Triglyceride To High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

The nonlineard association between triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio and long-term heart disease risk: findings from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. CVD has high morbidity and mortality in China, with 5.09 million CVD deaths in 2019 and a mortality rate of 364.5 cases per 100,000 people. Existing studies have focused on specific populations and lack studies on the general population.MethodsThis study used data from the China Health and Aged Care Tracking Survey (CHARLS) to analyse the middle-aged and elderly population between 2011 and 2020. The exposure variable was TG/HDL-C ratio, the outcome variable was the occurrence of heart disease (including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, etc.), and the covariates included age, gender, education level, and body mass index. The final sample size was 4,551 participants. Weighted Cox regression models were used to assess the association between TG/HDL-C and CVD risk, and nonlinear associations and stratified analyses were performed.ResultsThe results demonstrated a significant association between TG/HDL-C ratios and cardiac morbidity, with a risk ratio of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.71–0.71) in the adjusted model II. Nonlinear analysis revealed a threshold effect. Within the TG/HDL-C 0.15–1.5 interval (inflection point LnTG/HDL-C 0.41), each 1-unit increase in Ln (TG/HDL-C) was associated with a 17% reduction in the risk. The inflection point was associated with a 0.83-fold reduction in the risk of CVD (95% CI: 0.75, 0.92; p = 0.0003), but beyond this point, the association was no longer significant (1.00-fold reduction in risk; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.05; p = 0.9701). In contrast, stratified analyses demonstrated that the results were more applicable to women and those younger than 65 years.ConclusionIn summary, the study found a significant inverse relationship between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population, with a nonlinear threshold effect observed at a TG/HDL-C ratio of around 1.5.

Triglyceride-glucose index predicts postoperative overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundInsulin resistance is important in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinogenesis and progression. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio or TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI) are three non-invasive parameters for insulin resistance. However, their prognostic role in HCC patients undergoing hepatectomy remains unclear.Materials and methodsHCC patients who underwent hepatectomy at the Meizhou People’s Hospital from May 2011 to February 2023 were retrospectively explored. Patients were classified into high and low groups based on different TyG, TG/HDL-c, and TyG-BMI indices. The prognostic role of TyG, TG/HDL-c, and TyG-BMI was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression models. A nomogram incorporating significant prognostic factors was constructed and validated.ResultsA lower TyG, lower TG/HDL-c, and lower TyG-BMI were linked to worse overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Multivariate analysis indicated the TyG index, but not the TG/HDL-c and TyG-BMI index, could independently predict HCC OS. The nomogram incorporating the TNM stage and TyG index demonstrated good calibration, discriminative ability, and clinical benefit for predicting OS in HCC patients.ConclusionsThe TyG index could independently predict HCC OS after hepatectomy in this cohort. The nomogram incorporating the TyG index may aid in the prognosis management of HCC.

Triglyceride and Glucose Index as an Optimal Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Lebanese Adults.

Background: Globally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is on the rise, especially in Arab countries, which emphasizes the need for reliable ethnic-specific biochemical screening parameters. Methods: Two hundred twenty-one Lebanese adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Biochemical parameters including Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA), Triglyceride and Glucose index (TyG), ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) were assessed for their prediction of MetS. Analysis of covariance, logistic regression, expected-versus-observed case ratio were used to determine model calibration, concordance statistic, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values (PPV, NPV). Results: The prevalence of MetS was 44.3%. All biochemical parameters were significantly associated with MetS, with a strong model discrimination (c-statistic between 0.77 and 0.94). In both sex categories, TyG best predicted MetS (females: cut-off value, 8.34; males: cut-off value, 8.43) and showed good estimation among females, but overestimation among males. HOMA had the lowest discriminatory power in both sex categories. Conclusions: This study suggests that TyG best predicts MetS, while HOMA has the lowest predictive power. Future larger studies need to focus on harmonizing ethnic specific cut-offs and further validating our results.

Association between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular diseases in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: Evidence from a retrospectively cohort study 2005-2022.

