Trigger Device Research Articles

Mechanism analysis of radiation generated by the beam-plasma interaction in a vacuum diode**Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 11075123), the Young Scientists Fund of Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 51207171).

When we were studying the vacuum switch, we found that the vacuum diode can radiate a broadband microwave. The vacuum diode is comprised of a cathode with a trigger device and planar anode, there is not a metallic bellows waveguide structure in this device, so the radiation mechanism of the vacuum diode is different from the plasma filled microwave device. It is hard to completely imitate the theory of the plasma filled microwave device. This paper analyzes the breakdown process of the vacuum diode, establishes the mathematical model of the radiating microwave from the vacuum diode. Based on the analysis of the dispersion relation in the form of a refractive index, the electromagnetic waves generated in the vacuum diode will resonate. The included angle between the direction of the electromagnetic radiation and the initial motion direction of electron beam is 45 degrees. The paper isolates the electrostatic effect from the beam-plasma interaction when the electromagnetic radiation occurs. According to above analyses, the dispersion relations of radiation are obtained by solving the wave equation. The dispersion curves are also obtained based on the theoretical dispersion relations. The theoretical dispersion curves are consistent with the actual measurement time-frequency maps of the radiation. Theoretical deduction and experiments indicate that the reason for microwave radiating from the vacuum diode can be well explained by the interaction of the electron beam and magnetized plasma.

A New Low-Voltage Triggering SCR for the Protection of a Double RESURF HV-LDMOS

We propose and implement a new low-voltage triggering silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) embedded in the guard rings of a lateral diffused MOS (LDMOS) transistor. According to the reduced surface-field principle, the breakdown voltage is almost proportional to the lateral distance of the high-voltage n-well [1] . Because its trigger voltage (Vt1) is lower than that of the LDMOS, the proposed SCR protects the LDMOS from electrostatic stress damage, without requiring special processes, trigger devices, trigger circuits, and increasing the device dimension. Therefore, it is expected to realize next-generation small-scale devices.

ECG Triggering in Ultra-High Field Cardiovascular MRI

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high field (B0 ≥ 7 T) potentially provides improved resolution and new opportunities for tissue characterization. Although an accurate synchronization of the acquisition to the cardiac cycle is essential, electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering at ultra-high field can be significantly impacted by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. Blood flow within a static magnetic field induces a voltage, which superimposes the ECG and often affects the recognition of the R-wave. The MHD effect scales with B0 and is particularly pronounced at ultra-high field creating triggering-related image artifacts. Here, we investigated the performance of a conventional 3-lead ECG trigger device and a state-of-the-art trigger algorithm for cardiac ECG synchronization at 7 T. We show that by appropriate subject preparation and by including a learning phase for the R-wave detection outside of the magnetic field, reliable ECG triggering is feasible in healthy subjects at 7 T without additional equipment. Ultra-high field cardiac imaging was performed with the ECG signal and the trigger events recorded in 8 healthy subjects. Despite severe ECG signal distortions, synchronized imaging was successfully performed. Recorded ECG signals, vectorcardiograms, and large consistency in trigger event spacing indicate high accuracy for R-wave detection.

Analysis on optical bistability parameters in photonic switching devices

An investigation has been done on the parameters of a hysteretic bistable optical Schmitt trigger device. From a design point of view, it is important to know the regions where this bistability occurs and is fully functional with respect to its subsystem parameters. Otherwise experimentally reaching such behavior will be very time-consuming and frustrating, especially with multiple devices employed in a single photonic circuit. A photonic Schmitt trigger consisting of two feedbacked inverting amplifiers, each characterized by − m (slope), A ( y -intercept), and B (constant base) parameters is considered. This system is investigated dynamically with a varying input to find its stable and unstable states both mathematically and with simulation. In addition to a complete mathematical analysis of the system, we also describe how m , A , and B can be properly chosen in order to satisfy certain system conditions that result in bistability. More restrictions are also imposed to these absolute conditions by the system conditions as will be discussed. Finally, all results are verified in a more realistic photonic simulation.

