxLDL levels could be good residual lipid risk marker. Atherogenic potential in T2D is associated predominantly with the increased oxLDL, higher IR and impairments in triglycerides metabolism but not with the levels of lipoproteins. Also, the results imply that in T2D patients LDL oxidation is significantly influenced by the impairments in glucose control.

카테킨 음용이 비만여성의 혈중 지질농도에 미치는 영향

This study was developed to test the effectiveness catechin beverage drinking as exercise supplementary food for obese women. The effects of catekin were determined by weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, High density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Twenty-seven obese women were participated in this study. Eight women were tea catechin drinking group, Nine women were exercise group, and ten women were tea catekin drinking-combined with exercise group. After catechin drinking or exercise conducted, blood lipid factor were analyzed. body weight and triglycerides low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in tea catekin drinking combined with exercise group (p

Nocturnal Nondipping Hypertension Is Related to Dyslipidemia and Increased Renal Resistivity Index in Renal Transplant Patients

Background There are limited data about ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in renal transplantation patients. We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes, and success of antihypertensive therapy based upon ABPM data. Methods We performed ABPM on 82 recipients between 2000 and 2006 including 27 females of overall age of 37.3 ± 10.8 years who displayed mild to moderate hypertension (HT). We evaluated demographic blood pressure, proteinuria, and laboratory values, as well as renal resistive index (RRI) estimated by Doppler ultrasonography. Results There were 65% of subjects who were “nondippers”. Nighttime systolic and diastolic blood pressures correlated with phosphorus ( r = 0.32; P = .04) and proteinuria ( r = 0.35; P = .01). The incidence of increased RRI was greater among nondipper than dipper patients (52% vs 24%; P < .01). Comparison of variables between dipping and nondipping patients were total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol triglyceride, and C-reactive protein values ( P = .04, .03, .001, and .001, respectively). Regression analysis revealed increased RRI (<0.7) and total cholesterol (>240 mg/dL) to be the main risk factors for a nondipping pattern ( P < .001 and .05 respectively). Conclusion Nondipping HT is common after transplantation. ABPM may be a useful tool to optimize treatment strategies to reduce cardiovascular events and chronic graft dysfunction. An high RRI seemed to be a strong determinate of nondipper status.

The association between the combined oral contraceptive pill and insulin resistance, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of young women. First-line treatment is often the oral contraceptive pill (OC), but evidence suggests that OC may worsen metabolic outcomes in this population. We undertook this meta-analysis of observational studies and cohorts from within randomized controlled studies to investigate the association between OC use and dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance (IR) in women with PCOS. We searched MEDLINE (1966-April 2010), EMBASE (1980-April 2010) and All EBM Reviews. We included prospective cohorts and RCTs that treated women, aged 13-44, with PCOS with OC for at least 3 months. Blinded quality assessment and data extraction were conducted on 35 included studies by two independent reviewers. We used random effects methods to calculate weighted mean differences as the effect size. We investigated heterogeneity using sequential removal of studies, subgroup analysis and meta-regression. OC use was significantly associated with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.004) and triglycerides (P = 0.004). Significant heterogeneity was found in glucose, cholesterol, HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol triglycerides, fasting glucose to insulin ratios and homeostatic model assessments-IR. Study characteristics such as mean BMI, mean age and duration of study could explain some of the heterogeneity. Use of OC was not associated with clinically significant adverse metabolic consequences. Because of limitations of the underlying studies, further research including rigorously designed randomized trials would more definitively confirm our findings.

Serum Lipids Predict Cardiac Death in Diabetic Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis

The objective of this study was to measure cholesterol concentrations in diabetic patients at the beginning of maintenance hemodialysis treatment and to define their role as predictors of subsequent cardiac death on maintenance hemodialysis. The design of this study consisted of a prospective study of all consecutive diabetic patients newly admitted to 28 German dialysis centers between January 1985 and October 1987. The patients were examined on admission and subsequently followed for 45 months on dialysis. This study included 196 patients, 67 type I (43 male, 24 female, median age 49 years, range 22-73) and 129 type II (54 male, 75 female, aged 64 years, range 37-82). Lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol apolipoprotein B and A and anthropometric indices (body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness) were measured. The outcome was death, i.e., cardiovascular (myocardial infarction, sudden death, other cardiac causes, stroke) and noncardiovascular death during a 45-month follow-up. At the start of treatment, total cholesterol, triglycerides LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio and apolipoprotein B were significantly higher in diabetics than in healthy controls or patients with standard primary renal disease starting dialysis. Only minor differences were found between males and females and type I and type II diabetics. Fourty-three percent of type I and 50% of type II diabetics died, 61% from cardiovascular causes, mostly myocardial infarction (in 40% reinfarction) and sudden death. On admission, diabetics subsequently dying from myocardial infarction had significantly higher median cholesterol than survivors, i.e., 259 versus 222 mg/dl, and higher LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio and apolipoprotein B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

長期治療II型糖尿病患者における血漿脂質, リポ蛋白および基礎インスリン値の検討

The purpose of this study was the simultaneous measurement of triglyceride, total cholesterol, phospholipid, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and basal insulin levels from carefully selected patients with diabetes mellitus who were under treatment for a long period (7.2±0.8yr.).Subjects included patients with middle-aged type II diabetes (51.2±0.8yr.: Group A) together with healthy individuals matched for sex, age and body weight (47.8±1.6yr.: Group B). In diabetic patients, all the above-mentioned variables were examined according to the difference of blood sugar control, treatments for diabetes mellitus, and the existence of diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, it was studied that the relationship betweenthese variables and the existence of ischemic heartdisease (IHD) in old type II diabetes (69.8±1.8yr.: Group C).1) Fasting plasma glucose in Group A was significantly elevated compared with that in Group B (p<0.01). No difference in plasma lipids, lipoproteins and basal insulin levels was found between Group A and B. But triglyceride and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio showed a tendency to increase in Group A.2) Diabetic patients treated with insulin showed elevated fasting plasma glucose and basal insulin level compared with patients of groups treated either with sulfonylurea or diet only (p<0.05, p<0.05; respectively). And the patients treated with sulfonylurea or insulin showed a tendency to increase of HDL-C compared with the diet therapy patients.3) Total cholesterol, triglyceride LDL-C and HDL-C increased more in the groups with advanced hyperglycemia. So, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio did not differ according to blood sugar control.4) The group of patients with proliferative retinopathy showed significantly elevated triglyceride level compared with groups of patients either with background retinopathy or without retinopathy (p<0.05, p<0.05; respectively). No significant difference in other lipids, lipoproteins was observed among these three groups.5) Triglyceride, LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio showed a tendency to increase in Group C compared with those in Group A. Furthermore, patients with IHD showed a tendency to still more elevated level compared with those without IHD in Group C. But no difference in other lipids and lipoproteins was found between patients with IHD and without IHD.From these data, it was thought that correction of plasma lipids and lipoproteins as well as plasma glucose level was very important to prevent against both arteriosclerosis and microangiopathy with diabetes mellitus.