The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, a novel biomarker for metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been validated in the general population as being significantly correlated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, its capabilities to predict CVD in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) remain underexplored. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 16,081 PLWH who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (China) from 2005 to 2022. The baseline TG/HDL-C ratio was calculated as TG (mmol/L) divided by HDL-C (mmol/L). We employed a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to assess the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and CVD occurrence, using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests to compare survival distributions. The increase in prediction risk upon the addition of the biomarker to the conventional risk model was examined through the assessment of changes in net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Nonlinear relationships were investigated using a restricted cubic spline plot, complemented by a two-piecewise Cox proportional hazards model to analyze threshold effects. At the median follow-up of 70 months, 213 PLWH developed CVD. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated a significant association between the increased risk of CVD and a higher TG/HDL-C ratio (log-rank P <0.001). The multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model indicated that the CVD hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 versus Q1 of the TG/HDL-C ratio were 2.07 (1.24, 3.45), 2.17 (1.32, 3.57), and 2.20 (1.35, 3.58), respectively ( P <0.05). The consideration of the TG/HDL-C ratio in the model, which included all significant factors for CVD incidence, improved the predictive risk, as indicated by the reclassification metrics (NRI 16.43%, 95% CI 3.35%-29.52%, P = 0.014). The restriction cubic spline plot demonstrated an upward trend between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the CVD occurrence ( P for non-linear association = 0.027, P for overall significance = 0.009), with the threshold at 1.013. Significantly positive correlations between the TG/HDL-C ratio and CVD were observed below the TG/HDL-C ratio threshold with HR 5.88 (95% CI 1.58-21.88, P = 0.008), but not above the threshold with HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.88-1.15, P = 0.880). Our study confirms the effectiveness of the TG/HDL-C ratio as a predictor of CVD risk in PLWH, which demonstrates a significant nonlinear association. These findings indicate the potential of the TG/HDL-C ratio in facilitating early prevention and treatment strategies for CVD among PLWH.

Associations of the cardiometabolic index with insulin resistance, prediabetes, and diabetes in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel metric for assessing cardiometabolic health and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), yet its relationship with insulin resistance (IR) and prediabetes (preDM) is not well-studied. There is also a gap in understanding the nonlinear associations between CMI and these conditions. Our study aimed to elucidate these associations.MethodsWe included 13,142 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2020. CMI was calculated by multiplying the triglyceride-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Using weighted multivariable linear and logistic regression explored the relationships of CMI with glucose metabolism markers, IR, preDM, and DM. Nonlinear associations were assessed using generalized additive models (GAM), smooth curve fittings, and two-piecewise logistic regression.ResultsMultivariate regression revealed positive correlations between CMI and glucose metabolic biomarkers, including FBG (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.06–0.10), HbA1c (β = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.22–0.31), FSI (β = 4.88, 95% CI: 4.23–5.54), and HOMA-IR (β = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.56–2.14). There were also significant correlations between CMI and increased risk of IR (OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 2.94–4.20), preDM (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.29–1.71), and DM (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 2.00-2.47). Inverse nonlinear L-shaped associations were found between CMI and IR, preDM, and DM, with saturation inflection points at 1.1, 1.45, and 1.6, respectively. Below these thresholds, increments in CMI significantly correlated with heightened risks of IR, preDM, and DM.ConclusionsCMI exhibited inverse L-shaped nonlinear relationships with IR, preDM, and DM, suggesting that reducing CMI to a certain level might significantly prevent these conditions.

Association between insulin resistance indices and kidney stones: results from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

