Triglycerides And Glucose Research Articles

Validity of triglyceride-glucose index as an indicator for metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study.

The purpose of this study was to determine the cut-off values of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index as one of the indirect indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a pediatric population. This national study was conducted in 2015 on 14400 students, aged 7-18years. They were selected by random cluster sampling from 30 provinces of our country during the fifth survey of a national school-based surveillance program. MetS was defined based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria modified for the pediatric age group. The cut-off values of TyG index for MetS were obtained using the receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve analysis by gender and age groups. Totally, 3843 students (52.3% boys) with mean (SD) age of 12.45 (3.04) years were assessed. The area under the ROC curve of TyG index for MetS was 0.83 in total participants. According to the ATP III criteria the cut-off values of the TyG index were 8.33 (8.21-8.45) in total students, 8.47 (8.36-8.58) in boys, and 8.33 (8.18-8.48) in girls. In the 7-12 and 13-18years' age groups, these values were 8.47 (8.32-8.63) and 8.34 (8.22-8.45) in total, 8.39 (8.26-8.52) and 8.47 (8.33-8.61) in boys, 8.33 (8.11-8.55) and 8.35 (8.22-8.47) in girls, respectively. The findings of this study can be clinically helpful for screening MetS in children and adolescents but the effectiveness of these criteria needs to be evaluated by further longitudinal surveys. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study (National surveillance study).

The Cut-off Values of Surrogate Measures for Insulin Sensitivity in a Healthy Population in Korea according to the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007-2010.

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the gender-specific characteristics of the surrogate measures of insulin resistance and to establish valid cut-off values for metabolic abnormalities in a representative sample in Korea.MethodsData were collected from the datasets of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2010. The total number of eligible participants was 10,997. We used three measures of insulin resistance: the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), McAuley index, and triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index. The estimated cut-off values were determined using the highest score of the Youden index.ResultsThe area under the curve (AUC) of the HOMA-IR, McAuley index, and TyG index were 0.737 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.725–0.750), 0.861 (95% CI, 0.853–0.870), and 0.877 (95% CI, 0.868–0.885), respectively. The cut-off values of the HOMA-IR were 2.20 in men, 2.55 in premenopausal women, and 2.03 in postmenopausal women, and those of the McAuley index were 6.4 in men and 6.6 in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For the TyG index, the cut-off values were 4.76 in men and 4.71 in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.ConclusionIn conclusion, the present study provides the valid cut-off values of the indirect surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity. These values may be used as reference for insulin sensitivity in a clinical setting and may provide a simple and supplementary method for identifying populations at risk of insulin resistance.

Triglyceride and Glucose (TyG) Index is a Clinical Surrogate Marker for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome

Triglyceride and Glucose (TyG) Index is a Clinical Surrogate Marker for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome

In vitro and in vivo assessment of anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of Oak leaves (Quercus convallata and Quercus arizonica) infusions and fermented beverages

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of oak leaves infusions and fermented beverages from Quercus convallata and Q. arizonica in vitro and in vivo. Female C57BL/6 mice fed with high saturated fat and fructose diet-induced obesity were treated with oak leaves beverages (200 μL/per day equivalent to 15mg of lyophilized sample/Kg of body weight for infusions and 31mg of lyophilized sample/Kg of body weight for fermented beverages) for 3months and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Blood plasma was obtained for determination of glucose, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers (ABTS, nitric oxide, and ORAC assays). Insulin resistance was estimated using the product of triglycerides and glucose (TyG). Oak leaves infusions and fermented beverages exhibited exerted inhibition of α-amylase (8–15% and 5–9%, respectively) and α-glucosidase (98% and 99%, respectively) enzymes. After OGTT, the groups treated with either oak leaves infusions or fermented beverages showed lower glucose levels compared with the obesity control group (18%) and a similar glucose tolerance to healthy control group. On long-term evaluation, intervention groups showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose concentrations (41–50% for oak leaves infusions and 52–66% for fermented beverages) and TyG index (4.2–4.6% for oak leaves infusions and 5.9–7.5% for fermented beverages) compared with the obese control group. Oak leaves infusions and fermented beverages had antioxidant potential in vitro and scavenging activity for radicals such as peroxyl and peroxynitrite anions. Our results suggest anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of beverages prepared with leaves of Quercus species in vitro and in vivo.

Triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index as a predictor of incident hypertension: a 9-year longitudinal population-based study

BackgroundHypertension and the triglyceride and glucose index both have been associated with insulin resistance; however, the longitudinal association remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the longitudinal association between the triglyceride and glucose index and incident hypertension among the Chinese population.MethodsWe studied 4686 subjects (3177 males and 1509 females) and followed up for 9 years. The subjects were divided into four groups based on the triglyceride and glucose index. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyse the risk factors of hypertension.ResultsAfter 9 years of follow-up, 2047 subjects developed hypertension. The overall 9-year cumulative incidence of hypertension was 43.7%, ranging from 28.5% in quartile 1 to 36.9% in quartile 2, 49.2% in quartile 3 and 59.8% in quartile 4 (p for trend < 0.001). Cox regression analyses indicated that higher triglyceride and glucose index was associated with an increased risk of subsequent incident hypertension.ConclusionThe triglyceride and glucose index can predict the incident hypertension among the Chinese population.

The triglycerides and glucose index is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in normal-weight children and adolescents.

BackgroundGiven the usefulness of the product of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) to recognize individuals at high risk for developing cardiovascular events, the aim of this study was to determine whether the TyG index is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy normal-weight children and adolescents.MethodsApparently healthy children and adolescents with normal weight, aged 6-15 years, were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study. The children were allocated into groups with and without cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiovascular risk factors were considered as the occurrence of at least one of the following: elevated blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or hyperglycemia.ResultsA total of 2,117 children and adolescents were enrolled in the study; of them, 1,078 (50.9%) participants exhibited cardiovascular risk. The adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that elevated TyG index was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratio (OR)=96.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 48.44-192.04), low HDL-C (OR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.46-2.92), and hyperglycemia (OR=3.11, 95% CI: 2.05-4.72), but not with elevated blood pressure (OR=1.39, 95% CI: 0.89-2.16).ConclusionThe elevated TyG index is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in healthy normal-weight children and adolescents.

Clinical surrogate markers for predicting metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

Aims/IntroductionThe present study evaluated the ability of lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and the product of triglycerides and glucose (TyG), three novel markers, in identifying metabolic syndrome (MetS) with different criteria in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese.Materials and MethodsDuring June 2012 to January 2013, 992 consecutive patients (age ≥40 years) were enrolled at Daping Hospital. The criteria of MetS were based on the International Diabetes Federation and the modified National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III. VAI, LAP and TyG were computed based on a published mathematical model.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 42.8%. The receiver operating characteristic curve found LAP, VAI and TyG were positively related to MetS in both criteria. The optimal cut‐offs of VAI, LAP and TyG for the modified National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria were 2.015, 31.465 and 8.706, and 2.035, 37.99 and 8.697, respectively. After adjustment of potential confounding factors, VAI, LAP and TyG were significantly correlated with MetS in all criteria according to optimal cut‐offs. For MetS, reliable predictive value was observed in different subgroups (age and sex). LAP showed the greatest area under the curve in MetS with the International Diabetes Federation definition (area under the curve 0.887, 95% confidence interval 0.852–0.922).Conclusions AP, VAI and TyG were reliable surrogate markers for identifying MetS in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese. LAP could be a better parameter than VAI and TyG for predicting MetS in the present study.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Simple Glucose Metabolism Parameters may Reliably Predict Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Features.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between features of NAFLD among individuals with morbid obesity and the surrogate IR markers homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), product of triglycerides and glucose (TyG), and triglyceride-to-high-density-lipoprotein ratio (TG/HDL-c). A cross-sectional study, which enrolled 89 individuals who consecutively underwent bariatric surgery from February through December 2015, was conducted. NAFLD was assessed through histological examination of liver biopsies and correlated with the values of HOMA, TyG, and TG/HDL-c and their respective cutoff points for insulin resistance (IR). xThe prevalence of liver steatosis was 68.5%; the affected individuals presented significantly higher fasting glucose levels (p<0.01) and hemoglobin A1c (p<0.01), and a significantly higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (p<0.001). Fibrosis occurred in 66.3% of the individuals and was significantly associated with higher levels of HbA1c (p<0.05) and a higher prevalence of T2DM (p<0.05). Steatohepatitis was present in 64% of the individuals and was significantly associated with older age (p<0.05), higher levels of fasting glucose (p<0.05), and a higher prevalence of T2DM (p<0.001). After Bonferroni's adjustment, T2DM was significantly correlated with fibrosis (p<0.01) and steatohepatitis (p<0.001) and older age was significantly correlated with fibrosis (p<0.05). T2DM was the only variable independently associated with fibrosis and steatohepatitis (p<0.05 in both cases). T2DM was a significant predictor of NAFLD features among individuals undergoing bariatric surgery; higher Hb A1c was correlated with fibrosis. T2DM was independently associated with fibrosis and steatohepatitis. HOMA, TyG, and TG/HDL-c ratio did not present significant associations with NAFLD.