Real-Time Neutron Imaging to Detect Origin of Blocking in Drug Injection Devices.

Neutron imaging is a nondestructive method based on radiography using neutrons and is suitable for detecting small amounts of aqueous liquids even in metallic casing/sheath/tubing. This property has here been used to visualize the distribution of a drug product in a syringe needle of a drug injection device. In the static case the method clearly showed the difference between needles that were empty, full, or contained a mix of gas and liquid. A second investigation was aimed to visualize the dynamic behavior of an auto-injector device. In this experiment the imaging method was capable of following the injection phase of the device. By analyzing the acquired images in time and space it is possible to measure the injection velocity curves of the piston and drug, respectively.

Nonlinear Frequency Characteristic of Multiple Series Gaps With Voltage-Dividing Network and Its Application in HVDC Circuit Breaker

This paper proposes an active resonance circuit based on multiple series gaps (MSG) with voltage-dividing network and self-charging trigger device. The working principle of active resonance circuit, MSG, and triggering device is described in detail. To determine the optimal parameter setting of MSG, the effects of the voltage frequency, equalizing resistance, and voltage-dividing capacitance on the voltage distribution of MSG are analyzed by simulation. To realize the interrupting process of short fault current and determine the operation requirements of the main devices of precharge direct current (dc) circuit breaker, a simulation model of interrupting short fault current is performed. Furthermore, an experiment of four-series gaps is presented to verify the turn-on characteristic of the MSG and an experiment of artificial current zero is set up to testify the feasibility of the active resonance circuit. The simulation and experimental results show that the active resonance circuit proposed in this paper can generate an artificial zero current and is suitable for precharge dc circuit breaker.

Performance comparison of stochastic resonance receiver with Schmitt trigger, comparator, and three-level device for subthreshold signal reception

Performance comparison of stochastic resonance receiver with Schmitt trigger, comparator, and three-level device for subthreshold signal reception

Low power, high speed Schmitt trigger using SVL technique in nanoscale CMOS technology

Schmitt trigger device is mostly used in analogue and digital circuit as a wave-shaping device to resolve the noise problem, widely used to drive the load with fast switching low-power loss and low-power supply. Conventional Schmitt trigger provides more leakage power, so 4T Schmitt trigger overcomes this problem by using the Self-Controllable Voltage Level (SVL) techniques. The main purpose of this paper is to present the performance factor of Schmitt trigger by applying U-SVL and L-SVL and both technique. The simulation results perform in cadence tool and reported that static power (3.98 fW), dynamic power (38.04 pW), propagation delay (6.13 psec), hysteresis width (0.877 V), voltage gain (30.03 dB), periodic jitter (80 ns), frequency jitter (24.26 kHz), efficiency (63.06%), spectral power (5.388 aW), transconductance (7.17 × 10−14 S) and the total leakage power of individual transistors (1.17 pW) improve using both U-SVL and L-SVL techniques simultaneously with nanoscale measurement with supply voltage Vdd=0.7 V.

Experimental verification of the capillary plasma triggered long spark gap under the extremely low working coefficient in air

The paper has proposed a new triggering method for long spark gap based on capillary plasma ejection and conducted the experimental verification under the extremely low working coefficient, which represents that the ratio of the spark gap charging voltage to the breakdown voltage is particularly low. The quasi-neutral plasma is ejected from the capillary and develops through the axial direction of the spark gap. The electric field in the spark gap is thus changed and its breakdown is incurred. It is proved by the experiments that the capillary plasma ejection is effective in triggering the long spark gap under the extremely low working coefficient in air. The study also indicates that the breakdown probabilities, the breakdown delay, and the delay dispersion are all mainly determined by the characteristics of the ejected plasma, including the length of the plasma flow, the speed of the plasma ejection, and the ionization degree of the plasma. Moreover, the breakdown delay and the delay dispersion increase with the length of the long spark gap, and the polarity effect exists in the triggering process. Lastly, compared with the working patterns of the triggering device installed in the single electrode, the working pattern of the devices installed in both the two electrodes, though with the same breakdown process, achieves the ignition under longer gap distance. To be specific, at the gap length of 14 cm and the working coefficient of less than 2%, the spark gap is still ignited accurately.