To explore the association between representative insulin resistance (IR) indices and the risk of kidney stone disease in an American adult population. The representative IR indices referred to metabolic score for IR (METS-IR), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). We investigated adult participants who joined the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and reported kidney stone histories. Weighted proportions, multivariable regression analysis, and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the associations between IR indices and kidney stones after their adjustment for gender, age, race, education, smoking status, alcohol drinking frequency, hypertension and diabetes status, physical activity level, water intake, and levels of calcium, cholesterol, and uric acid. A total of 19,225 participants were included. The weighted prevalence of kidney stone was 11.1%. A multivariable logistic regression model showed a dose-response relationship between the METS-IR and kidney stone [odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.01, 1.04), p < 0.01]. A similar relationship was observed between the TyG-BMI and kidney stone after full adjustment [OR = 1.0, 95% CI (1.0, 1.01), p < 0.001]. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that the association between METS-IR and nephrolithiasis [OR = 1.03, 95% CI (1.01, 1.05), p < 0.01], and the association between TyG-BMI and nephrolithiasis [OR = 1.01, 95% CI (1.0, 1.01), p <0.001] was significant among the male participants in the fully adjusted model. Moreover, a significant association was found between the METS-IR levels and nephrolithiasis [OR = 1.03, 95% CI (1.01, 1.06), p < 0.01], and between the TyG-BMI levels and nephrolithiasis [OR = 1.01, 95% CI (1.0, 1.01), p < 0.05] among the diabetic participants after full adjustment. Furthermore, a potential nonlinear association was found between other IR indices (i.e., TG/HDL-C, VAI, and HOMA-IR) and the risk of kidney stone disease. Higher METS-IR and TyG-BMI levels were associated with a higher risk of nephrolithiasis. Future investigations are required to identify the role of IR in the progress of kidney stone formation and to propose prevention measures and health guidelines.

Associations of non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices with presence and extent of multi-territorial atherosclerosis: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundNon-insulin-based insulin resistance (IR) indices, simple and reliable surrogates for IR calculated without insulin level, have been reported to be associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. MethodsParticipants without diabetes from the cross-sectional baseline survey of the PRECISE (Poly-Vascular Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Events) cohort study were included in present study. Non-insulin-based IR indices, including triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride glucose-body mass (TyG-BMI) index, triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) index, were calculated and stratified into quartiles. Intracranial, extracranial, coronary, subclavian, aorta, renal, ilio-femoral, and peripheral arteries were also assessed at baseline. ResultsOf 2759 included participants, the average age was 60.9 ( ± 6.6) years, and 1460 (52.9 %) were female. Compared with the first quartile of TyG index, the fourth quartile of TyG index was associated with an increased presence and extent of atherosclerotic plaques (OR, 3.51; 95 %CI,1.30–1.87; cOR, 2.22; 95 %CI,1.76–2.79) and presence and extent of atherosclerotic stenosis (OR, 1.60; 95 %CI,1.24–2.06; cOR, 1.66; 95 %CI,1.30–2.12). Such associations were also observed for the relationship of TyG-BMI index, TG/HDL-C ratio, and METS-IR index with the presence and extent of atherosclerotic plaques and stenosis. Addition of 4 non-insulin-based IR indices to the basic model with traditional risk factors improved the predictive performance of the presence of atherosclerotic plaque and stenosis. ConclusionsElevated non-insulin-based IR indices levels were associated with an increased risk of presence and extent of atherosclerotic plaques and stenosis in non-diabetic, older individuals in the PRECISE study. Further, these IR surrogate markers have certain predictive performance to assess the risk of multi-territorial atherosclerosis.

Comparison of the predictive value of four insulin resistance surrogates and hyperuricemia in women with recurrent pregnancy loss: A cross-sectional study.

Insulin resistance (IR), hyperuricemia (HUA), and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders, while also impacting reproductive health. The relationship between IR, HUA, and RPL has not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigates the relationship between four IR surrogates and the risk of HUA in RPL patients. Data from a real-world study on RPL in China were analyzed using multivariable regression to determine the relationship between HUA and triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio, and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR). The predictive ability of these surrogates for detecting HUA in RPL patients was evaluated using the area under the curve and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed using bootstrapping resampling. The study included 769 patients with a mean age of 30 ± 4 years old, 8.32% of whom had HUA. Four IR surrogates were closely related to HUA in patients of RPL after adjusting for age, menstrual cycle, creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, homocysteine, and low-density lipoprotein, with area under the curve values of TyG index (OR = 0.693, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.626, 0.759), TyG-BMI (OR = 0.731 95% CI: 0.657, 0.805), TG/HDL-C (OR = 0.703, 95% CI: 0.641, 0.764), and METS-IR (OR = 0.728, 95% CI: 0.655, 0.799). Bootstrap resampling yielded similar results. The TyG index, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-c, and METS-IR significantly correlated with HUA in patients with RPL. The TyG-BMI had the highest predictive value of the four IR surrogates.