Adiponectin/(FBG × FIns) as a predictor of insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

The euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp is not available in most clinical settings. An accessible and inexpensive measurement for identifying insulin resistance (IR) is necessary. Our aim is to assess whether the adiponectin (ADI) index (ADI/[FBG × FIns]) is a better surrogate index for the assessment of IR or metabolic syndrome (MetS).A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted including 100 healthy women and 99 polycystic ovary syndrome patients. The euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp was performed. Circulating ADI levels were determined by ELISA.Polycystic ovary syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome plus MetS subjects had higher products of fasting triglycerides and glucose (TyG), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), increased ratios of the area under the curve for insulin/the area under the curve for glucose (AUCi/AUCg), but lower ADI index as compared with healthy subjects. Partial correlation analysis in all populations showed that the M-value was significantly negatively correlated with HOMA-IR, TyG, TG/HDL, and AUCi/AUCg, and correlated positively with the ADI index. The r value of Pearson correlation between the ADI index and M-value was greater than that of the correlation between HOMA-IR, TyG, TG/HDL-C, and AUCi/AUCg. The optimal cut-off value of the ADI index for detection of IR was 0.67, with a sensitivity of 89.4% and a specificity of 88.1%, whereas for detection of MetS, it was 0.32, with a sensitivity of 88.7% and a specificity of 71.0%.The ADI index may be a surrogate marker in detecting IR and MetS.

The natural logarithm of zinc-α2-glycoprotein/HOMA-IR is a better predictor of insulin sensitivity than the product of triglycerides and glucose and the other lipid ratios

AimThe euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) is not available in most clinical settings and is costly, time consuming and invasive, and requires trained staff. Therefore, an accessible and inexpensive test to identify insulin resistance (IR) is needed. The aim of this study is to assess whether zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) index [Ln ZAG/homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR)] is a better surrogate index for estimating IR or metabolic syndrome (MetS) compared with other surrogate indices. MethodsWe performed a population-based cross-sectional study. Two hundred healthy subjects, 102 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, 97 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (nT2DM) and 84 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects were enrolled. The EHC was performed to identify IR. Circulating ZAG and adiponectin levels were determined by ELISA. ResultsThe ZAG index was significantly lower in participants with IR including IGT, nT2DM and PCOS than in those without IR. In addition, subjects with MetS had lower ZAG indices and higher the product of fasting triglycerides and glucose (TyG) indices than those without MetS. The ZAG index showed a significantly stronger association with M values than the other surrogate indices, whereas the TyG index showed a stronger association with MetS. The optimal cutoff value of the ZAG index for detection of IR was 2.97 with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 91%, whereas the optimal cutoff value of TyG index for detection of MetS was 4.90 with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 86%. ConclusionThe ZAG index is a better marker than the other surrogate indices for identifying IR, whereas the TyG index has high sensitivity and specificity for identifying MetS.

The cutoff values of indirect indices for measuring insulin resistance for metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents.

PurposeThe prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and percentile distribution of insulin resistance (IR) among Korean children and adolescents were investigated. The cutoff values of IR were calculated to identify high-risk MetS groups.MethodsData from 3,313 Korean subjects (1,756 boys and 1,557 girls, aged 10–18 years) were included from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted during 2007–2010. Three different sets of criteria for MetS were used. Indirect measures of IR were homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index. The cutoff values of the HOMA-IR and TyG index were obtained from the receiver operation characteristic curves.ResultsAccording to the MetS criteria of de Ferranti el al., Cook et al., and the International Diabetes Federation, the prevalence rates in males and females were 13.9% and 12.3%, 4.6% and 3.6%, and 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. Uses these 3 criteria, the cutoff values of the HOMA-IR and TyG index were 2.94 and 8.41, 3.29 and 8.38, and 3.54 and 8.66, respectively. The cutoff values using each of the 3 criteria approximately corresponds to the 50th–75th, 75th, and 75th–90th percentiles of normal HOMA-IR and TyG index levels.ConclusionThis study describes the prevalence rates of MetS in Korean children and adolescents, an index of IR, and the cutoff values for MetS with the aim of detecting high-risk groups. The usefulness of these criteria needs to be verified by further evaluation.