Sprint Running Performance Monitoring: Methodological and Practical Considerations.

The aim of this review is to investigate methodological concerns associated with sprint performance monitoring, more specifically the influence and magnitude of varying external conditions, technology and monitoring methodologies not directly related to human physiology. The combination of different starting procedures and triggering devices can cause up to very large time differences, which may be many times greater than performance changes caused by years of conditioning. Wind, altitude, temperature, barometric pressure and humidity can all combine to yieldmoderate time differences over short sprints. Sprint performance can also be affected by the athlete's clothing, principally by its weight rather than its aerodynamic properties. On level surfaces, the track compliance must change dramatically before performance changes larger than typical variation can be detected. An optimal shoe bending stiffness can enhance performance by a small margin. Fully automatic timing systems, dual-beamed photocells, laser guns and high-speed video are themost accurate tools for sprint performance monitoring. Manual timing and single-beamed photocells should be avoided over short sprint distances (10-20m) because of large absolute errors. The validity of today's global positioning systems (GPS) technology is satisfactory for long distances (>30m) and maximal velocity in team sports, butmultiple observations are still needed as reliability is questionable. Based on different approaches used to estimate the smallest worthwhile performance change and the typical error of sprintmeasures, we have provided an assessment of the usefulness of speed evaluation from 5 to 40m. Finally, we provide statistical guidelines to accurately assess changes in individual performance; i.e. considering both the smallest worthwhile change in performance and the typical error ofmeasurement, which can be reduced while repeating the number of trials.

Application of active quenching of second generation wire for current limiting

Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) are increasingly implemented in the power grid as a protection of substation equipment from fault currents. Resistive SFCLs are compact and light, however they are passively triggered and thus may not be sufficiently sensitive to respond to faults in the distribution grid. Here, we explore the prospect of adding an active management feature to a traditional resistive SFCL. A flexible radio-frequency coil, which is an integral part of the switching structure, acts as a triggering device. We show that the application of a short, 10 ms, burst of ac magnetic field during the fault triggers a uniform quench of the wire and significantly reduces the reaction time of the wire at low currents. The ac field burst generates a high density of normal zones, which merge into a continuous resistive region at a rate much faster than that of sparse normal zones created by the transport current alone.

Cultivo de alface em solos com hidrogel utilizando irrigação automatizada

RESUMO Visando à otimização do uso da água na produção de alimentos, este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da TDR e de um acionador automático para irrigação na produção da alface em solos com diferentes doses de um polímero hidrofílico. Em casa de vegetação, foram realizados dois ensaios em vasos de 3 litros cultivados com alface. O primeiro foi realizado na primavera de 2011, utilizando 2 texturas de solo (arenosa e argilosa) e a presença/ausência do hidrogel. O segundo ensaio foi realizado no outono de 2012, utilizando 4 doses de hidrogel (0; 8; 16 e 24 g por vaso) no solo de textura arenosa. Aos 38 (2011) e 44 (2012) dias após o transplantio (DAT) das mudas, foram realizadas as colheitas e a avaliação das plantas cultivadas. O hidrogel não representou uma fonte de erros para o funcionamento da TDR, e o dispositivo acionador automático para irrigação respondeu adequadamente à presença do hidrogel nos solos com diferentes texturas. Em geral, foi verificada maior eficiência do uso da água nas plantas desenvolvidas na presença do hidrogel. As plantas cultivadas em solo com 16 g por vaso de hidrogel destacaram-se em massa seca e fresca da parte aérea.