Significance of measuring anthropometric and atherogenic indices in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder affecting 5–15% of women of reproductive age, characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS is associated with metabolic disturbances such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to apply new anthropometric indices [body adiposity index (BAI), visceral adiposity Index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index (ABSI)] and new atherogenic indices [Castelli index-I, Castelli index-II, atherogenic risk of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), lipoprotein combined index (LCI), triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride glucose-dody mass (TyG-BMI) index, triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC) index] metabolic score of insulin resistance to patients with PCOS.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 248 women diagnosed with PCOS based on the 2003 Rotterdam criteria. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and atherogenic indices were collected from patient records. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 28.0.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between fasting glucose and various anthropometric indices, such as Body mass index (BMI), waist-height ratio (WHtR), and BAI, indicating a link between adiposity and glucose metabolism in PCOS. Atherogenic indices like Castelli’s risk indices, AIP, and AC showed positive correlations with glucose and insulin levels, reinforcing their role in assessing cardiovascular risk. Novel indices such as METS-IR and TyG demonstrated strong correlations with both glucose and insulin profiles, highlighting their potential as reliable markers for IR and cardiometabolic risk.ConclusionThe study underscores the importance of using a range of anthropometric and atherogenic indices for comprehensive metabolic assessment in women with PCOS. Indices like METS-IR and TyG offer valuable insights into insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk, potentially aiding in better management and prognosis of PCOS.

Prognostic value of novel atherogenic indices in patients with acute myocardial infarction with and without type 2 diabetes

AimsAtherogenic indices: Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Castelli's Risk Index I and II (CRI-I, CRI-II) are used in clinical studies as surrogates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Risk prediction of MACCE in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has vital role in clinical practice. We aimed to assess prognostic value of these indices following AMI. MethodsWe analyzed patients with AMI with and without T2DM and the prognostic values of atherogenic indices for in-hospital death and MACCE within 12 months after AMI. ResultsOf 2461 patients, 152 in-hospital deaths (6.2 %) were reported (74 patients [7.4 %] with T2DM and 78 [5.3 %] without T2DM; p = 0.042). MACCE occurred in 22.7 % of patients (29.7 % with T2DM and 17.9 % without T2DM; p < 0.001). TG/HDL-C and AIP were higher in T2DM patients compared to those without T2DM (p < 0.001). Long-term MACCE was more prevalent in patients with T2DM (p < 0.001). The AUC-ROC for predicting in-hospital death based on TG/HDL-C and AIP was 0.57 (p = 0.002). ConclusionsNone of the atherogenic indices was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death or MACCE at 12-month follow-up in patients with AMI. AIP was an independent risk factor for death at 12-month follow-up.

A longitudinal study on the impact of the TyG Index and TG/HDL-C ratio on the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients with prediabetes

ObjectiveTo elucidate the impact and predictive value of the Triglyceride Glucose Index (TyG) and the ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) in identifying the risk of diabetes progression in Chinese individuals with prediabetes.MethodsThis longitudinal study enrolled 15,012 prediabetic adults from the Rich Healthcare Group between 2010 and 2016. Diabetes was defined as self-reported diabetes or a fasting glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L. The Cox proportional hazards models was utilized to assess the relationship between the two indices and the risk of developing diabetes. The predictive efficacy of the two markers was gauged by the area under the curve (AUC).ResultsOver a median follow-up period of 2.87 years, 1,730 (11.5%) prediabetic participants developed diabetes. The adjusted hazard ratios for the top quartile of the TyG index and the TG/HDL-C ratio were 2.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71–2.40) and 2.59 (95% CI: 2.20–3.05), respectively, compared to the lowest quartile. A significant trend of increasing diabetes risk with higher quartiles of both indices was observed. The AUC for the adjusted prediction model for prediabetes-to-diabetes transition was 0.726 for the TyG index and 0.710 for the TG/HDL-C ratio. The difference in AUCs was statistically significant (P = 0.03).ConclusionsThe baseline TyG index or TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes in prediabetic individuals. The TyG index demonstrated superior predictive accuracy, underscoring its importance in preventing diabetes in prediabetic individuals.