Effect of Inulin from Agave tequilana Weber Blue Variety on the Metabolic Profile of Overweight and Obese Dyslipidemic Patients

Agave inulin is non-digestible/fermentable carbohydrates capable of counteracting metabolic related alterations through the modification of the gut microbiota. The fructo-oligosaccharide content of agave inulin differs from inulin extracted from chicory root. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of agave inulin on the metabolic profile of overweight and obese dyslipidemic patients. An open clinical trial was carried out in 30 overweight and obese subjects, between 30 and 70 years old. All subjects received 15 g/day of inulin in the morning, during 60 days. Biochemical and metabolic profiles before and after pharmacological intervention were performed. After inulin administration, it was statistically significant decrease: fasting glucose levels (83.1 ± 13.4 vs. 76.5 ± 12.6 mg/dl; p=0.006), triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index (3.9 ± 0.1 vs. 3.8 ± 0.2; p=0.021) and urea (31.4 ± 8.6 vs. 26.3 ± 5.4 mg/dl; p=0.001), thus an increase in sodium levels (139.3 ± 3.0 vs.140.4 ± 2.1 mg/dl; p=0.021), was also found. Similarly, eventhough no statistical differences were detected for all cases, the serum concentration decreased 37% for total cholesterol (TC), 23% for LDL -c, 53% for total triglycerides (TG) and 63.3% for HBA1c while HDL-c levels increased. Anthropometric parameters did not change within the group and the soluble fiber intake did not produce any important gastrointestinal adverse effects. In this study, the increased fiber intake of inulin from Agave tequilana Weber blue variety was effective and safe in reducing glucose and urea levels as well as insulin resistance in overweight and obese dyslipidemic patients; however, sodium levels were increased but were not clinically significant.

Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic on Growth, Immuno-hematological responses and Biochemical Parameters of infected rabbits with Pasteurella multocida

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of prebiotic (Bio-Mos®,mannoligosacchride), probiotic (Bio-Plus® 2B, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) and theirmixture on growth, biochemical parameters and immune-hematological responses of rabbits. Sixty fourNew Zealand White male rabbits were divided into 2 equal groups. The 1st group was uninfected andsubdivided into 4 subgroups. The 1st subgroup fed basal diet (Control), the 2nd, 3rd and 4th subgroups fed onbasal diet supplemented with 1 g Bio-Mos, 0.4 g Bio-Plus and 1g Bio-MOS + 0.4 g Bio-Plus / kg,respectively for eight weeks. The 2nd group was similar to the 1st group but experimentally infected withPasteurella multocida. The results in 1st group showed significant increase (P<0.01) in body weight gain,phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI) and total leukocytic counts (TLC) when compared withcontrol group 1.1. In addition, there was significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides andglucose when compared with control group 1.1. In 2nd group , the results showed significant increase(P<0.05) in body weight gain, (P˂0.001) in phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, RBCS count,PCV, Hb concentration, and number of lymphocytes while TLC and number of heterophils showedsignificant decrease(P<0.001) when compared with control group 2.1 .Also there was significant decrease(P<0.05) in food conversion ratio (FCR), (P<0.01) in total cholesterol and creatinine and (P<0.001) innumber of heterophils, triglycerides, glucose, alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urea in all infected groups fed experimental diets compared with control group2.1.Supplementing the diet with Bio-Mos, Bio-Plus or their mixture decreased the mortality andimproved the adverse clinical signs and post mortem lesions in all experimentally infected groupscompared with infected untreated control group. Our results indicate that rabbits received mixture of preand probiotic groups 1.4 and 2.4 recorded the highest value of daily weight gain, PA, PI, TLC andlymphocytes number and recorded the lowest FCR followed by rabbits received probiotic. Dietarysupplementation of prebiotic and probiotic and their mixture improves cell-mediated immune response,liver and kidney functions , decreased the mortality and improved the adverse clinical signs and postmortem lesions in in rabbits experimentally infected with P. multocida.