Transient bioelectronics: Electronic properties of silver microparticle-based circuits on polymeric substrates subjected to mechanical load

Transient soft bioelectronics are capable of forming conformal contacts with curvilinear surfaces of biological host tissues and organs. Such systems are often subject to continuous static and dynamic loads from the biological host. In this article, we present investigation of electronic attributes of transient soft bioelectronic circuits subjected to mechanical force and influence of substrate's transiency on the transiency of the whole device; also, characterize and quantify loss of functionality in triggered devices. Variations in the electrical conductivity of circuits as a function of applied mechanical load was used as a means to deduce electronic characteristics under stress. The experimental results suggest that there exists a correlation between electronic properties of circuits and applied mechanical strain; no clear correlation was, however, observed between electronic properties of circuits and frequency of the applied dynamic load. Control over transiency rate of identical circuits utilizing the transiency characteristics of the poly(vinyl alcohol)l-based substrates is also studied and demonstrated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1603–1610

Trigger Matters: An Ergonomy Analysis of Insulin Pens

Excessive force required to deliver a set dose of insulin as well as a localization of the push button and its upwards extension may result in significant difficulties to safely perform insulin injection, including bending/breakage of the injector's needle. The GensuPen2 (Copernicus/Bioton, Warsaw, Poland) pen has a unique spring-assisted delivery system and a lateral trigger device for injection of insulin to improve its ergonomics. We tested the force required to administer insulin using three pens: GensuPen2, NovoPen(®) 4 (Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark), and HumaPen Ergo(®) (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN). Using a certified dynamometer we tested injection force at three doses of insulin: 2, 30, and 60 U, using each of the three injectors (n=10) in triplicate. Area under the curve (AUC) and maximum force used were calculated for each series of injections. When administering doses of 2, 30, and 60 units of insulin, the GensuPen2 (6.55±1.09, 6.52±1.92, and 6.89±1.15 N, respectively) required significantly lower maximum force than the NovoPen 4 (9.04±0.61, 12.96±1.45, and 15.42±0.99 N, respectively) and the HumaPen Ergo (17.66±1.88, 32.14±6.08, and 40.39±7.64 N, respectively) (all P<0.0001). The AUC of force used for insulin injection with GensuPen2 did not differ between doses (P=0.82). At all dose levels, GensuPen2 required significantly lower force than the other two injectors. Moreover, the mode of holding of GensuPen2 was more similar to the natural arrangement of the hand while gripping a cylindrical item in comparison with NovoPen 4 and HumaPen Ergo. Usage of the GensuPen2 injector with a lateral trigger location and spring-assisted delivery system reduces the force required for drug administration, especially at high doses of insulin.

Autonomous emergent painting triggered by music and motion

Multi–agent systems can be considered as a part of distributed artificial intelligence approaches. They are particularly characterised by emerging global properties which stem from combinations of local interaction between individual pro–active elements called agents. Multi–agent systems have already been used in a wide range of applications but few applications integrate interaction with external devices and/or human beings. This paper presents a multi–agent–based application aimed, at producing emergent paintings based on both internal classical interaction and external triggering devices, such as music/sounds sources and motion captured by accelerometer sensors. The application results are computer generated paintings which can be classified as cyberart. The main challenge of this work is to obtain pertinent emergent paintings in relation with external trigger specificities.

Design of a High Performance Dual Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop for Low Power Circuit

이중 에지 트리거 플립플롭 (dual edge-triggered flip flop)은 클록의 하향에지 (negative edge) 뿐만 아니라 상향에지 (positive edge)에서 데이터를 샘플링 (sampling)하는 순차회로 요소이다. 이중 에지 트리거 플립플롭은 클록 주파수의 오직 반주기에서 동작하는 동안 변함없는 처리량 (throughput)이 유지한다는 장점을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 저전력 회로에 적용이 가능한 이중 에지 트리거 플립플롭을 제안하고 특성을 비교하였으며, 1.8V의 공급전압과 0.18um CMOS 공정 기술을 사용하여 설계하였다. 제안한 회로는 기존 연구에 비해 18.1%의 전력소비를 절감하였으며, 16.1%의 전력소비와 지연시간의 곱 (power-delay-product, PDP) 특성을 개선하였다. 제안한 회로는 HSPICE 시뮬레이션을 통하여 타당성을 입증하였다.