Association between triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis in American adults: an observational study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020.

This study investigated the link between triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis in American adults. Information for 6495 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2020.03 was used for this cross-sectional study. The link between TG/HDL-C ratios and NAFLD and liver fibrosis was assessed by multiple linear regression before evaluating nonlinear correlations based on smoothed curve fitting models. Stratification analysis was then applied to confirm whether the dependent and independent variables displayed a stable association across populations. TG/HDL-C ratios were positively correlated with NAFLD, with higher ratios being linked to increased prevalence of NAFLD. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds ratios (OR) for NAFLD patients in the fourth TG/HDL-C quartile were 3.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.94-4.38) (P for trend < 0.001) in comparison with those in the first quartile after adjusting for clinical variables. However, no statistical significance was noted for the ratio for liver fibrosis after adjusting for potential confounders (P for trend = 0.07). A nonlinear correlation between TG/HDL-C ratios and NAFLD was observed based on smoothed curve fitting models. However, a nonlinear relationship between the ratios and liver fibrosis was not established. In subgroup analyses, there was an interaction between smoking status and TG/HDL-C ratio in relation to the prevalence of liver fibrosis (P for interaction < 0.001). Among American adults, the TG/HDL-C ratio was noted to be nonlinearly positively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD; however, this relationship was not present in liver fibrosis.

Relationship between four insulin resistance surrogates and regression to normoglycemia from prediabetes among Chinese adults: A longitudinal Cohort Study.

We aimed to investigate the association of the triglyceride glucose-body mass index(TyG-BMI), metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) with regression to normoglycaemia, and further to compare the value of the four insulin resistance(IR) related indices(TyG-BMI, METS-IR, TyG and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio) in identifying regressions to normoglycaemia from prediabetes. A total of 15,025 patients with prediabetes from the DATA-DRYAD database were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic spline functions were performed to explore the association and nonlinearity between the indices with the incidence rate of normoglycaemia. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses evaluated the robustness of our findings. Compared with the first quintile, TyG-BMI and METS-IR was negatively linked with the probability of regression to normoglycaemia from prediabetes, the adjusted effect size of the highest quintiles of METS-IR were the most obvious (HR:0.456,95% CI:0.4-0.519), followed by TG/HDL (HR:0.792, 95% CI:0.733-0.856), TyG-BMI (HR:0.816, 95% CI:0.73-0.911) and TyG (HR:0.841, 95% CI: 0.754-0.937) (all p for trend <0.001). A 1.0 SD increase in METS-IR induced a 43% decrease in the probability of regression to normoglycaemia, with 9.8% for TyG-BMI. There were nonlinear associations between TyG-BMI and METS-IR and outcomes, with the inflection point of the TyG-BMI being 218.2 and that of the METS-IR being 37. The METS-IR might be the most superior indicator among the four non-insulin indices in identifying regressions to normoglycaemia from prediabetes in clinical application. The inflection points of the METS-IR and TyG-BMI may be instructive therapeutic points for assessing the status of prediabetes in advance and making more appropriate management and health care decisions.

Association of non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices with disease severity and adverse outcome in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: a multi-center cohort study

BackgroundInsulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that diabetes mellitus and impaired lipid metabolism are associated with the severity and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). However, the relationship between IR and pulmonary hypertension is poorly understood. This study explored the association between four IR indices and IPAH using data from a multicenter cohort.MethodsA total of 602 consecutive participants with IPAH were included in this study between January 2015 and December 2022. The metabolic score for IR (METS-IR), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index, and triglyceride-glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) were used to quantify IR levels in patients with IPAH. The correlation between non-insulin-based IR indices and long-term adverse outcomes was determined using multivariate Cox regression models and restricted cubic splines.ResultsDuring a mean of 3.6 years’ follow-up, 214 participants experienced all-cause death or worsening condition. Compared with in low to intermediate-low risk patients, the TG/HDL-C ratio (2.9 ± 1.7 vs. 3.3 ± 2.1, P = 0.003) and METS-IR (34.5 ± 6.7 vs. 36.4 ± 7.5, P < 0.001) were significantly increased in high to intermediate-high risk patients. IR indices correlated with well-validated variables that reflected the severity of IPAH, such as the cardiac index and stroke volume index. Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the TyG-BMI index (hazard ratio [HR] 1.179, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.020, 1.363 per 1.0-standard deviation [SD] increment, P = 0.026) and METS-IR (HR 1.169, 95% CI 1.016, 1.345 per 1.0-SD increment, P = 0.030) independently predicted adverse outcomes. Addition of the TG/HDL-C ratio and METS-IR significantly improved the reclassification and discrimination ability beyond the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) risk score.ConclusionsIR is associated with the severity and long-term prognosis of IPAH. TyG-BMI and METS-IR can independently predict clinical worsening events, while METS-IR also provide incremental predictive performance beyond the ESC risk stratification.

Triglyceride to HDL Cholesterol Ratio for the Identification of MASLD in Obesity: A Liver Biopsy-Based Case-Control Study.

Associations between dyslipidemia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) have been reported. Previous studies have shown that the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio may be a surrogate marker of MASLD, assessed by liver ultrasound. However, no studies have evaluated the utility of this ratio according to biopsy-proven MASLD and its stages. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate if the TG/HDL-C ratio allows for the identification of biopsy-proven MASLD in patients with obesity. We conducted a case-control study in 153 patients with obesity who underwent metabolic surgery and had a concomitant liver biopsy. Fifty-three patients were classified as no MASLD, 45 patients as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver-MASL, and 55 patients as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-MASH. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of the TG/HDL-C ratio to detect MASLD. We also compared the area under the curve (AUC) of the TG/HDL-C ratio, serum TG, and HDL-C. A higher TG/HDL-C ratio was observed among patients with MASLD, compared with patients without MASLD. No differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio were found between participants with MASL and MASH. The greatest AUC was observed for the TG/HDL-C ratio (AUC 0.747, p < 0.001) with a cut-off point of 3.7 for detecting MASLD (sensitivity = 70%; specificity = 74.5%). However, no statistically significant differences between the AUC of the TG/HDL-C ratio and TG or HDL-C were observed to detect MASLD. In conclusion, although an elevated TG/HDL-C ratio can be found in patients with MASLD, this marker did not improve the detection of MASLD in our study population, compared with either serum TG or HDL-C.

A nonlinear relationship between the triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and stroke risk: an analysis based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

ObjectiveThe connection between triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and stroke risk is controversial. Our goal was to explore this relationship in individuals aged 45 and older enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).MethodsOur analysis encompassed 10,164 participants from the CHARLS cohorts. We applied the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to evaluate the potential correlation between the TG/HDL-C ratio and stroke incidence. Using a cubic spline function and smooth curve fitting within the Cox model allowed us to unearth a possible non-linear pattern in this relationship. We also conducted thorough sensitivity and subgroup analyses to deepen our understanding of the TG/HDL-C ratio’s impact on stroke risk.ResultsAdjusting for various risk factors, we observed a significant link between the TG/HDL-C ratio and increased stroke risk in individuals aged 45 and above (HR: 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.05, P = 0.0426). The relationship appeared non-linear, with an inflection at a TG/HDL-C ratio of 1.85. Ratios below this threshold indicated a heightened stroke risk (HR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.06–1.54, P = 0.0089), while ratios above it did not show a significant risk increase (HR: 1.01, 95% CI 0.98–1.04, P = 0.6738). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings. Notably, non-smokers exhibited a stronger correlation between the TG/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk compared to past and current smokers.ConclusionOur investigation revealed a significant, yet non-linear, association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the incidence of stroke among individuals aged 45 and above. Specifically, we found that stroke risk increased in correlation with TG/HDL-C ratio below the threshold of 1.85. These insights may guide healthcare providers in advising and developing more effective strategies for stroke prevention in this demographic.