Triglycerides and glucose index: A useful indicator of insulin resistance

Abstract Introduction Insulin resistance assessment requires sophisticated methodology of difficult application. Therefore, different estimators for this condition have been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index as a marker of insulin resistance and to compare it to the triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and methods An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 525 adults of a population from Bahia Blanca, Argentina, who were divided into two groups: with MS (n = 89) and without MS (n = 436). The discriminating capacities for MS of the TyG index, calculated as Ln (TG [mg/dL] × glucose [mg/dL]/2), and the TG/HDL-C ratio were evaluated. Pre-test probability for MS was 30%. Results The mean value of the TyG index was higher in the group with MS as compared to the group without MS and its correlation with the TG/HDL-C ratio was good. The cut-off values for MS in the overall population were 8.8 for the TyG index (sensitivity = 79%, specificity = 86%), and 2.4 for the TG/HDL-C ratio (sensitivity = 88%, specificity = 72%). The positive likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities for these parameters were 5.8 vs 3.1 and 72% vs 58% respectively. The cut-off point for the TyG index was 8.8 in men and 8.7 in women; the respective values for TG/C-HDL were 3.1 in men and 2.2 in women. Conclusions The TyG index was a good discriminant of MS. Its simple calculation warrants its further study as an alternative marker of insulin resistance.

Índice triglicéridos y glucosa: un indicador útil de insulinorresistencia

IntroductionInsulin resistance assessment requires sophisticated methodology of difficult application. Therefore, different estimators for this condition have been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index as a marker of insulin resistance and to compare it to the triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). Material and methodsAn observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 525 adults of a population from Bahia Blanca, Argentina, who were divided into two groups: with MS (n=89) and without MS (n=436). The discriminating capacities for MS of the TyG index, calculated as Ln (TG [mg/dL] x glucose [mg/dL]/2), and the TG/HDL-C ratio were evaluated. Pre-test probability for MS was 30%. ResultsThe mean value of the TyG index was higher in the group with MS as compared to the group without MS and its correlation with the TG/HDL-C ratio was good. The cut-off values for MS in the overall population were 8.8 for the TyG index (sensitivity=79%, specificity=86%), and 2.4 for the TG/HDL-C ratio (sensitivity=88%, specificity=72%). The positive likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities for these parameters were 5.8 vs 3.1 and 72% vs 58% respectively. The cut-off point for the TyG index was 8.8 in men and 8.7 in women; the respective values for TG/C-HDL were 3.1 in men and 2.2 in women. ConclusionsThe TyG index was a good discriminant of MS. Its simple calculation warrants its further study as an alternative marker of insulin resistance.

The Product of Triglycerides and Glucose, a Simple Measure of Insulin Sensitivity. Comparison with the Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

To meet the worldwide challenge of emerging diabetes, accessible and inexpensive tests to identify insulin resistance are needed. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the product of fasting, we compared the triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index, a simple measure of insulin resistance, with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp test. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the general population and outpatients of the Internal Medicine Department at the Medical Unit of High Specialty of the Specialty Hospital at the West National Medical Center in Guadalajara, Mexico. Eleven nonobese healthy subjects, 34 obese normal glucose tolerance individuals, 22 subjects with prediabetes, and 32 diabetic patients participated in the study. We performed a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp test. Sensitivity and specificity of the TyG index [Ln(fasting triglycerides) (mg/dl) x fasting glucose (mg/dl)/2] were measured, as well as the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic scatter plot and the correlation between the TyG index and the total glucose metabolism (M) rates. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the TyG index and M rates was -0.681 (P < 0.005). Correlation between the TyG index and M rates was similar between men (-0.740) and women (-0.730), nonobese (-0.705) and obese (-0.710), and nondiabetic (-0.670) and diabetic (-0.690) individuals. The best value of the TyG index for diagnosis of insulin resistance was 4.68, which showed the highest sensitivity (96.5%) and specificity (85.0%; area under the curve + 0.858). The TyG index has high sensitivity and specificity, suggesting that it could be useful for identification of subjects with decreased insulin sensitivity.