A Design and Implementation of Video Monitoring System at Smart Home

The traditional real-time video surveillance system at smart home tends to occupy a lot of resource .In order to solve this kind of problem, a design of an infrared sensor to trigger video monitoring system is proposed in this paper .The system uses arm9-Linux as the platform ,and infrared sensor as the trigger device and uses the mpeg-4 algorithm to encode the video stream finally .The article mainly introduces how to build the hardware and software platform and tests the feasibility of the system.

Experimental Research of ZnO Surface Flashover Trigger Device of Pseudo-Spark Switch

Pseudo-spark switch (PSS) is one of the most widely used discharge switches for pulse power technology. It has many special characteristics such as reliability in a wide voltage range, small delay time, as well as small delay jitter. In this paper, the measuring method for the initial plasma of ZnO surface flashover triggering device of PSS is studied and the results of the measurement show that the electron emission charge is mainly influenced by trigger voltage, gas pressure and DC bias voltage. When the bias voltage increases from 2 kV to 6 kV with the gap distance fixed at 3 mm, the electron emission charge changes from 2 μC to about 6 μC. When the gap distance changes from 3 mm to 5 mm with the bias voltage fixed at 2 kV, the electron emission charge increases from 1.5 μC to 2.5 μC. When the gap distance is 4 mm, the hold-off voltage of PSS is 45 kV at gas pressure of 2 Pa, the minimum operating voltage is less than 1 kV. So, the operating scope is from 2.22% to 99% of its self-breakdown voltage. The discharging delay time decreases from 450 ns to 150 ns when the trigger pulse voltage is 1 kV and the discharging voltage is changed from 1 kV to 12 kV. When the trigger pulse voltage is 6 kV, the discharging delay time is less than 100 ns and changes from 100 ns to 50 ns, and the delay jitters are less than 30 ns.

A single circular synthetic jet issued into turbulent boundary layer

An experimental investigation has been undertaken to study the behaviour of a single circular synthetic jet issued into turbulent boundary layer produced on a flat plate in cross flow. At the given free-stream conditions, the jet is also issued into laminar boundary layer so that an effective evaluation on the interaction of the vortices with the changing boundary layer could be made. The flow visualization technique is used in conjunction with the stereoscopic imaging system to reveal a unique quasi three-dimensional recognition of the vortices formed in either type of boundary layer under varying synthetic jet actuator (SJA) operating conditions. Firstly, the laminar boundary layer is produced on the flat plate with zero pressure gradient and later on the same boundary layer is triggered to turbulence using a trigger device. The free-stream conditions are justified by PIV measurements, in that the velocity profiles are drawn at given streamwise locations for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers. The parametric map is given to identify and bound the SJA operating parameters to produce the explicit vortical structures at the given conditions.

Emission Current Characteristics of Triggered Device of Vacuum Switch

The characteristics of the triggered vacuum switch (TVS) are obviously influenced by the emission current ie and emission charge of the trigger device. In this paper, an RC charge collector is designed, and the characteristics of emission current ie and collecting charge Qe of the trigger device are studied. The experimental results indicate that the emission current ie which is produced by the initial plasma has both positive and negative components, and the polarity of the emission current ie depends mainly on the polarity of the bias voltage UBias. The emission current ie and collecting charge Qe increase with the increase of the trigger voltage Utr and the bias voltage UBias. The emission efficient η increases linearly with the increase of the bias voltage UBias. When the gap distance is 15 mm and bias voltage UBias is 160 V and trigger voltage Utr is 2.6 kV, the emission efficiency η reaches 6%