Associations between non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices and heart failure prevalence in overweight/obesity adults without diabetes mellitus: evidence from the NHANES 2001–2018

BackgroundThe triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio are recognized as simple non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between these two indicators and heart failure (HF) in overweight or obesity individuals without diabetes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study selected 13,473 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2018 dataset. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analysis were employed to evaluate the relationships between TyG index, TG/HDL-C ratio, and HF prevalence, respectively. Additionally, smooth curve fitting was utilized to analyze the dose–response relationships.ResultsA total of 13,473 obesity or overweight people without diabetes were included in this study through screening, among whom 291 (2.16%) had comorbid HF. The results of multivariable logistic regression suggested that the highest TyG index (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.4–4.2, p = 0.002) and the highest TG/HDL-C ratio (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.3, p < 0.001) both increased the prevalence of HF, especially in the non-Hispanic population. Dose–response relationships suggested nonlinear relationships between these two indicators and HF.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that elevated TyG index and TG/HDL-C ratio were closely associated with the prevalence of HF, and both exhibited nonlinear relationships with HF prevalence in overweight/obesity adults without diabetes. Based on these findings, additional prospective studies are needed for further validation.

Dose-response associations of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and triglyceride-glucose index with arterial stiffness risk.

The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index are novel indexes for insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to evaluate associations of TG/HDL-C and TyG with arterial stiffness risk. We enrolled 1979 participants from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study, examining arterial stiffness by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Logistic and linear regression models were employed to calculate effect estimates. For meta-analysis, we searched relevant articles from PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to August 26, 2023. The fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to calculate the pooled estimates. We evaluated dose-response associations using restricted cubic splines. For cross-sectional studies, the adjusted ORs (95%CIs) for arterial stiffness were 1.12 (1.01-1.23) and 1.78 (1.38-2.30) for per 1 unit increment in TG/HDL-C and TyG. In the meta-analysis, the pooled ORs (95% CIs) were 1.26 (1.14-1.39) and 1.57 (1.36-1.82) for per 1 unit increment of TG/HDL-C and TyG. Additionally, both TG/HDL-C and TyG were positively related to PWV, with β of 0.09 (95% CI 0.04-0.14) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.78) m/s. We also found linear associations of TG/HDL-C and TyG with arterial stiffness risk. High TG/HDL-C and TyG were related to increased arterial stiffness risk, indicating TG/HDL-C and TyG may be convincing predictors of arterial stiffness.

Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio associated with long-term adverse clinical outcomes in patients deferred revascularization following fractional flow reserve

BackgroundGuidelines on coronary intermediate lesions strongly recommend deferred revascularization after detecting a normal fractional flow reserve (FFR). Researches about triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) on cardiovascular diseases has also been well conducted. However, the association of TG/HDL-C and long-term adverse clinical outcomes remains unknown for patients deferred revascularization following FFR.MethodsThis study retrospectively included 374 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with non-significant coronary lesions diagnosed by coronary angiography (CAG) and FFR. The main outcome measure was the combination of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). All patients were categorized into three subgroups in terms of TG/HDL-C tertiles (T1 < 0.96, 0.96 ≤ T2 < 1.58, T3 ≥ 1.58). Three different Cox regression models were utilized to reveal the association between TG/HDL-C and prevalence of MACCEs.Results47 MACCEs were recorded throughout a median monitoring period of 6.6 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a higher MACCEs rate occurred in the higher TG/HDL-C group (5.6% vs. 12.9% vs. 19.4%, log-rank P < 0.01). After adjustment, patients in T3 suffered a 2.6-fold risk compared to the T1 group (T3 vs. T1: HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.05–6.21, P = 0.038; T2 vs. T1: HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.65–4.49, P = 0.075; P for trend = 0.001). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis demonstrated that the HR for MACCEs rose as TG/HDL-C increased. Both the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and time-dependent ROC proved the excellent predictive ability of TG/HDL-C.ConclusionThe study illustrates that TG/HDL-C correlates with the risk of MACCEs in CAD patients deferred revascularization following FFR. TG/HDL-C could serve as a dependable predictor of cardiovascular events over the long term in this population.

Association between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and mortality in Chinese maintenance haemodialysis patients: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in Chinese haemodialysis (HD) patients.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPatients from June 2015 to...